低热量功能性油脂——结构脂质的研究与开发前景

从功能性油脂分类的角度,对多不饱和脂肪酸、磷脂和新型功能性油脂——结构脂质的发展史及国内外研究概况进行了介绍,并对现阶段广泛研究的新型功能性油脂——结构脂质的合成方法做了介绍。揭示了以大豆为原料,通过酶法催化工艺,开发一种新型低热量功能性油脂对于改善人民健康水平的重要意义。     

大豆甾醇

大豆甾醇之所以被誉为“生命的钥匙”，是因为大豆甾醇广泛存在于生物体组织内，具有十分重要的生理功能。很自然地，对甾体科学的研究就成为医学界和制药工业中引人瞩目的领域，其实在化学工业、食品、饲料和生物工程产业中，大豆甾醇也备受国内外科学家的关注，对大豆甾醇的研究和应用目前相当活跃。说起大豆甾醇，有必要先从甾醇谈起，甾醇是甾族化合物的一类，因呈固态又俗称固醇。甾醇的分布很广，各种生物体中几乎都含有这一类甾族化合物。它们以游离、高级脂肪酸酯、苷三种形式存在于动、植物和微生物体内。     

新疆地区不同扁桃品种低温压榨油的特性

以新疆地区8个扁桃主栽品种为研究对象,采用低温压榨法制油。从油脂的主要理化特性、脂肪酸组成、微量营养成分(总酚、植物甾醇、维生素E含量)、氧化稳定性(氧化诱导时间、热氧化稳度)和特征风味成分方面进行对比分析。结果发现:原料中莎车-纸皮中粗脂肪含量最高,莎车-18氨基酸含量最高;莎车-9、莎车-纸皮、莎车-塔西和莎车-黄4个品种低温压榨油中油酸含量高于70%;莎车-9、莎车-纸皮和莎车-塔西品种均含有6种以上生育酚和生育三烯酚,植物甾醇总量位于前3位,氧化稳定性也优于其他品种。挥发性成分测定结果表明,扁桃仁油中关键风味物质主要包括己醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、壬醛、反式-2,4-癸二烯醛、香兰素、苯乙醇、已酸和甲基胡椒酚。综合而言,莎车-9、莎车-纸皮和莎车-塔西3个扁桃品种的低温压榨油营养品质、风味品质以及氧化稳定性俱佳,是适宜低温压榨加工的优良品种。     

亚麻籽-火麻仁植物乳制备工艺对其稳定性和营养成分的影响研究

为提升富含ω-3功能油脂的系列油料作物在植物乳饮品中的应用,基于亚麻籽和火麻仁的营养特性,以亚麻籽、火麻仁为主要原料,探究了剪切粉碎时间（1~9 min）及火麻仁添加量（1/2~1/6）对亚麻籽-火麻仁植物乳（FHPM）的稳定性和营养成分溶出等的影响,对最优组（剪切粉碎3 min,火麻仁∶亚麻籽=1∶5）所得植物乳的营养素与风味物质组成进行剖析。结果表明,随着剪切粉碎时间增加,植物乳的自稳定性逐渐下降,大于3 min时明显分层,有絮凝现象。研究1~3 min的粉碎时间对营养的影响,发现剪切时间对蛋白质、油脂、膳食纤维、总酚、木酚素的溶出均有显著影响;且随着植物乳中火麻仁所占比例提高,蛋白质和油脂的含量明显提高,但植物乳的自稳定性显著下降,表明植物乳的稳定性与植物乳体系黏度、粒径、电位、颗粒组成等理化特性有关。最优组所得亚麻籽-火麻仁植物乳粒径为4.53 μm,电位为-32.15 mV,固形物含量为5.17 g/100 mL,蛋白质含量为1.32 g/100 g,脂肪含量为3.45 g/100 g,膳食纤维含量为0.47 g/100 g,碳水化合物含量为0.57 g/100 g;植物乳具有合适的表观黏度,可在无外源稳定剂条件下4℃稳定储藏21 d。分析显示该植物乳含有小分子酮类、醛类、醇类等,呈现果味、花香味等良好风味;含有合理的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成。     

模拟体系制备豆浆及其风味研究

将大豆蛋白、大豆脂质、大豆内源性酶和大豆多酚4种组分按照豆浆中比例以一定方法混合剪切后得到乳液体系。在不同正交反应条件下利用HS-SPME-GC-MS测定模拟体系产生的风味物质含量,确定了p H7.0,40℃下反应30 min是模拟体系中脂肪氧合酶催化氧化作用产生风味化合物的适宜反应条件。该反应条件下模拟体系产生了大量豆浆的特征性风味物质,通过主成分分析法(PCA)与豆浆的风味组成进行比较,证实该大豆风味模拟乳液体系与豆浆特征性风味具有很好的相似性。感官评定进一步表明,模拟体系具备了豆浆的特征性风味,但在逼真度、大豆香味等方面存在少许差异。     

巴西橡胶树胶乳化学成分的GC-MS分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,对巴西橡胶树胶乳氯仿、乙酸乙酯萃取物中的化学成分进行分析测定,结合计算机检索技术对其成分进行结构鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量。结果表明,氯仿萃取物中共鉴定出33个化学成分,占总量的78.90%。乙酸乙酯萃取物中共鉴定出46个化学成分,占总量的90.15%。其中,τ-杜松醇、(Z)-金合欢醇、角鲨烯、环阿屯醇、24-亚甲基环木菠萝醇等萜类化合物及γ-谷甾醇、β-豆甾醇、菜油甾醇、异岩藻甾醇等植物甾醇在橡胶生物合成途径甲羟戊酸途径中作为中间体或终产物。除24-亚甲基环木菠萝醇以外,几种萜类和甾醇都具有一定药用作用,尤其是角鲨烯,具有抗癌、抗氧化、预防心血管疾病等生理活性,目前已成为天然药物研究的热点。     

SCoT分子标记的研究现状及在茶树育种中的应用前景

目标起始密码子多态性(Start codon targeted polymorphism,SCo T)是一种针对ATG起始密码子及侧翼序列保守性开发的新型目的基因分子标记,具有操作简便、多态性高、遗传稳定性好和成本低等优势,已经被广泛应用于多种植物的遗传研究。本文介绍了SCo T标记的原理、引物设计、PCR体系优化,综述了SCo T标记在多种植物中的应用进展,并展望了其在茶树育种上的应用前景。     

病毒诱导的基因沉默在植物抗病基因功能研究中的应用

病毒诱导的基因沉默(Virus induced gene silencing,VIGS)是一种植物抵抗病毒侵入的自然机制,现在已被开发成通过插入目的基因片段的重组病毒来抑制植物内源基因表达的遗传技术,主要用于研究目标基因的功能。作为一种新型的基因鉴定和功能研究的技术工具,VIGS具有无需事先知道目的基因全长序列、快速获取表型、无需获得转基因植株等诸多优点,已越来越广泛地被应用于植物基因功能研究领域。本文从VIGS的作用机制、VIGS体系的优点及局限性以及VIGS在植物抗病机制方面的研究进展等几个方面对病毒诱导的基因沉默进行了综述。     

大豆油脂脂肪酸改良与生化育种策略

大豆特异脂肪酸和磷脂对人类健康和进步的贡献日趋重大。因此,国内外植物生理学家和营养学家们密切合作正洞悉特异脂肪酸、磷脂在人体新陈代谢中的奥秘。 大豆育种家们在提高大豆油脂含量的同时,已注意到选育特异脂肪酸含量高的新品种。为迎接大豆油脂脂肪酸品质改良的挑战,以及为传统式或经验式育种家们提供有关     

新大豆及储存受害大豆的毛油中磷脂成分研究

大豆在储运中因温度和温度过高而受损害后,磷脂组份发生较大的化学变化,色谱分析表明,不可皂化部分（主要是甾醇）和ＰＡ含量增加,而主要磷脂成份ＰＥ、ＰＩ、ＰＣ含量减少。胺损害大豆毛油水化脱胶困难及脱胶后油中磷含量偏高均与磷脂组份发生化学变化有关。     

Impact of sesame lignan on physical and oxidative stability of flaxseed oil-in-water emulsion

Recent studies have shown that the highly susceptibility to oxidation ofα-linolenic acid(ALA)enriched emulsion delivery system was harmful for human health which limited their incorporation into functional food.Impacts of natural sesamol(SOH)and sesamin(SES)on stability of flaxseed oil-in-water emulsion were investigated.Results showed that SOH indicated higher antioxidant activity and significantly prolonged the time of emulsion oil-off by retarding oil droplet aggregation in a dose dependent manner throughout storage.Moreover,SOH showed substantial extended lag phase of lipid oxidation products,especially for secondary oxidation products(thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances,TBARS),with a maximum reduction of 70%with 800 M dosage.The antioxidative efficiency of SOH might relate to its strong ability of scavenging free radical and chelate transition metal.Furthermore,SOH significantly enhanced interfacial barrier property and reduced permeation rate of peroxyl radical across emulsion interface by hydrogen bonds between sugar groups of saponin molecules and SOH.However,no obvious change in barrier property of emulsion was observed in SES.SOH improved physicochemical property of flaxseed oil-in-water emulsion with higher antioxidant activity and stronger interfacial barrier property,so that it could be serve as plant-based antioxidant in oil-in-water emulsion delivery system.     

利用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间-串联质谱法分析青刺果油中的脂质成分

青刺果为多年生稀有木本油料植物,是我国特有民族野生资源。在对青刺果油中脂肪酸组成分析的基础上,建立了超高效液相色谱-飞行时间-串联质谱的脂质分析方法,对其所含脂质的种类、组成、相对含量作分析。 结果显示,在青刺果油主要脂肪酸的含量为：油酸39.17%、亚油酸36.16%、棕榈酸16.38%;从比例上看,饱和脂肪酸: 单不饱和脂肪酸:多不饱和脂肪酸比例接近0.6:1:1。共鉴定出169种脂质,包括76种磷脂,84种甘油酯和9种糖脂; 其中磷脂、甘油酯和糖脂的主要成分分别为磷脂酰肌醇、甘油三酯和双半乳糖甘油二酯。     

二氧化硅在菜籽油吸附脱磷中的应用及其对酚酸的影响

为了精炼后的油中尽可能多地保留菜籽多酚,首先通过傅里叶红外光谱分析（Fourier infrared spectrum,FT-IR）和差示扫描量热分析（differential scanning calorimetry,DSC）对二氧化硅（SiO2）和磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）以及它们的复合物进行表征分析,然后以菜籽油为研究对象,分析了它在SiO2吸附脱磷处理中酚酸的变化规律,同时考察了吸附脱磷效果,并通过正交优化实验获得了高脱磷率和高酚酸保留率的工艺参数条件。研究结果表明,SiO2与PE的复合可能是一种弱的相互作用;SiO2对菜籽油中的磷脂有较好的吸附脱除作用,在脱磷温度为35oC、SiO2添加量为0.75%、脱磷时间为15 min的条件下,脱磷率可达86.7%,同时菜籽油中的总酚和Canolol（2,6-二甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚）保留率分别高达99.5%和98.7%。     

Yield performance and grain lipid composition of standard and oleic sunflower as affected by water supply

Sunflower has potential in Mediterranean farming systems because of the modest auxiliary input requirement, appreciable productivity and quality of raw material. These aspects are affected by the interactions among genetic, environmental and agronomic factors, which have not been fully explored. Therefore, the effects of four water regimes as proportion of crop evapotranspiration (0%, 33%, 67%, 100%) on grain yield and its components, oil yield and grain lipid constituents, i.e. fatty acids (FAs), unsaponifiable matter (UM), phytosterol (Phy), policosanol (PC) and tocopherol (Toc) fractions of a standard and an oleic sunflower hybrids were assessed in a 2-year field experiment. The relationships between crop productive traits and oil quality features were also analysed.     

Physicochemical properties of stillingia oil: Feasibility for biodiesel production by enzyme transesterification

The physicochemical properties, fatty acids profile and triglyceride compositions of the stillingia oil were analyzed. The stillingia oil was found to contain 98.79% neutral lipids, 0.22% phospholipids and 0.99% glycolipids, which exhibited varying contents of fatty acids. The major triglyceride was double linoleic acid linolenic acid triglyceride, which accounted for approximately 79.49% of the total triglycerides. Preparation of biodiesel from stillingia oil was investigated by enzyme transesterification with methanol as the acyl acceptor. The results showed that lipase type (Novozym 435, Lipozyme TLIM and Lipozyme RMIM), reaction systems (in solvent-free and tert-butanol system) and operational parameters (lipase loading, reaction time, temperature, and molar ratio of alcohol to oil) influenced the biodiesel yield. Fuel properties of biodiesel from stillingia oil were evaluated and all were in acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel engines, and had remarkable flash point and satisfactory cold flow properties. It was concluded that stillingia oil was an alternative potential feedstock oil for biodiesel production.     

Characterization and stability of nanostructured lipid carriers as drug delivery system

Recently more focus has been put to the development of innovative drug-delivery systems that includes polymer nanoparticles, emulsions and liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). The SLNs have been proposed to be an alternative colloidal drug delivery system. The aim of this study was preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) using varieties of emulsifier for encapsulation of the drug with poor water solubility. In these study four types of solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared based on different compositions of palm oil (S154) and lecithin (Lipoid 100) using the high pressure homogenization method. The SLN formulation had the following (palm oil+lecithin) compositions: SLN-01 (90 + 10%, respectively), SLN-02 (80 + 20%, respectively), SLN-03 (70 + 30%, respectively) and SLN-04 (60 + 40%, respectively). The SLNs were characterized and the optimum stability factors for one year storage determined. The parameters used to characterize the SLNs were particle size and polydispersity index (particle sizer), zeta potential (zetasizer), crystallinity (differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle X-ray diffraction), ultrastructure (transmission electron microscopy). Varying the palm oil and lecithin compositions resulted in SLNs of variable sizes and zeta potentials. The particle sizes of SLN-01, SLN-02, SLN-03 and SLN-04 were 298.40 +/- 11.80, 255.40 +/- 3.20, 145.00 +/- 3.39 and 273.00 +/- 86.50 nm, respectively, while the zeta potentials were -19.44 +/- 60.00, -19.50 +/- 1.80, -17.83 +/- 10.00 and -13.33 +/- 2.30 mV, respectively. Thermoanalysis and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the SLNs had lower crystallinity than bulk lipid. The SLNs were generally round and uniform in shape under transmission electron microscopy. The SLN dimensional data suggested they had high quality physicochemical characteristics, which are conducive for the loading of poor water solubility drugs.     

Polyphenols from Brown Seaweeds (Ochrophyta,Phaeophyceae): Phlorotannins in the Pursuit of Natural Alternatives to Tackle Neurodegeneration

Globally, the burden of neurodegenerative disorders continues to rise, and their multifactorial etiology has been regarded as among the most challenging medical issues. Bioprospecting for seaweed-derived multimodal acting products has earned increasing attention in the fight against neurodegenerative conditions. Phlorotannins (phloroglucinol-based polyphenols exclusively produced by brown seaweeds) are amongst the most promising nature-sourced compounds in terms of functionality, and though research on their neuroprotective properties is still in its infancy, phlorotannins have been found to modulate intricate events within the neuronal network. This review comprehensively covers the available literature on the neuroprotective potential of both isolated phlorotannins and phlorotannin-rich extracts/fractions, highlighting the main key findings and pointing to some potential directions for neuro research ramp-up processes on these marine-derived products.     

油溶性茶多酚对色拉油的抗氧化作用

经用油酸改性后的水溶性茶多酚，对大豆色拉油有明显的抗氧化作用，效能与ＴＢＨＱ接近，抗氧化效果随添加量增加而加强，随过氧化时间延长抗氧化作用更显著，且对油品质量没有影响；经急性毒性试验，半致死剂是为８０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ，属无毒性。     

Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion,Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Capacity of Polyphenols from Red Chiltepin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capsicum annuum</Emphasis> L. Var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">glabriusculum</Emphasis>) Grown in Northwest Mexico

Chiltepin, a wild chili mostly used in different traditional foods and traditional medicine in Northwest Mexico, represents a source of polyphenols. However, studies about the bioaccessibility of polyphenols as a parameter to measure the nutritional quality and bioefficacy of them in the fruit after consumption are scarce. Chiltepin showed phenolic acids and flavonoids contents between 387 and 65 μg/g, respectively. Nevertheless, these values decreased after the digestion process. Before digestion, gallic acid, 4-hydroxibenzoinc acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin and luteolin were the main polyphenols found in chiltepin by HPLC-DAD and confirmed by FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MS. Gallic and chlorogenic acids were non-detected in the gastric phase, while only p-coumaric acid (5.35?±?3.89 μg/g), quercetin (5.91?±?0.92 μg/g) and luteolin (2.86?±?0.62 μg/g) were found in the intestinal phase. The bioaccessibility of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and total polyphenols after the intestinal phase was around 24, 17 and 23%, respectively. Overall, results indicated that release of polyphenols from chiltepin fruit might be affected by the food matrix and gastrointestinal conditions due to the low bioaccessibility values observed.     

Effect of bio-friendly conditioning agents on jute fibre spinning

From early times, jute fibre has been generally conditioned for easy spinning by adding oil and water in the form of an emulsion. The commonly used oil consists of C₁₂–C₃₁ fractions of mineral oil that sometimes impart different intensities of oily (kerosene) or fishy smell to the end product. In the present work, efforts have been made to find a suitable sustainable substitute of mineral oil based conditioning agent for spinning of jute yarn and for this, three types of vegetable oil (rice bran oil, palmolein oil and castor oil), a silicone emulsion, a mixed enzyme system and glycerine have been used separately or in combinations as conditioning agents for jute fibre before its mechanical processing for making yarn in jute spinning machines. Considering comparable mechanical process performance for spinning of jute fibre (viz., fibre loss as droppings during processing, moisture retention prior to spinning stage and spinning end breakage rate), tensile properties of yarn, and lower yarn hairiness, it may be suggested to use 2.5% castor oil alone, or 2% castor oil in combination with 0.1–0.5% glycerine in the form of oil-in-water emulsion as the most suitable alternatives to conventional mineral oil-based jute conditioning agent to spin ordinary jute yarn.