The mean tree mass–stand density index relationship for forest stands in China

Most traditional studies of mean tree mass (MTM)– density relationships focus on crowded stands, without considering stands characterized with canopy gaps. We developed a model to estimate MTM of closed and unclosed forest stands based on stand density index (SDI). Data were obtained from eight forest stands in China to test the generality of this model. MTM was accurately expressed in terms of SDI by combining the equations for SDI and Yoda's model, and exponents of the MTM–SDI relationship ranged from –2.23 to 1.93. Compared with density, SDI is a better predictor of MTM, regardless of the degree of canopy closure in the stands.     

木材断口分形的初步研究

木材是一种天然的多孔性生物高分子材料,结构复杂且变异性大,所以木材断裂表面定量分析的难度很高,对于木材内部裂纹产生、发展的研究一直没有大的突破.在木材断裂力学的研究中,国内外科学家运用传统的断裂试验方法研究居多,但普遍结论是规律不明显或找不到规律(费本华,1999).木材研究者们一直在寻找一种定量描述木材断裂表面形态的新指标,并希望在此基础上预测木材强度和了解木材断裂机制(Schmitt et al.,1996;Qin et al.,1999).     

Using a production approach to estimate economic weights for structural attributes of Pinus radiata wood

Abstract

We modeled the technical relationships between volume of Pinus radiata D. Don structural lumber (with stiffness>8 GPa) and log attributes using a stochastic frontier approach. The production models were Cobb–Douglas and Translog, while the log attributes were small end diameter (SED), wood stiffness (STF), and largest branch (LBR); however, the effect of the latter trait was not significant (p>0.05). Economic values of log traits were represented by their values of marginal product (VMP). The coefficients for the Cobb–Douglas frontier were statistically significant and the model met most of the production theoretical properties. VMP derived from the Cobb–Douglas were 2.23 NZ$/cm for SED and 16.88 NZ$/GPa for STF. The Translog frontier coefficients were also significant (p<0.05) and VMP derived from this model were 1.67 NZ$/cm for SED and 9.15 NZ$/GPa for STF. Thus, for the analyzed production stage, changes to SED and STF were relevant for improving log value recovery above MSG8+. Technical efficiency derived from the frontiers allowed to identify and characterize the best logs to produce structural grades with stiffness of 8 GPa or higher.     

南洋楹优树选择标准研究

南洋楹(Paraserianthes falcataria(L.)Nielsen)是含羞草科(Mimosaceae)南洋楹属常绿乔木树种,原产马来西亚的马六甲和印度尼西亚的马鲁古群岛,是世界上著名的热带速生树种之一。该树生     

Evaluating a simple radiation/dry matter conversion model using data from Eucalyptus globulus plantations in Western Australia

A simple model that describes growth in terms of physical and physiological processes is needed to predict growth rates and hence the productivity of trees at particular sites. The linear relationship expected between absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (phi(pa), MJ m(-2)) and dry mass production (G(t)); i.e., G(t) = epsilonphi(pa), where epsilon is the radiation utilization coefficient, was fitted to three years' data from five Western Australian Eucalyptus globulus Labill. plantations for which monthly growth measurements, leaf area indices, weather data and soil water measurements were available. Reductions in growth efficiency relative to absorbed photosynthetically active radiation were associated with high vapor pressure deficits (D, kPa) so the relationship between monthly aboveground biomass increments and D was used to calculate utilizable phi(pa). Plotting cumulative aboveground growth against utilizable phi(pa) gave strong linear relationships with slope epsilon. Values of epsilon ranged from 0.93 to 2.23 g dry mass MJ(-1) phi(pa). The variation could not be explained either in terms of soil water content in the root zones, because all plantations appeared to have access to groundwater, or in terms of soil chemistry. A value of epsilon approximately 2.2 is considered near the maximum likely to be applicable to Eucalyptus plantations. An interesting peripheral finding was a strong relationship between allometric ratios and soil phosphorus; this, if confirmed elsewhere, will be of considerable value in converting biomass increments to wood production. There was also a strong negative relationship between the average ratio of leaf/total aboveground biomass and soil nitrogen content.     

核桃花序饲用营养价值及应用展望

测定了核桃花序粗蛋白质、粗纤维、粗脂肪、灰分、胃蛋白酶消化率、氨基酸、部分矿物质和维生素的含量及胃蛋白酶消化率,结果表明,粗蛋白质含量为24.89%、粗纤维含量18.08%、粗脂肪含量为3.5%、灰分为13.01%、胃蛋白酶消化率63.65%,17种氨基酸的总量为12.17%,钙含量为0.46%、磷含量为0.57%。维生素B2含量为2.23 mg/kg,维生素E含量为7.16 IU/kg,维生素B1未检出。与其他饲料相比,核桃花序有综合开发价值大、成本低、安全性高的特点。     

八角林土壤养分状况的测定

对桂西南地区的那坡县不同生产水平的八角林的52个林地土壤养分进了测定,结果表明:土壤pH值平均为5.5;有机质、全N、全P、全K平均含量分别为26.1 g/kg、1.60 g/kg、0.86 g/kg、15.58 S/kg;土壤速效N、P、K、有效Cu、Zn、Mn、B等养分平均含量分别为154.0 mg/kg、1.14 mg/kg、72.77 mg/kg、1.60 mg/kg、2.23 mg/kg、6.03 mg/kg、0.24 mg/kg.该地区八角林土壤pH值在4.1～6.8范围,适宜八角生长,有机质、全N、全K在中低水平,全P、速效P、速效K处在缺乏状态,速效Cu、Mn、B、Zn均较缺乏.在生产中要采用测土配方施肥措施,平衡N、P、K与微量元素间的比例,以促进八角林的高产稳产.     

The costs and benefits of REDD+: A review of the literature

The costs and benefits of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD⁺) projects are often reported in isolation. There is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the types of REDD⁺ costs and benefits reported in the literature. In this paper, we conducted a review of 60 unique REDD⁺ costs and benefits studies. We found that no single study covers all categories of costs and benefits in a comparable form. A total of 56 comparable estimates were available for opportunity costs, 21 for transaction and implementation costs, 23 for total costs, and only four for direct monetary benefits. We found that, on average, the total REDD⁺ cost ($24.87/tCO₂e) was 2.23 times higher than the opportunity cost and the opportunity cost was 3.28 times higher than the transaction and implementation costs. Costs estimates among studies vary widely based on estimation approach used and the scale of the studies. We noted that future REDD⁺ costs and benefits studies should provide estimates of all relevant costs and benefits, and the distribution of these costs and benefits among project stakeholders. These findings have implications in REDD⁺ project design and implementation.     

Estimating a suitable microsatellite marker set for individual identification and parentage tests of brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the Akan–Shiranuka Region, eastern Hokkaido, Japan

We examined 24 microsatellite markers to select those most suitable for individual identification and parentage tests of brown bears (Ursus arctos) based on statistical parameters and experimental error using liver samples (38 issues) from nuisance bears killed in the Akan–Shiranuka Region, eastern Hokkaido, Japan from 1996 to 2006. We found seven microsatellite markers suitable for identifying individuals (G1A, G10B, G10L, UarMU5, UarMU23, UarMU50, and UarMU51; probability of identity P _id = 3.17  × 10⁻⁷; probability of identity of sibs P _id-sib  = 2.23 × 10⁻³), 12 microsatellite markers suitable for parentage testing when one parent is known [G1A, G1D, G10B, G10L, G10P, UarMU5, UarMU23, UarMU50, UarMU51, UarMU59, UarMU61, and UarMU64; probability of excluding one parent (PE I = 0.9991)], and 15 microsatellite markers for parentage testing when neither parents are known [three markers added to the above: G10M, G10X, and UarMU9; probability of excluding both parents (PE II = 0.9869)].     

Analysis of leaf water relations in leaves of two olive (Olea europaea) cultivars differing in tolerance to salinity

One-year-old rooted cuttings of olive (Olea europaea L. cvs. Frantoio and Leccino) were grown either hydroponically or in soil in a greenhouse. Plants were exposed to NaCl treatments (0, 100, and 200 mM) for 35 days, followed by 30 to 34 days of relief from salt stress to determine whether previously demonstrated genotypic differences in tolerance to salinity were related to water relations parameters. Exposure to high salt concentrations resulted in reductions in predawn water potential (Psi(w)), osmotic potential at full turgor (Psi(piFT)), osmotic potential at turgor loss point (Psi(piTLP)), and relative water content (RWC) in both cultivars, regardless of the growth substrate. Leaf Psi(w) and RWC returned to values similar to those of controls by the end of the relief period. The effect of salinity on Psi(pi) appeared earlier in Leccino than in Frantoio. Values for Psi(piFT) were -2.50, -2.87, and -3.16 MPa for the 0, 100, and 200 mM salt-treated Frantoio plants, respectively, and -2.23, -2.87, and -3.37 MPa for the corresponding Leccino plants. Recovery of Psi(pi) was complete for plants in the 100 mM salt treatment, but not for plants in the 200 mM salt treatment, which maintained an increased pressure potential (Psi(pi)) compared to control plants. Net solute accumulation was higher in Leccino, the salt-sensitive cultivar, than in Frantoio. In controls of both cultivars, cations contributed 39.9 to 42.0% of the total Psi(piFT), mannitol and glucose contributed 27.1 to 30.8%, and other soluble carbohydrates contributed 3.1 to 3.6%. The osmotic contribution of Na(+) increased from 0.1-2.1% for non-treated plants to 8.6-15.5% and 15.6-20.0% for the 100 mM and 200 mM salt-treated plants, respectively. The mannitol contribution to Psi(piFT) reached a maximum of 9.1% at the end of the salinization period. We conclude that differences between the two cultivars in leaf water relations reflect differences in the exclusion capacities for Na(+) and Cl(-) ions.     

乐昌含笑家系试验初报

对乐昌含笑17个家系1～2年生树高、地径、主干通直度、树冠浓密度和叶片大小等生长指标和形质指标进行测定与分析,结果表明：2个生长指标和3个形质指标在家系间的差异均达到不同程度的显著水平;生长指标具有显著的家系×地点互作效应,而形质指标的差异不显著;所有指标在地点间差异都达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）。早期树高和地径遗传力在0．60～0．86之间,受到较强的遗传控制。九曲水林场试验点所有参试家系的树高年平均生长量达0．90m,地径年平均生长量达2．23cm,是林分树高、地径年生长量最高的试验点,其中表现较好的家系有乐九4和乐九5;大坑山林场试验点稍次之,其中表现较好的家系有乐九4、乐九3、乐两15和乐两12;增城市林业科学研究所试验点年生长量较高的家系为乐两6。     

Human responses to flower fragrance of Lilium ‘Siberia’ and Rosa ‘Escimo’

The objective of our study was to lay a foundation for the effect of flower fragrance on human emotions and to provide a theory for the choice of indoor plants and the improvement of the olfactory environment. Specifically, our purpose was to study human physiological responses to flower fragrance of Lilium ‘Siberia’ and Rosa ‘Escimo’. The participants were 31 college students. Blood pressure, pulse rate, finger temperature (FT) and galvanic skin response (GSR) were measured. The results show that the fragrance of Rosa ‘Escimo’ causes the diastolic pressure and pulse rate of the participants to reduce significantly. The average decrease was 0.37 kPa and 2.23 beats per minute, which indicates that sympathetic nervous activity increases, physiological arousal decreases and emotional alleviation occurs. Furthermore, the GSR of participants significantly increased by smelling the fragrance of Lilium ‘Si-beria’, indicating that both sympathetic nervous activity and physiological arousal increased. But the data could not prove that flower fragrance stimulation has an effect on changes in systolic pressure and finger temperature. Some other factors, such as basic emotion and weather, may have an effect.     

肇庆高新区道路绿化调查及其优化对策研究

文章调查了肇庆高新区道路绿化的19个样地,结果显示,园林植物共计56科106属148种,其中,乡土树种共计26种;乔木、灌木、草本之比为2.96：2.48：1;常绿与落叶植物比例,乔木层为2.23：1,灌木层为6：1;观花、观果、彩叶植物分别占42.6%、6.1%、18.9%;植物种植形式以自然式种植为主,垂直结构主要有3种类型。在此基础上,探讨了道路绿化优化的策略,建议加强绿地规划布局的科学性,构建多种景观类型;丰富植物种类,确定园区27条主要道路的主调树种,做到“一路一树一景”,为该区道路绿化建设提供参考。     

马尾松人工幼林年生长规律研究

为了探明马尾松人工林的生长规律,在桂西北乐里林场设置了3个固定样地,对马尾松人工幼林(4~11a生)的胸径、树高等进行了连续8年的监测研究,得出如下结果:1)胸径逐年总生长为5.50~12.27cm,与林龄的关系式为YDBH/cm=3.9383Ln(X林龄)+3.7132,连年生长和年平均生长分别为0.77~2.23cm和1.10~1.31cm。2)树高逐年总生长为3.53~11.73m,与林龄的关系式为YH/m=1.2186 X林龄-1.5443,连年生长和年平均生长分别为0.73~1.47m和0.88~1.08m。3)林分逐年总蓄积量为6.5~137.8m3/hm2,与林龄的关系式为YV/m3/hm2=0.0932X3.1119林龄,连年生长和年平均生长分别为5.0~25.0m3/hm2和1.6~12.5m3/hm2。研究充分说明,该区马尾松人工幼林生长较为缓慢,林分蓄积量较低。     

Spatial and temporal trends in soil N-mineralization rates under the agroforestry systems in Bhabhar belt of Kumaun Himalaya,India

To access the process of nitrogen mineralization in soil, the buried-bag technique was used among traditional agroforestry systems in the Bhabhar belt of Kumaun Himalaya. The present study, determined the relationship between various parameters of N-mineralization with agroforestry systems, seasons and soil depths. Season and soil depth have significantly (p?<?0.001) affected the process of ammonification, nitrification and net N-mineralization. The soil ammonium-N pool was comparatively higher than the nitrate-N pool. Highest amount of ammonium and nitrate-N were recorded in the agri-horticulture (AH) system, and lowest in the agri-horti-silviculture (AHS) system. Among the systems, highest amount of inorganic-N (ammonium?+?nitrate) was recorded during rainy season while, lowest during winter season. The highest ammonification rate (6.47?±?1.47 mg kg^?1 month^?1) was observed in agri-silviculture system and lowest (5.67?±?1.68 mg kg^?1 month^?1) in AHS system, while nitrification value was maximum (2.53?±?0.40 mg kg^?1 month^?1) in AH system and minimum (2.23?±?0.37 mg kg^?1 month^?1) in AHS system. The values of net N-mineralization were ranged from 4.03?±?0.53 to 13.29?±?0.44 mg kg^?1 month^?1. The values of inorganic-N and net N-mineralization were significantly more (P?<?0.01) in the surface soil layer (0–20 cm) than the subsurface layers (20–40 cm and 40–60 cm). Nitrogen mineralization was negatively correlated with the soil pH and positively correlated with soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. Higher rate of N-mineralization in AHS system indicated rapid turnover of nitrogen due to soil management practices and suggested that the changes in agroforestry based land-use systems alter the process of net N-mineralization, nitrification and ammonification.

     

Application of for the identification and management of hybrid poplar accessions

Molecular markers are a powerful tool with many potential applications in agriculture and forestry. In particular, can provide information on the relatedness of various clones or varieties that are difficult to distinguish morphologically, thus helping in the management of plant accessions and in breeding programs. The goal of this study is to genotype 15 clones used in the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (PFRA) breeding programs. Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR, or microsatellite markers) were selected for genotyping using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This type of marker is considered the method of choice due to their abundance, polymorphism and reliability compared to other types of . Sixteen previously isolated and characterized in aspen (Populus tremuloides) and other poplar species (Populus spp.) were initially tested. Nine markers were selected based on the “informativeness” and the quality of the amplification products. The nine markers were combined in groups of three to improve the efficiency of the genotyping technique. Using the nine markers, the average number of alleles per locus was 5.1. The expected and observed heterozygosity ranges were 0.32 to 0.80 and 0.13 to 0.92 respectively. The results also show that it is possible to produce a unique “DNA fingerprint” specific to each of the 15 hybrid poplar clones with the nine . In this study it was possible to show that two clones, P. ‘Melville’ and P. x ‘Walker’ used in Saskatchewan have similar DNA profiles with nine markers and a combined probability of identity of 2.23×10⁻⁶ suggesting that these clones are identical. This observation will prevent unnecessary duplication of the two accessions in breeding programs. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Carbon dynamics and stability between native Masson pine and exotic slash pine plantations in subtropical China

Afforestation and ecological restoration have often been carried out with fast-growing exotic tree species because of their high apparent growth and yield. Moreover, fast-growing forest plantations have become an important component of mitigation measures to offset greenhouse gas emissions. However, information on the long-term performance of exotic and fast-growing species is often lacking especially with respect to their vulnerability to disturbance compared to native species. We compared carbon (C) storage and C accumulation rates in vegetation (above- and belowground) and soil in 21-year-old exotic slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and native Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) plantations, as well as their responses to a severe ice storm in 2008. Our results showed that mean C storage was 116.77 ± 7.49 t C ha^?1 in slash pine plantation and 117.89 ± 8.27 t C ha^?1 in Masson pine plantation. The aboveground C increased at a rate of 2.18 t C ha^?1 year^?1 in Masson pine and 2.23 t C ha^?1 year^?1 in slash pine plantation, and there was no significant difference in C storage accumulation between the two plantation types. However, we observed significant differences in ice storm damage with nearly 7.5 % of aboveground biomass loss in slash pine plantation compared with only 0.3 % loss in Masson pine plantation. Our findings indicated that the native pine species was more resistant to ice storm because of their adaptive biological traits (tree shape, crown structure, and leaf surface area). Overall, the native pine species might be a safer choice for both afforestation and ecological restoration in our study region.     

北京市9种常见绿化树种吸收积累SO_2能力研究

[目的]探究北京市9种常见绿化树种吸收积累SO_2能力,择优筛选净化大气理想树种,为未来北京城区绿化结构调整提供科学依据。[方法]采用BaSO_4比浊法测定北京市9种常见绿化树种在不同污染条件下叶片硫含量,通过计算相对吸硫量并利用平均污染指数法评价其对SO_2的吸收净化能力,比较相互间差异性,筛选出吸收净化SO_2能力强的树种。[结果]表明:(1)不同污染条件下,同种绿化树种叶片硫含量及相对吸硫量普遍存在显著性差异,随着环境污染水平的增强,叶片硫含量和相对吸硫量呈现逐渐增高的趋势;(2)相同污染条件下,不同绿化树种吸收净化SO_2能力普遍存在显著性差异,表现为旱柳吸收能力极强,其平均相对吸硫量2.38 mg·g~(-1),平均污染指数为2.23;国槐吸收能力强,其平均相对吸硫量1.18 mg·g~(-1),平均污染指数为2.09;臭椿、黄栌、毛白杨、色木槭吸收能力中等;榆树、侧柏、油松吸收能力相对较弱。[结论]不同污染环境条件下,同种绿化树种叶片硫含量和相对吸硫量均呈现出随着环境污染水平逐渐的增强而逐渐升高的趋势;而在相同污染环境条件下,不同绿化树种叶片硫含量和相对吸硫量均存在显著性差异。旱柳和国槐可以作为北京市城市绿化用以净化SO_2的理想树种。