北京东南郊灌区多环芳烃污染风险与人体健康风险评估

为明确北京东南郊灌区表层土壤和农作物多环芳烃(PAHs)含量及污染水平,2015年在该灌区采集了31个土壤样品和38个作物样品,采用气象色谱-质谱仪分析了样品中16种优先控制PAHs含量。研究结果表明灌区表层土壤16种PAHs总量为113.5~449.8μg/kg(均值为258.5μg/kg),与荷兰土壤环境质量标准相比,本研究表层土壤中相应10种PAHs的总量为83~307μg/kg,土壤10种PAHs的苯并(a)芘毒性当量浓度均值为19.0μg/kg,灌区土壤总体上受到PAHs轻度污染,但土壤PAHs含量远低于荷兰土壤环境质量标准中的干预值,土壤PAHs潜在生态风险不显著。小麦籽粒、玉米籽粒和蔬菜PAHs含量分别为368.7~389.9、87.7~113.5、51.8~291.8μg/kg。粮食作物籽粒PAHs主要以苯并(g,h,i)苝为主,蔬菜PAHs以菲含量最高。粮食作物籽粒苯并(a)芘含量均低于食品安全国家标准限值。燃烧源是土壤和粮食作物PAHs主要污染源,而蔬菜PAHs主要污染源为燃烧源和石油源混合来源。成人和儿童PAHs致癌风险分别为4.02×10~(-5)和1.76×10~(-5),非致癌指数分别为2.72×10~(-2)和4.78×10~(-2),均低于US EPA相应标准参考值。人体健康风险主要暴露途径和介质是口-作物,对致癌风险贡献最大的组分为苯并(a)芘和二苯并(a,h)蒽,对非致癌风险贡献最大的组分是苯并(g,h,i)苝和菲。     

小店污灌区浅层地下水Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)分布特征及健康风险评价

为了解污灌区浅层地下水中重金属Cd和Cr的污染水平,在小店污灌区采集22组地下水样品,采用常规的统计方法和健康风险评价模型,定量分析了2种重金属元素的质量浓度及空间分布特征,并评价了地下水中Cd、Cr的健康风险水平。结果表明,地下水中Cr的平均质量浓度(14.4μg/L)显著高于Cd(2.06μg/L),但二者均未超过地下水环境质量三级标准。重金属质量浓度的高值区主要分布在灌溉渠附近。Cd与Cr的Spearman相关系数为0.499,呈实相关。地下水中Cd的单项污染指数大于Cr,这与二者在地下水中的质量浓度关系相反。Cr经饮水途径的平均致癌风险约为Cd的9.2倍;22个评价点中,Cd的年致癌风险水平均低于ICRP推荐的年最大可接受风险水平(5×10-5),而Cr仅有8个评价点的致癌风险低于ICRP推荐的年最大可接受风险水平(5×10-5),但均高于导则(HJ25.3—2014)推荐的年最大可接受风险水平(10-6);Cd和Cr的总致癌风险系数为15.33×10-6~123.14×10-6,其中Cd的致癌风险贡献率为6%~42%,显著低于Cr。     

不同灌溉水质对冬小麦籽粒有机污染物含量影响的研究

再生水的利用可以有效缓解我国北方水资源紧缺。分析了不同灌溉水水质对冬小麦籽粒产量和有机污染物含量的影响。主要结果和结论:不同灌溉水质条件下表层土壤有机污染物含量无显著差异;冬小麦籽粒产量处理间无显著差异。冬小麦籽粒酚类、多环芳烃(PAHs)、酞酸酯(PAEs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)、雌激素、有机农药含量分为0.42~0.52、0.156~0.286、2.56~4.05mg/kg、0.387~0.677、4.82~6.54、0~5.57μg/kg和0~0.043mg/kg(检出率为11%),各处理间冬小麦籽粒有机污染物含量无显著差异。冬小麦籽粒酚类、PAHs、PAEs以及PPCPs主要组分分别为总壬基酚和双酚A、苯并(g,h,i)苝和菲、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、醋磺胺甲恶唑和布洛芬,PCBs仅能检测出四氯联苯,雌激素仅能检测出雌酮(E1)。     

灌溉水盐度对玉米出苗、产量、品质及土壤盐分动态的影响

为探究适宜于我国北方干旱半干旱农业区玉米正常出苗、籽粒高产优质、土壤积盐有限的灌溉水盐分浓度,在内蒙古河套灌区开展了为期2年的膜下滴灌玉米大田试验。设置5个灌溉水盐度水平(1、2、3、4、5 g/L),在土壤基质势下限-20 kPa和灌水定额22.5 mm/次条件下,玉米耗水量、植株干物质量和籽粒产量均与灌溉水盐度呈显著二次函数关系(R²>0.84),当灌溉水盐度为2 g/L时植株干物质量和籽粒产量达到极大值,当灌溉水盐度超过3 g/L时,含盐水灌溉对玉米出苗、植株干物质积累和籽粒产量均产生不利影响。灌溉水盐度在1～5 g/L范围内每增加1 g/L,膜下滴灌玉米对应水分利用效率下降0.29 kg/m³;籽粒蛋白质含量随灌溉水盐度增加而增加,籽粒淀粉含量随灌溉水盐度增加而降低。此外,当灌溉水盐度高于3 g/L时,膜下滴灌对应土壤盐分等值线垂直半径和水平半径均随灌溉水盐度的增加而减小。基于玉米生育期内籽粒高产优质、减少土壤积盐的目标,在试验设计条件下,推荐河套灌区膜下滴灌玉米的灌溉水盐度上限为3 g/L。     

黄河内蒙古段头道拐断面沉积物中六六六(HCHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的残留特征分析研究

采用索式提取法和气相色谱法对黄河内蒙古段头道拐断面沉积物中的六六六(HCHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)进行了分析测定.结果表明:HCHs和∑PCBs在黄河内蒙古段头道拐断面沉积物中均有检出,α-HCH和β-HCH的平均浓度分别为6.70 ng/g和6.24 ng/g,处于中等污染水平;除八氯联苯外,PCBs的各异构体在该断面沉积物中均有检出,且检出率均在65%以上,∑PCBs平均浓度为1.46 ng/g,处于较低污染水平;HCHs和PCBs的残留水平随时间均没有明显的变化.对黄河内蒙古段沉积物中HCHs和PCBs污染物的来源进行了解析,HCHs污染的最大贡献源是河套灌区的农业退水,PCBs的主要来源是历史残留.     

沼渣生物菌肥改良2,4-二氯苯酚污染土壤急性毒性和健康风险研究

针对农田中残留大量农药的问题,文章从南京某废弃农药厂的土壤中筛选出了一株能降解2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)的生物菌,将其与养猪场沼渣复配制成沼渣生物菌肥,对2,4-DCP农药污染土壤进行改良,利用发光菌法对改良前后土壤浸提液和土壤中种植的水稻、花生果实毒性进行检测、分析,对沼渣生物菌肥改良后2,4-DCP污染土壤进行健康风险评价。结果表明,施加沼渣生物菌肥后土壤浸提液急性毒性明显降低,由原土的“剧毒”降低到“重毒”,污染土壤中种植的水稻与花生果实浸提液毒性级别为“无毒”。GC-MS污染物产物解析表明改良后的土壤中主要污染物为2,4-DCP,2,6-二硝基甲苯,邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯,其致癌风险分别为2.74×10^-8,1.5×10^-8,2.15×10^-10小于10^-6(即可接受水平),非致癌危害商值小于1,污染土壤的致癌和非致癌风险基本消除,说明沼渣生物菌肥能有效修复2,4-DCP农药污染土壤,恢复土壤微生物多样性,降低土壤急性毒性、致癌和非致癌风险。该研究实现了沼渣生物菌肥改良2,4-DCP污染土壤,为污染土壤生态系统重构提供了一种绿色、环保的新方法,实现了“以废治污”。     

UPLC测定食品中苯甲酸含量的方法研究

本文探讨了利用超高效液相色谱UPLC测定食品中苯甲酸的含量的方法。方法在0.100～50.0μg/mL浓度范围内线性相关,r=1.000。方法的回收率在90%～105%之间。重复性相对标准偏差小于5%。检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为6.00×10-4和2.0×10-3g/kg。方法通过与HPLC方法的测定结果的比较研究了方法的选择性。利用t检验技术分析HPLC与UPLC的测定结果表明,在95%的置信度条件下,2个系统的测定结果一致,方法具有很好的选择性。     

不同混灌模式对镉在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中分配的影响

为了探讨不同混灌模式对华北粮食主产区污灌农田重金属镉阻断效应,以典型污灌区多年来水质状况为背景,通过田间小区试验,研究了不同混灌模式下重金属镉在土壤-冬小麦、夏玉米轮作系统中的分配。结果表明,与微污染水灌溉相比,适宜的清污混灌处理显著降低了冬小麦籽粒中镉累积量,提高了冬小麦籽粒均匀度及产量,同时,适宜的清污混灌处理显著降低了夏玉米籽粒中镉累积量及穗轴质量,提高了夏玉米籽粒均匀度;确保粮食安全前提下,轻度污灌农田土壤10~20cm土层有效含镉量可作为夏玉米籽粒中含镉量的评价指标,估算有效镉临界值为0.36mg/kg。     

PCBs污染土壤的植物修复机制研究进展

多氯联苯(PCBs)是环境中存在的一类持久性有机污染物,具有难降解性和致畸、致癌、致突变的"三致"效应,其环境风险不容忽视。植物修复是PCBs污染土壤修复的有效途径之一,文章综述了植物对PCBs污染土壤的修复机制以及主要影响因素,以期为今后PCBs污染土壤的植物修复技术研究提供理论参考。     

岐山县新增耕地土壤养分现状分析

为了解岐山县新增耕地土壤养分现状,本研究对岐山县新增耕地的14个土壤样品进行了酸碱性、有机质、全氮含量等指标分析。调查结果表明,1)岐山县新增耕地土壤质地为砂壤土,呈弱碱性。有机质含量最大值为57.5 g/kg,最小值为9.40 g/kg,平均值为25.6 g/kg,处于中高水平;全氮含量为0.27 g/kg～2.50 g/kg,平均1.23 g/kg;有效磷、速效钾含量平均值分别为34.6 mg/kg、275 mg/kg,其中低水平占比分别为50%、42.8%。2)土壤酸碱性偏碱性,均需通过浇施化学酸性肥料、生理酸性肥料或有机肥等改良土壤酸碱度以达到小麦、玉米等的种植适宜酸碱性;土壤中有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量处于中低水平区域,需通过增施有机肥、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥和种植豆科植物固氮、秸秆还田的途径提高土壤养分。     

Role of farmers' attitudes in adoption of irrigation in Saskatchewan

Adoption of a new technology, such as irrigation, is a complex phenomenon. Several factors of economic and social nature contribute to the farm-level decisions affecting adoption. In this study, the role played by attitudes of potential adopters towards irrigation and its subsequent adoption on their farm unit was estimated. Two models were estimated, one incorporating only adopters' socio-economic characteristics, and the other, only their attitudes towards irrigation. Results suggest that adopters' attitude, particularly with respect to economic and environmental effects of irrigation, were significant determinants of their decision to proceed with adoption of irrigation, and have a role to play in adoption of irrigation over and above that explained by socio-economic characteristics. In particular, these results suggest that negative perceptions with respect to economics of irrigation and those related to its detrimental impacts on environmental quality, particularly through soil salinity, may be significant deterrents for adoption of irrigation. The study suggests that planning of large scale water development projects, particularly those involving irrigation, must be cognizant of attitudes of potential adopters. Furthermore, during the planning stages, more attention should be paid to the development of proper educational programs, as well as extension packages, to ensure that potential adopters formulate correct attitudes towards the new technology.     

技工院校数学教学中培养学生应用能力的对策分析

数学作为一门基础性学科，在学生的各个学习阶段都起到了不可替代的作用，在工科院校中数学教学的重要性更是升到了一个新的高度。通过数学的学习，可以培养学生的应用能力和探究思维，通过对数学知识的学习和灵活运用，学生的综合能力会得到系统性的提高。对于数学的教学工作，应当做到有针对性、有目标，在教学工作中，充分做到对症下药、有的放矢，让学生通过对数学的学习，提高自身的综合能力，更好地为社会建设贡献力量。     

四川简阳地区砂岩层中水分利用研究

分析了四川简阳地区砂岩和土壤中的水分运动特性和砂岩中储存的水分对土壤水分补给量的多少。对当地的砂岩和土壤进行了水分特征曲线的测定试验、入渗试验和蒸发试验,并采用研究中常用模型对试验结果进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的分析,得出了当地土壤和砂岩的水分特性,总结出了该地区表面土层在缺水时水分很容易被下部砂岩层补给,砂岩中的水分是作物利用的重要水资源的结论。这对于充分利用当地水资源,合理确定类似地质条件地区灌溉定额,解决无灌溉条件丘陵区作物缺水问题,实现农业节水灌溉有一定的参考价值。     

Advances in application of climate prediction in agriculture

Agricultural ecosystems and their associated business and government systems are diverse and varied. They range from farms, to input supply businesses, to marketing and government policy systems, among others. These systems are dynamic and responsive to fluctuations in climate. Skill in climate prediction offers considerable opportunities to managers via its potential to realise system improvements (i.e. increased food production and profit and/or reduced risks). Realising these opportunities, however, is not straightforward as the forecasting skill is imperfect and approaches to applying the existing skill to management issues have not been developed and tested extensively. While there has been much written about impacts of climate variability, there has been relatively little done in relation to applying knowledge of climate predictions to modify actions ahead of likely impacts. However, a considerable body of effort in various parts of the world is now being focused on this issue of applying climate predictions to improve agricultural systems.

In this paper, we outline the basis for climate prediction, with emphasis on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon, and catalogue experiences at field, national and global scales in applying climate predictions to agriculture. These diverse experiences are synthesised to derive general lessons about approaches to applying climate prediction in agriculture. The case studies have been selected to represent a diversity of agricultural systems and scales of operation. They also represent the on-going activities of some of the key research and development groups in this field around the world. The case studies include applications at field/farm scale to dryland cropping systems in Australia, Zimbabwe, and Argentina. This spectrum covers resource-rich and resource-poor farming with motivations ranging from profit to food security. At national and global scale we consider possible applications of climate prediction in commodity forecasting (wheat in Australia) and examine implications on global wheat trade and price associated with global consequences of climate prediction.

In cataloguing these experiences we note some general lessons. Foremost is the value of an interdisciplinary systems approach in connecting disciplinary knowledge in a manner most suited to decision-makers. This approach often includes scenario analysis based on simulation with credible models as a key aspect of the learning process. Interaction among researchers, analysts and decision-makers is vital in the development of effective applications — all of the players learn. Issues associated with balance between information demand and supply as well as appreciation of awareness limitations of decision-makers, analysts, and scientists are highlighted. It is argued that understanding and communicating decision risks is one of the keys to successful applications of climate prediction.

We consider that advances of the future will be made by better connecting agricultural scientists and practitioners with the science of climate prediction. Professions involved in decision making must take a proactive role in the development of climate forecasts if the design and use of climate predictions are to reach their full potential.     

饮料中柠檬黄含量测定的不确定度分析

对饮料中的柠檬黄含量进行了测定和不确定度分析,通过对各影响因素的不确定度评定,试验重复性对饮料中合成着色剂的测量结果不确定度的影响最大,其次是样品处理回收率和标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度对试验结果也有较大的影响。结果表明:饮料中柠檬黄的含量为（103.5?3.5）mgkg,k＝2。      

不同时段刺五加叶片黄酮含量的高光谱无损估测

针对野生刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的测量方法繁琐、时间较长及需破坏叶片等问题,提出了一种基于高光谱技术对不同时段的刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的估算模型。首先,分析提取地域、年龄、长势相近的20株刺五加叶片光谱特征,通过对叶片进行烘干、磨粉及利用紫外分光光度计等化学方法测得叶片中黄酮的真实含量,并选择4种预处理互相结合、比较的方式,判断出最优预处理模型;通过SPA与PCA算法的结合,选择出较明显的特征波段,通过MatLab2018a将特征波段的反射率分别与40组预测集验证相关性后,再分别选取预测值和20组实测值与BP神经网络、支持向量机进行模型建立。实验结果表明:利用BP神经网络建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.8649、0.7976、0.8485,支持向量机建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.7526、0.7742、0.7243,证明SNV和1 Der结合的预处理方式与BP神经网络所构建的模型效果最好。研究为高光谱技术对刺五加叶片中黄酮的反演提供了有力的支持,也会提高工业和药用采摘的效率及刺五加的利用价值。     

Fate and transport of atrazine in a sandy soil in the presence of antibiotics in poultry manures

Pesticides degrade principally through biodegradation processes, whereas antibiotics kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth in soils and thus may affect the fate of pesticides. In this study, the impact of antibiotics on the degradation of atrazine in a sandy soil is investigated in lysimeters over a ninety-day period. Four treatments, monensin, narasin, salinomycin and non-antibiotic, were assigned in triplicate to twelve PVC lysimeters. Both soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed at predetermined time intervals. In all treatments, atrazine was found to leach down through the soil profiles with the concentration level decreasing with depth, and only trace amounts of atrazine were found in the leachate. However, the statistical analysis of the results showed that all the three antibiotic treatments yielded a significantly slower dissipation of the atrazine level as compared to the non-antibiotic treatment; the mass balance analysis indicated an increased half-life of atrazine in the presence of antibiotics.     

吉林省图们市农村精神文明建设现状问题及对策建议

农村精神文明建设还存在一些亟待解决的问题:思想认识不到位,阵地建设滞后,农民参与精神文明建设的积极性不够高等.加强社会主义新农村精神文明建设的措施及对策是:努力发展经济;着力提高农民整体素质,加快阵地建设;加强环境建设;突出“乡风文明“建设;积极构建社会主流评价体系;以“村校“为基地,辐射带动农村精神文明建设.     

Detection of pesticides used in rice cultivation in streams on the island of Leyte in the Philippines

Targeted sampling of water was performed in streams, the river mouth, and the municipal drinking-water tap in the vicinity of San Francisco, South Leyte, Philippines. Samples were processed on site and transported back to Sweden for analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the pesticides commonly used in the area. Collaborations were initiated with employees at the local Department of Agriculture and Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council to learn more about the rice cultivation in this area and times for spraying. Detectable levels of pesticides λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin (0.0005-1.4 μg/L) were found in representative water samples. In 47% of samples the detected levels exceeded the recommended limit values for pesticides in surface water according to Swedish guidelines (Swedish Chemicals Agency, 2008). The analysis of samples taken at the river mouth revealed measurable levels of λ-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin, which means that residues of pesticides applied to rice paddy fields were shown to end up at the river mouth. The success of the sampling and analysis methods was confirmed by the data which was in accordance with the expected effect of dilution from day to day. Variable levels of insecticides in the river and all the way down to the sea may have adverse health effects on people using the water and on the aquatic environment, including sensitive coral reefs. This situation is applicable not only to the Philippines, but also to the whole of Southeast Asia, with approximately 70% of their human population living in coastal areas. As Southeast Asia encompasses approximately 34% of the world's coral reefs and between a quarter and a third of the world's mangroves, as well as the global biodiversity triangle formed by the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, and New Guinea, the need to reduce the impacts of marine pollution in this region is of great importance.     

水泵水轮机在水轮机工况下压力脉动特性

为了研究水泵水轮机在水轮机工况下的压力脉动特性,采用SST k-ω湍流模型对模型水泵水轮机在水轮机工况下的三维非定常湍流进行模拟.在试验验证的基础上,通过调整活动导叶的开度以实现机组不同的运行工况,分析了3种流量工况下导叶、转轮和尾水管内的压力脉动规律.结果表明,尾水涡带形态和旋转方向对机组压力脉动的影响很大:在小流量工况下,尾水涡带为螺旋状,旋转方向与转轮转动方向相同,转轮出口产生强烈的低频压力脉动,转轮叶片上的压力脉动频率约为转轮转频的0.62倍,尾水管压力脉动主频约为转轮转频的0.36倍;在最优工况和大流量工况下,尾水涡带变为管状,转轮出口压力脉动幅值变小,在转轮叶片表面检测到与尾水管压力脉动主频相同的压力脉动;大流量工况下涡带旋转方向与转轮旋转方向相反,尾水管内压力脉动的最大值出现在弯肘段区域.