丁香酚对烟草抗烟草花叶病毒的诱导作用初探

为探讨植物源化合物丁香酚对烟草抗烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的诱导作用,初步研究了丁香酚对接种TMV的烟草叶片中叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量,防御酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性,以及病程相关蛋白基因 PR-1 、PR-3 、PR-5 表达的影响。结果表明:丁香酚处理可促进叶绿素的合成,减轻烟草体内MDA的积累,提高PAL、POD和SOD的活性,增强 PR-1 、PR-3 、PR-5 基因的表达。表明丁香酚可提高植物的诱导抗病性,进而减轻TMV对烟草的危害。     

平菇蛋白粗提液诱导烟草对TMV的抗性与细胞中防御酶活性的关系

用200 μg/mL的平菇蛋白粗提液处理枯斑三生烟后接种烟草花叶病毒（Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV）,在不同时间测定了烟草植株叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonialyas, PAL）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）和过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）的活性。结果表明,平菇蛋白粗提液处理枯斑三生烟后,TMV的侵染率下降了70.16%;接种TMV后,平菇蛋白粗提液处理的烟草叶片中的PAL、SOD、CAT和POD活性要明显高于清水对照植株,接种后12 h PAL活性最高,平菇蛋白粗提液处理为清水对照的1.57倍;接种后24 h SOD和POD活性最高,平菇蛋白粗提液处理分别为清水对照的1.55倍和1.51倍;接种后36 h CAT活性最高,平菇蛋白粗提液处理为清水对照的1.6倍。以上研究结果表明,平菇蛋白粗提液诱导烟草抗TMV的活性与烟草叶片内防御酶活性的提高有关。     

沼泽红假单胞菌蛋白Rhp-PSP对烟草花叶病毒的系统抗性诱导及互作蛋白筛选

本文研究了蛋白Rhp-PSP诱导烟草抗TMV过程中相关防御酶的活性以及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化，同时测定了抗病相关基因的表达情况。试验证明，蛋白Rhp-PSP处理烟草后，叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性显著提高，但降低了MDA含量。同时基因PR-1、PR-3、PR-5、PDF1.2表达显著上调，证明了蛋白Rhp-PSP具有诱导烟草产生抗TMV的活性。为阐明诱导抗性机制，利用酵母双杂交系统从烟草cDNA文库进行互作蛋白的筛选并验证，结果表明GPI锚定蛋白、VAN3结合蛋白及叶绿素结合蛋白A与蛋白Rhp-PSP互作。     

壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银的合成及其诱导烟株抗烟草花叶病毒活性

为开发符合高效、低毒且环境友好的新型烟草花叶病毒(TMV)抑制剂,以具有季铵盐结构的新型壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物为还原剂和稳定剂,合成了壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银溶液,并研究了不同浓度该纳米银溶液诱导烟株产生抗TMV的活性。结果表明:所合成的壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银溶液在透射电镜(TEM)下显示分布较均匀,粒径主要集中在7~12 nm。在珊西烟上以25μg/m L的壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银溶液对枯斑的抑制效果最好,抑制率为74.0%,比50μg/m L壳寡糖溶液和2%宁南霉素水剂分别高41.5%和24.4%;对于普通烟K326,壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银溶液可缓解被病毒侵染的烟草叶绿素含量的下降幅度,提高叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(PPO)的活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)的含量,提高可溶性蛋白含量。表明壳寡糖季铵盐纳米银溶液可提高烟株对TMV的抗病性。     

枯草芽孢杆菌Tpb55抗烟草普通花叶病毒活性研究

利用三生-NN烟测定Tpb55菌悬液对烟草普通花叶病毒(TMV)钝化、预防和治疗作用结果表明,Tpb55菌悬液对TMV具有较好的钝化、预防和治疗效果,枯斑抑制率分别为96.15%、79.72%和65.71%。为进一步揭示Tpb55抗毒机理,选用易感TMV烟草品种K326为实验材料,研究以Tpb55对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)进行预防和治疗处理,测定烟草中与抗病毒性相关的部分生理生化指标的变化。结果表明,先用Tpb55菌液再接种毒液处理的烟株,对TMV的抑制作用优于先接种毒液再接种菌悬液处理,说明Tpb55对TMV的预防具有积极效果;不论在烟株接种毒液前或后,用Tpb55菌液处理烟株的叶片与只接种毒液的相比,叶片内过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均显著提高,以接毒前Tpb55菌液处理的烟株活性水平最高。从本试验结果来看,Tpb55具较强的抗TMV活性,可通过直接接触钝化作用及诱导烟草抗病性提高来抑制TMV侵染。     

植物源病毒抑制剂VFB诱导烟草抗烟草花叶病毒机理的初步研究

 为揭示植物源病毒抑制剂VFB的抗病毒机理,本研究以VFB对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)进行预防和治疗处理,测定了烟草中与抗病毒性相关的部分生理生化指标的变化。结果表明:VFB的2种处理方式均可使普通烟体内的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、总酚及类黄酮含量升高,使普通烟体内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性增强,预防处理优于治疗处理。可见,VFB可诱导植物产生抗病性,增强烟草对TMV侵染的抵抗力。     

磷酸氢二钾诱导烟草抗花叶病毒作用的研究

磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4)喷雾处理烟草叶片,可诱导烟草获得对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的抗性。用不同浓度的K2HPO4溶液处理心叶烟Nicotiana glutinosa,以测定其抑制病斑的最佳浓度,并测定烟草N.tabacum品种K326体内防御酶系的变化。结果表明,K2HPO4浓度为40mmol/L,对病斑的抑制效果最好,抑制率达到38.39%。K2HPO4在心叶烟上的防效在诱导处理后7d达到最佳。K2HPO4处理可导致烟草品种K326叶片的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性不同程度的提高,表明K2HPO4可诱导烟草对TMV的抗性,提高烟草的免疫能力。     

海带多糖对烟草花叶病毒的抑制作用及其对烟草酶活性的影响

为明确海带多糖抗病毒剂对烟草抗烟草花叶病毒（Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV）病的诱导抗性及其对TMV感染后的保护作用,采用间接酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）研究0.5 mg/mL海带多糖水剂、0.5 mg/mL香菇多糖水剂、6.25 mg/L氨基寡糖素水剂和0.1 mg/mL盐酸吗啉胍.铜可湿性粉剂对TMV侵染的预防保护作用和对TMV感染植株的治疗作用,并检测施用海带多糖后烟草体内过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的变化和海带多糖对感染TMV后烟草叶绿素含量的影响。接种前喷施0.5 mg/mL海带多糖后,再接种TMV病毒,其抑制率可达42.42%,与喷施6.25 mg/L氨基寡糖素抑制率44.96%的效果相当,预防保护作用较好;但两种药剂处理感病植株的治疗效果较差,其抑制率仅分别为38.93%和40.13%。海带多糖能够系统地诱导烟草体内POD、PAL及SOD活性,从而控制了感染TMV后烟草叶绿素含量下降。说明海带多糖可诱导植物产生抗病性。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌B1619诱导番茄防御酶活性提高和抗病相关基因的表达上调

解淀粉芽胞杆菌B1619对设施番茄枯萎病具有良好的防效。为了探明其是否具备诱导番茄植株抗病性的能力,本文研究了菌株B1619灌根处理后番茄叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,同时检测了番茄叶片抗病防卫基因PR-1a、POD酶合成相关基因POD1和SOD酶合成相关基因SOD的转录表达情况。试验结果表明,菌株B1619处理后番茄叶片的POD、SOD、PAL酶活性比未处理的显著提高;MDA含量比未处理的显著降低;菌株B1619灌根处理后叶片中PR-1a、POD1和SOD基因的表达水平显著上调。由此可见,诱导番茄产生抗病性是菌株B1619防治设施番茄枯萎病的作用机理之一。     

硅对瓠瓜酚类物质代谢的影响及与抗白粉病的关系

研究了硅酸盐和诱导接种白粉菌对瓠瓜叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的动态变化和木质素含量的影响.结果表明,诱导接种提高了瓠瓜叶片的PAL、PPO、POD活性,加硅后接种处理植株叶片酶活性更明显增加;接种后瓠瓜叶片中木质素含量增加,加硅处理植株叶片木质素含量是不加硅处理的1.43倍.说明酚类物质代谢在植物抗病机制中起着重要作用,硅能提高酚类代谢的酶活性.1.7mmol/L的硅能显著降低瓠瓜白粉病的病情指数,提高其对白粉病的抗病能力.     

A Variant of Cucumber mosaic virus Is Restricted to Local Lesions in Inoculated Tobacco Leaves with a Hypersensitive Response

A variant of Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV(Y/GM2), was isolated from a tobacco plant with mild green mosaic symptoms that was regenerated in vitro from a yellow strain of CMV [CMV(Y)]-infected tobacco leaves by tissue culture. CMV(Y/GM2) has two amino acid substitutions at 36 and 111 positions in the coat protein encoded on RNA3. CMV, assembled by mixing in vitro transcribed CMV(Y) RNA1 and RNA2 plus infectious RNA3 transcribed in vitro from cDNA to RNA3 of CMV(Y/GM2), was prepared and designated as CMV(Y/GM2)tr. When tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc) plants were inoculated with CMV(Y/GM2)tr, large necrotic local lesions in which the virus was localized, developed on the inoculated leaves. This host response unique to CMV(Y/GM2)tr was similar to the hypersensitive response (HR), which is a common resistance response to avirulent pathogens and was observed in five cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum and eight Nicotiana species. The revertant virus, however, accumulated to quite different levels in the various hosts. CMV(Y/GM2)tr induced pathogenesis-related 1 (PR-1) protein accumulation and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) which were generally observed in the HR. However, when tobaccos were inoculated with CMV(S36P)tr and CMV(V111I)tr, which have an amino acid substitution at either the 36 or 111 position in the coat protein of CMV(Y), respectively, CMV(S36P)tr was restricted to the primary infection site without necrotic local lesion formation and PR-1 protein and SAR induction. CMV(V111I)tr, however, systemically spread and induced mild green mosaic symptoms, while the host had the HR to CMV(Y/GM2)tr. The localization of CMV(Y/GM2)tr at the primary infection site may not only be caused by the HR, but also by the restriction of virus systemic movement resulting from the amino acid substitution at position 36 in the coat protein of CMV(Y). Received 15 December 1999/ Accepted in revised form 18 April 2000     

赤星菌弱毒株孢子制剂PCF1对烟草赤星病的控制作用

本文研究了赤星菌(Alternaria alternata)弱毒株TBA16的灭活孢子制剂PCF1对烟草抗赤星病的诱导作用,及在田间控制赤星病的效果和对烟叶产量、品质等性状的影响。在温室内幼苗上,PCF1可明显诱导烟草对赤星病的系统抗性,抗性诱导效应为57％—89％。在山东5个主要产烟县进行的田间试验表明,PCF1有3种作用:①可以明显控制赤星病的发生程度,效果与用作对比的化学农药菌核净相当或略低,在烟草生长后期防治效果可达76％;②增强烟株生长和叶片扩展能力,使烟叶(烘烤后)产量提高7％—38％;③明显改善烟叶内在品质、增加上中等烟叶的比例,使产值提高17％。     

Occurrence of powdery mildew on aubergine in West Sussex

A powdery mildew ( Erysiphe sp.) was found on the upper surfaces of leaves of a glasshouse-grown aubergine ( Solanum melongena ) crop in West Sussex during Autumn 1992. It could be readily transferred to tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) and tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ), but produced restricted growth and sporulation on cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ). Sweet pepper ( Capsicum annuum ), Chinese cabbage ( Brassica campestris var. chinensis ), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ), chrysanthemum ( Dendranthema x grandiflorum ) and Nicotiana benthamiana did not show symptoms. When transferred to tomato and cucumber, the morphology of aubergine powdery mildew resembled the natural glasshouse powdery mildew on the two crops, respectively, rather than powdery mildew on aubergine. Powdery mildew from naturally infected tomato could infect aubergine directly, and also after one, but not two, generations on cucumber.     

生姜群结腐霉对烟草的致病性及其一种类Nep1蛋白对烟草的毒性作用分析

 烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)作为重要的经济作物在世界范围内广泛种植。群结腐霉(Pythium myriotylum)引起的烟草苗期根腐病是影响烟草产量的重要因素。对分离自我国3个主要烟草种植区(重庆、河南、四川)生姜上的6株群结腐霉菌(ChY1、ChY3、HNP1、HNP10、SiL1和SiL2)进行烟草致病力及致病因素分析。多位点序列分析(Multilocus Sequence Analysis, MLSA)显示6菌株处于4个不同的分组,具有一定的遗传差异。幼苗实验结果表明,6株群结腐霉菌均能侵染三生烟及其他3种商品化烟草品种(红花大金元、云烟87和K326),同种菌株对不同品种烟草的致病性差异不显著(P>0.05)。盆栽实验和离体叶片实验与幼苗实验结果一致,6株群结腐霉菌均能侵染三生烟,而且致病力存在差异,其中分离自四川的SiL1和SiL2致病性最强。异源产生的群结腐霉NLP蛋白(Nepl-like proteins)能导致三生烟叶片细胞坏死,表明群结腐霉产生的NLP蛋白是侵染烟草的致病因素之一。     

Expression of Human Lactoferrin cDNA Confers Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum in Transgenic Tobacco Plants

ABSTRACT A construct containing a human lactoferrin cDNA was used to transform tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) using an Agrobacterium-mediated DNA-transfer system to express this human protein in transgenic plants. Transformants were analyzed by Southern, Northern, and Western blots to determine integration of the cDNA into the plant genome and lactoferrin gene expression levels. Most transgenic plants demonstrated significant delays of bacterial wilt symptoms when inoculated with the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Quantification of the expressed lactoferrin protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in transgenic plants indicated a significant positive relationship between lactoferrin gene expression levels and levels of disease resistance. Incorporation of the lactoferrin gene into crop plants may enhance resistance to other phytopathogenic bacteria as well.     

Transgenic Nicotiana occidentalis Plants Expressing the 50-kDa Protein of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus Display Increased Susceptibility to Homologous Virus, but Strong Resistance to Grapevine berry inner necrosis virus

ABSTRACT The 50-kDa protein (P50) encoded by the open reading frame 2 of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), a putative movement protein, was expressed in transgenic Nicotiana occidentalis plants. P50 in transgenic plants was mainly detected in a modified form in the cell wall fraction, similar to that in infected leaves. The P50-expressing plants (P50 plants) complemented the systemic spread of the P50-defective mutants of an infectious cDNA clone of ACLSV (pCLSF), indicating that P50 in transgenic plants was functional. Severity of symptoms was greatly enhanced and accumulation of virus in upper leaves was increased in P50 plants inoculated with pCLSF or ACLSV compared with that in nontransgenic control plants (NT plants). Conversely, transgenic plants expressing the coat protein of ACLSV (CP plants) showed a significant delay in symptom development and a reduction of virus accumulation. However, most P50 plants inoculated with Grapevine berry inner necrosis virus (GINV), another species of the genus Trichovirus, neither developed obvious symptoms nor supported virus accumulation in inoculated or upper leaves. In contrast, systemic symptoms developed and virus accumulated equally in NT and CP plants inoculated with GINV. After inoculation with Apple stem grooving virus or Apple stem pitting virus, there was no difference in symptom development and virus accumulation among P50, CP, and NT plants. Our results indicate that transgenic plants expressing a functional P50 were more susceptible to homologous virus and, on the contrary, showed strong resistance to the heterologous virus GINV.     

用生物素标记外壳蛋白基因cDNA探针检测葡萄扇叶及马铃薯Y病毒

 以葡萄扇叶病毒(GFV)干u马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)外壳蛋白基因的重组质粒为模板,用聚合酶链式反膨技术(PCR)分别合成了长度为1.5kb和0.75kb的生物素标记双链cDNA探针,在斑点杂交反应中,探针的最适使用浓度为1/100,GFV探针检测GFV-RNA的灵敏度为10pg,检测提纯GFV的灵敏度为25pg,检测感病苋色藜的最大稀释倍数为10000倍;PVY探针检测PVY-RNA的灵敏度为30pg,检测提纯PVY灵敏度为500pg,感病烟草检测的最大稀释度为8000倍,阴性对照均无杂交信号出现。     

干旱胁迫对烤烟养分吸收分配及产量品质的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了干旱胁迫对烤烟(N icotiana T abacum L.)养分吸收和分配及烟叶产量品质的影响。结果表明,干旱使烟株体内N素含量升高,P、K、C a、M g、F e、M n含量降低,而对Cu、Zn、B含量影响不大。在干旱胁迫下烤烟对各种养分的吸收量都显著下降,营养元素在根和茎中的分配量增加,在叶中的分配量减少,烟叶产量降低,品质下降。干旱程度越重对烟叶产量和品质的影响越显著,而且以旺长期干旱对烟叶产量的影响较大,成熟期干旱对烟叶品质的影响较为明显。     

Sugar accumulation in tobacco plants systemically protected against blue mold (Peronospora tabacina)

A two- to threefold increase in total soluble sugar content was detected in the leaves of tobacco plants(Nicotiana tabacum L.) 24 days after stem inoculation with conidia ofPeronospora tabacina (=Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp.tabacina), relative to leaves of non-inoculated control plants. Glucose and fructose accounted for most of this increase. The leaves of the inoculated plants were also protected against blue mold incited byP. tabacina. The increased sugar content may be due to the three- to fourfold increase in activity of (β-1,3 glucanase in the leaves and/or to the threefold increase in activities of β-1,3 glucanase, invertase and amylase in the inoculated sems. Tobacco leaf discs floated on glucose or other mono- and disaccharides at 55.5 mM, but not on polyethyleneglycol at a similar osmotic potential, reacted hypersensitively upon challenge withP. tabacina.