Intestinal supply of amino acids in sheep fed alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw-based diets supplemented with soybean meal or combinations of corn gluten meal and blood meal

The intestinal supply of amino acids (AA) in sheep fed alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw (AHPWS)-based diets supplemented with soybean meal (SBM) or corn grain plus combinations of corn gluten meal (CGM) and blood meal (BM) was measured in a 5 X 5 latin square. Sheep (avg wt 45 kg) with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were fed diets containing 65% AHPWS supplemented with the following protein sources: soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), blood meal (BM), 2/3 CGM:1/3 BM and 1/3 CGM:2/3 BM. Total nitrogen (N) flow at the duodenum was not affected (P greater than .05) by protein source. Flows of bacterial N and AA increased (P less than .05) and flows of nonbacterial N and AA decreased (P less than .05) when wethers were fed SBM vs corn plus other protein sources. When diets contained SBM, quantities of total AA at the duodenum were lower (P less than .05) and the profile of AA supplied to the intestine was altered substantially. Total flows of AA at the duodenum and total quantities of AA disappearing from the small intestine were similar (P greater than .05) for all diets containing BM and CGM, but flows and disappearance of valine, histidine, lysine and arginine increased linearly (P less than .05), whereas flows and disappearance of leucine, isoleucine and methionine decreased linearly (P less than .05) as BM replaced CGM in the diets. Results suggest that quantities of individual AA flowing to the duodenum and disappearing from the intestine of wethers fed AHPWS-based diets can be altered by source of dietary protein. Furthermore, feeding protein sources resistant to ruminal degradation in combination may improve the profile of AA supplied to the intestine.     

Apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids in soybean meal,fish meal,spray‐dried plasma protein and fermented soybean meal to weaned pigs

This study sought to determine whether fermentation could increase apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), energy (E) and amino acids (AA) in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) greater than that of soybean meal (SBM) in weaned pigs. Four weaned pigs (10.00 ± 0.30 kg) were surgically equipped with T‐cannulas and randomly followed a 4 × 4 Latin square design of treatments (SBM, FSBM, fish meal and spray‐dried plasma protein). Overall, the fermentation process was able to reduce the amount of anti‐nutritional factors (ANF), including trypsin inhibitors, raffinose and stachyose, in the FSBM diet, which were significantly reduced by 39.4, 92.2, and 92.9%, respectively, as compared to the SBM diet. As a consequence of ANF reduction in FSBM, the AID of DM, N and E as well as AA was significantly greater with FSBM than SBM. Taken all together, the fermentation process improved the nutritional quality of SBM, due to ANF reduction, leading to improvement of digestibility of AA. As such, FSBM can be potentially used as a specialized feed ingredient, especially for young animal diets in an attempt to reduce diet costs.     

Dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted and fermented soybean meals with taurine supplementation for pompano fish: effects on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and biological parameters in a long-term feeding period

A 16-wk growth trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted soybean meal (SBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM) with taurine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and biological parameters of pompano fish. The FSBM was produced by fermenting SBM with Lactobacillus spp. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 35% or 50% of fish meal by SBM or FSBM with taurine supplementation. The diets are denoted as follows: FM, SBM35, SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50, SBM50T, and FSBM50T. The FM (the basal diet) contained fish meal as a main source of dietary protein. Taurine was supplemented to SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50T, and FSBM50T at the level of 15 g/kg diet. Pompano juveniles with an initial body weight (BW) of 80 g reared in floating net cages were fed the experimental diets twice daily for 16 wk. Results showed that the final BW, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were significantly lower than those of fish fed FM (P < 0.05), indicating that the replacement of fish meal by SBM at the rate of 35% in the diet is excessive for pompano. Supplementation of taurine to the SBM-included diets significantly increased growth performance and feed utilization (P < 0.05); however, these diets did not restore the performance back to a level equivalent to that of fish offered the basal diet. Meanwhile, fish fed FSBM35T had comparable growth and feed performances to those fed FM. Hematocrit values, total biliary bile acid levels, whole body lipid contents, and tissue taurine concentrations of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were the lowest among the treatments, but these parameters were improved by taurine supplementation and FSBM inclusion in the diet. Taurine supplementation increased lipid ADC, and SBM fermentation slightly enhanced both lipid and protein ADCs of the fish. These findings suggest that the combination of FSBM and taurine supplementation is an effective way to improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and biological parameters, and that FSBM with taurine supplementation can replace 35% of fish meal in pompano diets without any negative effects on growth and feed performances in a long-term feeding period.     

Effect of bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) seeds as a replacement protein source of soybean meal on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing Awassi lambs

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing the protein source of soybean meal (SBM) with different levels of bitter vetch seeds (BVS) in the diets of finishing Awassi ram lambs on performance, and carcass characteristics. Diets were designed based on replacing SBM with BVS as a percentage of the diet. Diets were: control (0% BVS), substituting 5% of SBM (5% BVS), 10% of SBM (10% BVS) and the entire SBM in the ration with BVS (15% BVS). Forty eight lambs (18.74?±?3.95 kg initial body weight and 70 days of age) were randomly assigned to 4 treatment diets (12 lambs/treatment). Lambs were given an adaptation period of 10 days and the experiment lasted for 84 days. At the end of the trial, a digestibility experiment was performed and 6 lambs from each treatment were slaughtered to evaluate carcass characteristics. Average daily gain tended (P?=?0.07) to be higher for lambs fed 10% BVS when compared to the other diets. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was higher (P?<?0.01) in control diet compared to the other diets. Fat depth (C) and leg fat depth (L3) tended (0.05?<?P?<?0.1) to be affected by BVS levels in the diet. Leg total lean % was the highest (P?<?0.05) in 5% BVS and 10% BVS diets. These results suggest that substituting SBM with BVS in the diets did not influence performance or carcass characteristics of lambs. However, the cost of ration formulation decreases since SBM is a very expensive component of the ration.     

Effect of replacing soybean protein with protein from porcupine joint vetch (Aeschynomene histrix BRA 9690) and stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis Composite) leaf meal on growth performance of native (Moo Lath) Lao pigs

The effect of replacing soybean crude protein (CP) with legume leaf meal (LLM) CP on feed intake, growth performance and carcass traits was studied in native female Moo Lath Lao pigs. The diets comprised one traditional diet (T) without soybean meal, one control diet (C) with soybean meal and six diets iso-nitrogenous with diet C in which soybean protein was replaced (33, 66 and 100 % of CP) with LLM CP from porcupine joint vetch (PLM) or Stylosanthes (SLM). Feed and water were offered ad libitum. Replacing soybean CP with LLM CP reduced (P?<?0.05) intake of dry matter (DMI), CP (CPI), metabolisable energy (MEI), final body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG), but had no effect (P?>?0.05) on feed conversion ratio (FCR). Increasing the replacement rate of soybean CP with LLM CP had a negative linear effect (P?<?0.001) on DMI, CPI, MEI, final BW and ADG, and on all carcass traits except lean meat percentage. There were no differences in dressing percentage or organ weight and length between treatments. Supplementing diet T with soybean meal resulted in higher (P?<?0.05) DMI, CPI and MEI, lower (P?<?0.05) FCR, and higher (P?<?0.05) final BW and ADG. Slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, eye muscle thickness, back fat, fat in carcass and lean meat were lower (P?<?0.05) with diet T than diet C. In conclusion, LLM from stylo and porcupine joint vetch can be used as a CP source to partially replace soybean meal CP in the diet of growing native female Moo Lath Lao pigs.     

Hydrolyzed feather meal as a protein source for growing calves

Growth, digestion and in situ studies were conducted to determine the protein value of hydrolyzed feather meal (Fth) for growing ruminants. Dacron bags containing blood meal (BM), Fth, corn gluten meal (CGM) and soybean meal (SBM) were suspended in the rumen of two steers for 12 h to estimate escape protein. The escape protein value for Fth, 69.1%, was less than that for BM (82.8%) and CGM (80.4%; P less than .05) but greater than that for SBM (26.6%; P less than .05). Apparent protein digestion by lambs was similar (P greater than .10) for isonitrogenous diets containing urea (U), BM, Fth, CGM and SBM. Amino acid contents of the protein sources before vs after a 12-h ruminal in situ digestion were similar (P greater than .10). In a growth study, a basal diet of 80% ensiled corncobs and 20% alfalfa was fed to 60 individually fed crossbred steers (215 kg BW). Steers were supplemented with U, BM, Fth, 1/2 BM:1/2 Fth, 1/2 BM:1/2 CGM and 1/3 BM:1/3 Fth:1/3 CGM (protein basis). Protein sources were fed at 30, 45 and 60% of the supplemental N with urea supplying the remainder. Protein efficiency was calculated using the slope ratio technique. Protein efficiency was similar (P greater than .10) for BM- and Fth-supplemented calves. Protein efficiencies were similar (P greater than .10) for BM:CGM, BM:Fth and BM:Fth:CGM combinations. These data indicate the Fth is a digestible high escape protein source that is useful in diets for growing ruminants.     

Yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor,L.) as a possible alternative to soybean meal in broiler diets

1. The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with Tenebrio molitor larvae (TML) meal in broiler diets.

2. A total of 80 30-d-old male Shaver brown broilers were divided into two groups fed on two isoproteic and isoenergetic diets differing for protein source (SBM vs. TML).

3. Up to 62 d of age, body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly and body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and European efficiency factor (EEF) were calculated. At 62 d, blood samples were collected from 16 birds/group for evaluation of blood profiles.

4. Feed intake was not different between groups considering the entire period of the trial. The FCR was more favourable in the TML than SBM group from 46 d of age and in the entire period of the trial (4.13 vs. 3.62). The PER was higher in the SBM than in the TML group (1.92 vs. 1.37) while the EEF was higher in broilers fed on the TML diet (132.6 vs. 156.2).

5. Albumin-to-globulin ratio was higher in broilers fed on SBM than in the other group (0.44 vs. 0.30). aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were higher in TML than SBM (195.1 vs. 178.6 U/l and 82.07 vs. 46.71 U/l, respectively). Uric acid was higher in broilers fed on SBM than TML (5.40 vs. 4.16 mg/dl).

6. TML did not affect feed intake and growth rate of broilers from 30 to 62 d of age when compared to an isoproteic and isoenergetic SBM diet, but FCR of the TML group was more favourable than that of the SBM group. The lowest albumin-to-globulin ratio in broilers fed on TML suggests a higher immune response, probably due to the prebiotic effects of chitin.

     

Evaluation of a rendered poultry mortality-soybean meal product as a supplemental protein source for pig diets

Dehydrated/rendered broiler mortality-soybean meal products (DPS) were evaluated in two trials as high-protein feedstuffs for pig diets. Broiler mortalities, collected and frozen on-farm and transported to a central facility, were minced, blended with soybean meal, and dried with a final product temperature of 120 to 130 degrees C. The final DPS products used contained approximately 30 and 45% (DM basis) dried broiler mortality for the first and second trials, respectively (DPS1 and DPS2). The first trial involved 50 young, growing pigs (9 to 26 kg) and the second, 72 growing and finishing pigs (27 to 111 kg). The trials compared corn-based diets containing either soybean meal (SBM; 48%) or DPS products as the supplemental protein source. The DPS products averaged 50% CP and 2.9% total lysine; crude fat content of DPS used in the first trial was 8%, and for the second, 14.6% (as-fed basis). The ADG of pigs fed the DPS diets in either trial was similar to that of pigs fed the SBM control diets. In the second trial, pigs fed DPS2 had an overall average G:F ratio that was 9% better (P < 0.01) than that of pigs fed the SBM control diets. Carcass characteristics and pork quality from pigs of the growing-finishing trial were not affected by dietary treatment. Subjective carcass fat firmness scores indicated slightly softer fat (P < 0.05) from pigs fed DPS2. The mincing, blending with SBM, and dehydration of frozen stored on-farm broiler mortalities produced a safe and nutritious protein feedstuff for pigs, while also offering a viable disposal option.     

Sunflower seed meal as a substitute for soybean meal in commercial broiler chicken diets

1. An experiment was conducted to study the possibility of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with sunflower seed meal (SFM) in broiler chick diets. The SBM in broiler starter (317.9 g/kg) and finisher (275.4 g/kg) diets was replaced with SFM at 33, 67 and 100% on an iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous basis using sunflower oil to balance the energy content of the diets. The metabolisable energy levels used in the diet were considerably less than the recommended levels for broilers. Each experimental diet was fed ad libitum from 2 to 42 d of age to 8 replicates of 5 birds. Parameters studied included amino acid and apparent metabolisable energy contents in food ingredients, body weight, food intake, food efficiency, leg abnormality score, dry matter digestibility, carcase traits, relative weight and length of intestine, fat and protein content in liver and serum biochemical profile. 2. SFM had higher concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, methionine and cystine and lower energy content than SBM. 3. Replacement of SBM with SFM up to 67% in starter and 100% in finisher diets did not affect weight gain. Total and 67% replacement of SBM with SFM depressed food efficiency at 21 and 42 d of age, respectively. Food intake was significantly higher in SFM-based diets than in the SBM reference diet at 21 and 42 d of age, except in groups given SFM100 at 21 d of age. In the latter group, the food intake was similar to that on the SBM reference diet. The digestibility of dry matter decreased with increased levels of SFM in the diet. 4. The relative weights of giblet, liver and abdominal fat, length of intestine, activity of alkaline phosphatase, concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus in serum were not influenced by incorporation of SFM in the broiler diet. 5. The ready to cook yield and liver fat content decreased, while the relative weights of gizzard and intestine and protein content in liver increased, with increasing levels of SFM in the diet. 6. The concentration of HDL cholesterol increased while the concentration of LDL cholesterol decreased with increasing content of SFM (> or =67% of SBM) in diet. The serum protein concentration decreased progressively with increase in dietary SFM. The concentrations of protein and triglycerides in serum were lowest in groups receiving SFM100. 7. Body weight gain was not affected by total replacement of SBM with SFM at 42 d of age. However, considering food efficiency, carcase yields, serum lipid profile and level of supplemental fat in diet, it is concluded that SFM can replace up to two-thirds of soybean, corresponding to inclusion of 345 and 296 g SFM per kg for starter and finisher phases, respectively.     

Effects of supplementary amino acids on available energy of soybean meal determined by difference and regression methods fed to growing pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of inclusion level and supplementary amino acids (AAs) on digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) values of soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing pigs, determined by difference and regression methods. Sixty pigs were fed 10 diets according to a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement. Two control diets contained 97.34% corn without supplementary AAs or 95.61% corn with supplementary AAs. Eight diets were formulated by replacing corn and AAs in control diets with 8%, 15%, 25% and 31% SBM. There was no difference in DE and ME values of SBM determined by difference method as inclusion level of SBM increased or crystalline AAs were added. No difference was observed in DE and ME values of SBM determined by the two methods in diets without supplementary AAs, but the values determined by the difference method were greater (P < 0.05) than those determined by regression method when crystalline AAs were added in diets. In conclusion, inclusion level and supplementary AAs did not affect DE and ME values of SBM calculated by difference or regression methods. There were differences in DE and ME values of SBM determined by the difference method and the regression method when crystalline AAs were added in diets.     

Effect of dietary Ximenia caffra kernel meal on blood and liver metabolic substrate content and the general clinical biochemistry of Sprague Dawley rats

We investigated (at the University of the Witwatersrand: GPS coordinates 26°10′ 52.96″S; 28°2′ 33.61″E) the effects of substituting soya bean meal (SBM) with Ximenia caffra kernel meal (XCKM) as a dietary protein source on blood and liver metabolic substrates content, serum markers of liver and kidney function and the general clinical biochemistry of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Five diets with similar energy and protein content were formulated (D1–D5) where XCKM replaced SBM on a crude protein basis at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Forty weanling male SD rats were randomly assigned to diets D1–D5, fed for 37 days and weighed twice weekly. The rats were then fasted overnight, and fasting blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations were determined from tail‐vein‐drawn blood. Immediately thereafter, the rats were euthanised and blood was collected via cardiac puncture. Serum was used to assay for markers of the general health profile. Livers were removed and weighed, and samples were used to determine lipid and glycogen content. Rats fed D4 (75% substitution level) had significantly lower (p < 0.05) blood triglyceride content compared with rats fed D2 (25% level of substitution). The substitution of SBM with XCKM did not affect (p > 0.05) fasting blood glucose and cholesterol concentrations, liver glycogen and lipid content. Additionally, it had no effect (p > 0.05) on serum activity/concentration of surrogate markers of liver (alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity and urea, total bilirubin, globulin and albumin concentrations) and kidney (phosphorus, calcium and creatinine concentrations) function and the general clinical biochemistry of the rats. Defatted XCKM could substitute SBM in rat diets without compromising blood glucose and cholesterol homeostasis, liver and kidney function and the general clinical biochemistry of growing male Sprague Dawley rats.     

Amino acid digestibility in dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to pigs and poultry

The digestibility of AA in dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM) and regular, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) were determined in pigs and poultry. In the pig assay, 4 Cotswold barrows (average initial BW of 80.4 kg) fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were allotted to 4 semipurified diets in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Diet 1, a low protein diet (5% casein), was used to quantify endogenous CP and AA losses. Diets 2, 3, and 4 were formulated to contain 35% regular, solvent-extracted SBM; batch 1 of DESBM (DESBM-1); and batch 2 of DESBM (DESBM-2), respectively, as the sole source of protein. The DESBM samples were obtained from 2 different batches but were subjected to the same processing conditions. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was included as a digestibility marker in all diets. Compared with DESBM-1 and DESBM-2, apparent ileal digestibility of DM in SBM was greater (P < 0.05). Apparent and true ileal digestibilities of AA in SBM were greater (P < 0.05) compared with DESBM-2. In the poultry assay, 4 dietary treatments were each assigned to adult cecectomized roosters in a completely randomized design. Treatment 1 was a nonnitrogenous diet (NND; 90% sucrose and 10% vegetable oil) used to estimate endogenous N and AA losses. Treatments 2, 3, and 4 contained SBM, DESBM-1, and DESBM-2 as the only source of protein. Each of these diets was fed in 25-g quantities formulated to provide 5 g of CP from the respective soybean meal source. The SBM had greater (P < or = 0.05) true digestibility for isoleucine, leucine, cysteine, proline, serine, and tyrosine compared with DESBM-1. The results indicate that, relative to regular, solvent-extracted soybean meal, AA digestibilities of different batches of dry extruded-expelled soybean meal varied in pigs and poultry.     

The effects of poultry meal source and ash level on nursery pig performance

Weanling pigs (total of 560) were used in two experiments to determine the effects of poultry meal in nursery diets on pig performance. In Exp. 1,210 barrows and gilts (initially 7.4 kg and 21 +/- 2 d of age) were fed one of five diets, which included a control diet with no specialty protein products or (as-fed basis) the control with 2.5 or 5.0% fish meal, or 2.9 or 5.9% poultry meal (11.8% ash). Poultry meal replaced fish meal on an equal lysine basis. Overall (d 0 to 28), pigs fed diets containing fish meal had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than pigs fed poultry meal. Increasing fish meal tended to have increased (quadratic, P < 0.07) ADG, with the greatest improvement observed in pigs fed the diet containing 2.5% fish meal. Pigs fed diets containing fish meal had improved (P < 0.01) G:F compared with pigs fed diets containing poultry meal. In Exp. 2, a total of 350 barrows and gilts (initially 8.9 kg and 22 +/- 2 d of age) were fed one of seven experimental diets, which included a control diet with no specialty protein products, or the control with 2.5 or 5.0% fish meal, 2.9 or 5.8% low-ash (10.9%) poultry meal, and 3.1 or 6.2% high-ash (13.5%) poultry meal. Poultry meal replaced fish meal on an equal lysine basis. Overall (d 0 to 15), there were no differences in ADG and ADFI (P = 0.14); however, pigs fed diets containing fish meal or poultry meal had improved (linear, P < 0.01) G:F compared with pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed diets containing low-ash poultry meal had greater (P < 0.01) G:F compared with pigs fed diets containing high-ash poultry meal. Based on these data, quality control specifications, such as ash content, need to be considered when using poultry meal as an animal protein replacement in diets for nursery pigs.     

Effects of using locally produced protein feed ingredients in low protein diets to single-phase-fed growing-finishing pigs

ABSTRACT

In two trials, 358 female and entire male pigs vaccinated against boar taint (YxH) were single-phase-fed with diets that were planned to contain 0.78?g standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine/MJ net energy and 14.5?g SID CP/g SID lysine. A reference diet with soya bean meal (SBM) as the protein feed ingredient, was replaced with either cereal by-products (CBP), rapeseed meal (RSM), faba beans (FB) or mixtures of 50% CBP and 50% RSM (CBP?+?RSM) or 50% FB and 50% RSM (FB?+?RSM) in the experimental diets. Treatments had no effect (P?>?0.05) on daily weight gain, feed efficiency, carcass weight, lean meat content or dressing percentage and carcass value. Single-phase-fed pigs on diets with local protein ingredients can perform as well as single-phase-fed pigs on diets with soya bean meal, and CBP, RSM, FB have the potential to replace soya bean meal in nutritionally well-balanced diets to growing-finishing pigs.     

Effect of dietary soybean meal on the microscopic anatomy of the small intestine in the early-weaned pig

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soybean meal in postweaning diets on villus height (VH), villus shape and lamina propria depth (LPD) in the small intestine. Intestinal samples were taken at 25, 50 and 75% of the small intestine's length. The first experiment determined the normal effects of age on these structures in nursing pigs from 9 to 36 d of age. Villus height decreased (P less than .01 at the 50 and 75% locations) and LPD increased (P less than .01 at the 25% location) in a quadratic fashion with increasing age. In the second experiment, pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed one of three 20% protein diets: 1) protein from hydrolyzed casein (CAS), 2) soybean meal (SBM) or 3) a conventional corn-soybean meal diet (CSBM). Intestinal samples were taken 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 d post-weaning. Villus height decreased dramatically the first 3 d postweaning, with a continuing decline until 12 d post-weaning. Averaged over the d 3 to 15 interval, VH were generally greater for pigs fed CAS than for pigs fed CSBM or SBM. Pigs fed SBM or CSBM had deformed villi, and pigs fed SBM had greater (P less than .05) LPD at all intestinal locations, suggesting less mature enterocytes on the villi. These data suggest that feeding high concentrations of soybean meal to the pig post-weaning has a detrimental effect on the small intestine, but this effect was minimized when soybean meal was fed as part of a corn-based diet.     

Performance and economy of production of broilers fed Siam weed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chromolaena odorata</Emphasis>) leaf meal (SWLM)

A 49-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of Siam weed leaf meal (SWLM)-based diets on growth, organ, and carcass weight characteristics and economics of production of broilers. Proximate biochemical composition of SWLM and the appropriate inclusion level of SWLM for optimum productivity were also determined. Ninety-six-day-old Chi broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups of 24 birds, and each group replicated three times. Each group was assigned to one experimental diet in a completely randomized design marked T1 (0%), T2 (4%), T3 (8%), and T4 (12%). Proximate biochemical results revealed that SWLM is rich in protein (20.52%) and minerals (9.29%). Birds on diets T1 and T2 had similar (p >?0.05) final live weights (FLW), which were higher (p <?0.05) than those on diets T3 and T4. Birds on diet T2 had the highest (p?<?0.05) daily feed intake (DFI) and daily weight gain (DWG), while birds on diet T1 had the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) followed by birds on diet T2. The result of quadratic model regression analyses showed that SWLM levels of 1.48, 1.50, 1.47, and 1.56% supported optimum final live weight, DFI, DWG, and FCR. There were no significant (p >?0.05) differences in the dressing percentage, but there were significant differences in the carcass weight between birds on diet T4 and the other three diets. Similarly, pancreas and spleen had similar (p?>?0.05) weights across the treatments. There was significant difference (p?<?0.05) between birds on diets T1 and T4 in gizzard weight. Cost-benefit ratio was influenced (p?<?0.05) with T4 birds having better income of US$1 per US$10.18 invested. It is concluded that SWLM is rich in essential nutrients and therefore suitable for inclusion in broiler diets at level not beyond 2% for best final live weight, daily weight gain, and thigh weight.     

Digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations and amino acid digestibility of dried yeast and soybean meal for growing pigs

Energy values and amino acid (AA) digestibility of dried yeast (DY) and soybean meal (SBM) were determined in 2 experiments with growing pigs. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in DY and SBM. Thirty barrows with a mean initial body weight (BW) of 20.6 kg (SD = 1.04) were assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with period and BW as blocking factors. A reference diet was prepared with corn, canola meal, and soybean oil as energy-contributing ingredients. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 5% and 10% DY or SBM at the expense of energy-contributing ingredients in the reference diet. The ratio of corn, canola meal, and soybean oil was kept consistent across the experimental diets. Each experimental period consisted of 5-d adaptation and 5-d quantitative collection of feces and urine. Test ingredient-associated DE or ME intake (kcal/d) was regressed against test ingredient intake [kg dry matter (DM)/d] to estimate the DE or ME in test ingredients as the slope of linear regression model. The DE in DY was estimated at 3,933 kcal/kg DM, which was not different from the estimated DE in SBM at 4,020 kcal/kg DM. Similarly, there was no difference between DY and SBM in the estimated ME (3,431 and 3,756 kcal/kg DM, respectively). Experiment 2 was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in DY and SBM. Twenty-one barrows with a mean initial BW of 20.0 kg (SD = 1.31) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and assigned to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Two semi-purified diets containing DY or SBM as the sole nitrogen source and one nitrogen-free diet (NFD) were prepared. The NFD was used to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Pigs were fed the 3 diets for 5 d as adaptation, followed by 2 d of feeding with ileal digesta collection. The SID of AA, except Gly and Pro, in DY was less (P < 0.05) than in SBM. The SID of indispensable AA in DY ranged from 64.1% for Thr to 85.2% for Arg, and those in SBM ranged from 83.9% for Thr to 91.8% for Arg. In conclusion, energy values of DY are not different from those of SBM, whereas AA in DY is less digestible than in SBM. The estimated DE and ME as well as the SID of AA in DY and SBM can be used in diet formulation for growing pigs using these ingredients.     

Effects of energy level and protein source on nitrogen kinetics in steers fed wheat straw-based diets.

A 4 x 4 Latin square metabolism trial with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was conducted to determine N kinetics in steers. Steers were fed either untreated (UNT-WS) or alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw (AHP-WS) based diets supplemented with soybean meal (SBM) or blood meal (BM). Single doses of (15NH4)2SO4 were infused into ruminal pools to determine N kinetics. Ruminal NH3N concentrations (main effects) were 3.81, 1.65, 3.18, and 2.28 mg/dL in steers when fed diets that contained UNT-WS, AHP-WS, SBM, and BM, respectively. Ruminal N pool size was greater (P < .05) for UNT-WS than for AHP-WS diets and also was greater (P < .10) for SBM than for BM diets. Nitrogen flux rate into the rumen was not affected (P > .10) by diet. However, production rate of N from the ruminal pool was greater (P < .05) for UNT-WS than for AHP-WS diets and greater (P < .10) for SBM than for BM diets. Nitrogen recycled into the rumen was 33% greater (P < .05) for AHP-WS than for UNT-WS diets and 26% greater (P < .05) for BM than for SBM diets. Nitrogen recycling (percentage of N intake) was 33, 56, 36, and 49% for UNT-WS, AHP-WS, SBM, and BM diets, respectively. The blood urea N (BUN) concentrations were 10.23, 4.58, 7.15, and 7.65 mg/dL for UNT-WS, AHP-WS, SBM, and BM diets, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Nutrient digestibility of extruded canola meal in ileal-cannulated growing pigs and effects of its feeding on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in weaned pigs

Canola meal (CM) contains less crude protein (CP) and more fiber and anti-nutritional factors such as glucosinolates than soybean meal (SBM) and consequently has a lower nutrient digestibility. Therefore, processing strategies that may increase the feeding value of CM warrant study. In two experiments, the effects of extrusion of Brassica napus CM on apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) in growing pigs, and growth performance and diet digestibility in weaned pigs were assessed. Solvent-extracted CM was extruded using a single-screw extruder at three screw speeds: 250 (CM-250), 350 (CM-350), or 450 (CM-450) rpm. In exp. 1, in a double 4 × 4 Latin square, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW], 68.1 kg) were fed corn starch-based diets containing 50% CM or extruded CM. The CM sample contained 43.2% CP, 33.2% total dietary fiber (TDF), and 8.9 µmol of total glucosinolates/g on a dry matter (DM) basis. Extrusion increased (P < 0.05) the AID of CP, reduced (P < 0.05) apparent hindgut fermentation of CP, and decreased (P < 0.05) predicted net energy (NE) value of diets. Extrusion increased diet AID and CM SID of most indispensable AA by 3.1 to 5.3%-units. In exp. 2, 200 weaned pigs (initial BW, 8.3 kg) were fed diets containing 20% SBM, CM, or extruded CM starting 2 wk postweaning for 3 wk. The CM sample contained 42.7% CP, 28.3% TDF, and 5.3 µmol total glucosinolates/g DM. Wheat-based diets provided 2.3 Mcal NE/kg and 5.1 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. Dietary inclusion of extruded CM replacing SBM decreased (P < 0.05) diet ATTD of DM, GE and CP, and DE value. Average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and gain:feed (G:F) of pigs did not differ between extruded CM and SBM diets and were not affected by extrusion, but increasing extruder screw speed linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG for day 1 to 7 and G:F for the entire trial. In conclusion, extrusion increased diet AID and CM SID of AA but not DE and predicted NE values of CM. However, increasing extruder speed did not further increase the SID of most of the AA of CM in growing pigs. Dietary inclusion of 20% CM or extruded CM did not affect the growth performance in weaned pigs.     

A study on feeding hazelnut kernel oil meal as a protein source for broiler chickens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of substituting different levels of hazelnut kernel oil meal (HKM) for soybean meal (SBM) in diets for broiler. A total of 450 one-day-old female Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated randomly to three treatment groups of 150 birds each in a randomized design. Each treatment group consisted of five replicates each of 30 chicks. All diets (in mash form) were formulated to meet nutrient concentrations recommended for broilers. The experiment lasted for six weeks. In the experiment, an SBM control (SBM) diet was compared to two HKM diets, replacing 50 (50HKM) and 100% (HKM) of SBM protein, respectively. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broilers were adversely affected ( P  < 0.05) by the HKM diets at 42 days of age. Broilers fed 50HKM and HKM had growth performances similar ( P  > 0.05). The carcass yield and abdominal fat pads of birds fed diets with SBM were higher ( P  < 0.05) than those of chicks fed the 50HKM and HKM diets. The edible inner organ weight of chicks fed diets with HKM was the heaviest ( P  < 0.05). It is concluded that SBM cannot be replaced even up to 50% with HKM in commercial broiler diet.