棚栽番茄灰霉病防治技术探讨

番茄灰霉病是塑料大棚番茄生产中主要病害之一 ,不仅危害番茄的花和叶片 ,还严重危害果实 ,影响番茄产量和品质。近几年来 ,灰霉病已成为棚栽番茄生产中的“疑难杂症” ,较难防治 ,危害严重。为探索棚栽番茄灰霉病的有效防治措施 ,在基本了解了灰霉病危害番茄的规律后 ,我们结合实施千亩高效蔬菜项目的基础上 ,应用化学防治和生态防治相结合的方法 ,取得了比较明显的防治效果 ,并经 3年(1999～ 2 0 0 1年 )推广应用 ,综合防治技术不断成熟。1　灰霉病的病源和发病规律灰霉病病源为灰葡萄孢 ,属半知菌亚门真菌 (有性阶段为子囊菌 )。分生孢子…     

防治番茄主要病虫害常用药剂简介

一、防治番茄病毒病常用的药剂 N_(14)和S_(52)弱疫苗接种;83增抗剂100倍液;5406细胞分裂素600倍液。二、防治番茄灰霉病常用的药剂 50％速克灵1500倍液;50％扑海因1000倍液;50％多菌灵500倍液;农抗BO-10 200倍液(即100单位);12％乙多粉尘或12％得益粉尘,每亩每次喷1公斤。     

碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠对番茄壮苗和灰霉病的防治作用

以番茄品种L402幼苗为试材,研究外源喷施碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠对番茄生长和灰霉病的防治作用。结果表明:25mmol·L~(-1)和50 mmol·L~(-1)的碳酸钠与碳酸氢钠对番茄幼苗具有显著的壮苗作用;30～60 mmol·L~(-1)的碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠对灰霉菌菌丝生长具有不同程度的抑制作用,且抑制作用通常随着浓度的升高而加强;30～40 mmol·L~(-1)的碳酸钠和50～60mmol·L~(-1)的碳酸氢钠对番茄灰霉病具有良好的预防作用;50 mmol·L~(-1)的碳酸钠和50～60 mmol·L~(-1)的碳酸氢钠对番茄灰霉病具有良好的抑制作用。生产上可应用适宜浓度的碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠防治番茄灰霉病。     

扑霉灵防治番茄灰霉病药效试验

番茄灰霉病是近年来大棚的主要病害。可以为害番茄、茄子、辣椒等茄科蔬菜，黄瓜、长瓜等葫芦科蔬菜和菜豆、豇豆等豆科蔬菜，以及韭菜、莴苣、葡萄、花卉等多种作物。目前尚无抗灰霉病的品种和种质资源，生产上主要依靠化学防治来控制。灰霉病菌对常用的苯并咪唑类（如多菌灵、托布津、苯来特）、二甲酰亚胺类（如速克灵、扑海因、农利灵）、Ｎ－苯氨基甲酸酯类（如乙霉威）等杀菌剂已不同程度地产生了抗药性。笔者引进新型杂环类杀菌剂扑霉灵防治番茄灰霉病，现将试验结果小结如下。１材料与方法①供试对象番茄品种为９０３番茄，２０００…     

番茄灰霉病的发生与防治

番茄灰霉病是一种真菌病害,除侵染番茄外,还可侵染茄子、黄瓜。笔者根据多年的实践经验,现将番茄灰霉病的发生与防治措施介绍如下。 1 病菌侵染途径及方式 (1)病菌从因农事操作或机械操作不当而引起的伤口侵入；(2)基部叶片受肥害后,从叶边缘感染病菌；(3)带菌花粉散落于叶片致使病菌侵入；(4)茎部伤口或病果病叶附着于茎部容易感病；(5)土壤中越冬或残存的病菌从茎基部侵入；(6)灰霉病菌从残留花瓣处侵入：(7)灰霉病菌从未脱落的柱     

两种新杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病的作用方式及田间防效

采用离体叶片法测定了2种新杀菌剂42.8%氟吡菌酰胺·肟菌酯悬浮剂(SC)和22.5%啶氧菌酯SC对番茄灰霉病的作用方式及田间防效。结果表明:42.8%氟吡菌酰胺·肟菌酯SC和22.5%啶氧菌酯SC对番茄灰霉病保护作用的EC50值分别为4.04μg·mL~(-1)和10.79μg·mL~(-1),治疗作用的EC50值分别为26.30μg·mL~(-1)和45.93μg·mL~(-1)。田间试验结果表明,两种新药剂在推荐剂量下对番茄灰霉病防效可达80%以上,可用于番茄灰霉病的防治。     

番茄灰霉病拮抗细菌的分离筛选及鉴定

以番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)为供试菌,采用平板对峙方法,研究了不同植物根围土壤中的细菌对番茄灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)的拮抗效果。结果表明:对分离纯化的75株细菌进行拮抗测定,其中30株对番茄灰霉病有不同程度抑制作用,分离频率为40.00%。其中3株拮抗细菌YM8、FQ10、FQ11对番茄灰霉病病原菌拮抗效果较好,抑菌圈直径在1.5~3.0cm。通过生理生化试验、形态特征观察对其进行了种属初步鉴定,鉴定结果为菌株YM8为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis),FQ10为短芽孢杆菌(Bacillus brevis),FQ11为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。     

保护地番茄灰霉病的发生和菌剂防治试验简报

近年来,由于保护地蔬菜栽培的迅速发展,一些次要病害逐渐上升为主要病害,灰霉病就是其中之一。笔者从1988～1990年对保护地番茄灰霉病的发生和药剂防治进行了研究,现将结果简述如下。 一、番茄灰霉病发病时期 据对保定市、邯郸市、唐山市开平区保护地番茄各种种植方式中番茄灰霉病发病时期调查,日光温室秋延后番茄灰霉病发病初期为11月中下旬,发病盛期在12月中旬,发病末期在元月上旬。春季保护地番茄灰霉病发病初期为3月中旬至4月中旬,发病盛期在4月中至5月中旬,发病末期在4月下旬至5月下旬(表1),由于保护地特殊环境,所以番茄灰霉病发生的早…     

茄果类蔬菜灰霉病绿色防控技术

<正>番茄、辣椒、茄子等茄果类蔬菜灰霉病是由灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea Persoon)侵染引起的真菌病害,茎、叶、花、果均可染病,造成减产,甚至失去商品价值,造成重大损失。1症状特点1)番茄灰霉病。番茄灰霉病是保护地番茄生产中的常见病害。苗期发病引起茎、叶腐烂,病部灰褐色,表面密生灰霉。成株叶片感病后从叶缘开始向内产生淡褐色"V"形病斑,水浸状,     

辽宁省番茄灰霉病菌对烯肟菌酯的敏感性检测

从辽宁省不同地区尚未使用过甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的保护地采集番茄灰霉病菌,分离获得代表性菌株113株。采用菌丝生长速率法测定各菌株对烯肟菌酯的敏感性。试验结果表明,不同地区的番茄灰霉病菌对烯肟菌酯的敏感性差异不显著;辽宁省番茄灰霉病菌对烯肟菌酯的敏感基线为6.263 4μg·ml~(-1)。     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。     

陕西冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及特征比较

以大荔县冬枣种植区采集的发病枣果为试材,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离纯化,通过柯赫氏证病法则、形态学观察及分子生物学分析,研究鉴定了冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病的病原菌种类,并采用田间调查法对2种病害为害特征进行比较分析,以期为田间有效区分冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病为害症状,并快速判断其病原类型,及进一步深入开展精准防控提供参考和指导.结果表明:陕西大荔冬枣黑斑病的病原菌为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).2种病害均主要为害枣果实,在枣果果腰或果肩上形成黑褐色病斑,可能同时存在且症状相近极易混淆,但在病斑表面、皮下及久置表型3个方面存在明显区别.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量