Impacts of 22-year organic and inorganic N managements on soil organic C fractions in a maize field,northeast China

Impacts of 22-year organic and inorganic N managements on total organic carbon (TOC), water-soluble organic C (WSOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), particulate organic C (POC) and KMnO₄ oxidized organic C (KMnO₄-C) concentrations, C management index (CMI), and C storage in surface soil (0–20 cm) were investigated in a maize (Zea may L.) field experiment, Northeast China. The treatments included, CK: unfertilized control, M: organic manure (135 kg N ha^− 1 year^− 1), N: inorganic N fertilizer (135 kg N ha^− 1 year^− 1) and MN: combination of organic manure (67.5 kg N ha^− 1 year^− 1) and inorganic N fertilizer (67.5 kg N ha^− 1 year^− 1). TOC concentration and C storage were significantly increased under the M and MN treatments, but not under the inorganic N treatment. The organic treatments of M and MN were more effective in increasing WSOC, MBC, POC and KMnO₄-C concentrations and CMI than the N treatment. The M treatment was most effective for sequestrating SOC (10.6 Mg ha^− 1) and showed similar increase in degree of grain yield to the N and MN treatments, therefore it could be the best option for improving soil productivity and C storage in the maize cropping system.     

Effect of compost and chemical fertilizer on soil nematode community in a Chinese maize field

Nematode density and biodiversity in maize field soil treated with compost, chemical fertilizer and with no amendments were investigated in a multi-year field experiment at the Qu-Zhou experimental station, China Agricultural University. The soils were collected from the upper (0–20 cm) soil layer during the maize growing stages in 2004. The results demonstrated that significant differences for the total nematode density, bacterivores, fungivores, plant parasites and omnivores-predators density were found between treatments and between dates. The total nematode density and bacterivores density were greater in compost-treated soil than in chemical fertilizer-treated soil, and were greater in chemical fertilizer-treated soil than in control soil during all sampling periods. The total nematodes density ranged from 106 to 657 individuals per 100 g dry soil in the present study. Total 40 nematode genera were found in all treatments and sampling periods, and 12 genera were bacterivores, 4 genera were fungivores, 16 genera were plant parasites and 8 genera were omnivores-predators. Cephalobus, Rhabditis, Tylenchorhynchus, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus were dominant genera in present study. The plant parasites and bacterivores were dominant trophic groups. The ratio of bacterivores plus fungivores to plant parasites was higher in compost-treated soil compared to chemical fertilizer-treated soil except October. Maturity index and combined maturity index were lower in compost-treated soil compared to chemical fertilizer-treated and control soil except July. The plant parasite index was higher in compost-treated soil compared to chemical fertilizer-treated soil except July. The multi-year application of compost and chemical fertilizer had effected on soil nematode population density and community structure.     

Long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on N2O emissions, soil quality and crop production in a sandy loam soil

A long-term field experiment was established to determine the influence of mineral fertilizer (NPK) or organic manure (composed of wheat straw, oil cake and cottonseed cake) on soil fertility. A tract of calcareous fluvo-aquic soil (aquic inceptisol) in the Fengqiu State Key Experimental Station for Ecological Agriculture (Fengqiu county, Henan province, China) was fertilized beginning in September 1989 and N₂O emissions were examined during the maize and wheat growth seasons of 2002-2003. The study involved seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half-organic manure plus half-fertilizer N (1/2 OMN), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (PK) and control (CK). Manured soils had higher organic C and N contents, but lower pH and bulk densities than soils receiving the various mineralized fertilizers especially those lacking P, indicating that long-term application of manures could efficiently prevent the leaching of applied N from and increase N content in the plowed layer. The application of manures and fertilizers at a rate of 300 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ significantly increased N₂O emissions from 150 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the CK treatment soil to 856 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the OM treatment soil; however, there was no significant difference between the effect of fertilizer and manure on N₂O emission. More N₂O was released during the 102-day maize growth season than during the 236-day wheat growth season in the N-fertilized soils but not in N-unfertilized soils. N₂O emission was significantly affected by soil moisture during the maize growth season and by soil temperature during the wheat growth season. In sum, this study showed that manure added to a soil tested did not result in greater N₂O emission than treatment with a N-containing fertilizer, but did confer greater benefits for soil fertility and the environment.     

长期不同培肥措施下玉米产量稳定性及棕壤氮素累积分布特征

  【目的】  研究长期不同培肥措施下玉米产量的稳定性、可持续性和土壤矿质氮累积分布、微生物量氮含量特征,为制定合理的施肥措施和保证东北棕壤地区农业的可持续绿色发展提供理论依据。  【方法】  棕壤肥料长期定位试验始于1979年。选取其中的12个处理:不施肥对照(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷肥配施(NP)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、低量有机肥(M1)及其与化肥配施(M1N、M1NP和M1NPK)、高量有机肥(M2)及其与化肥配施(M2N、M2NP和M2NPK),分析长期施肥下玉米产量的变化,并于2018年在玉米收获期采集植株和土壤样品,阐明玉米地上部吸氮量变化,0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮分布、累积及微生物量氮含量的差异。  【结果】  长期不同施肥下玉米产量呈波动变化,且在1979—1998年内玉米产量变化趋势较平稳,1999—2018年内变幅较大。M1NPK、M2NPK处理玉米平均产量最高,在试验前20年较NPK处理分别提高了10.3%、11.7%,后20年分别提高了17.1%、19.4%。随着试验年限增加,玉米产量的稳定性和可持续性增加,有机肥配施化肥各处理高于单施化肥处理,在试验前20年和后20年玉米产量的可持续性指数(SYI)介于0.43～0.58和0.50～0.67,低量有机肥配施处理高于高量有机肥配施处理。配施有机肥各处理肥料贡献率高于单施化肥处理,且试验后20年M1NPK处理肥料贡献率最高,达54%。施肥40年后(2018年)玉米地上部吸氮量以M1NPK处理最高(302 kg/hm2),与M2NPK处理差异不显著。配施低量有机肥玉米收获期80—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮含量较低,M1NPK处理 0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮贮量为127 kg/hm2,显著低于M1N和M1NP处理。而高量有机肥配施各处理0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮贮量较化肥试区和低量有机肥试区分别增加了324.5%和172.9%,增加了氮素损失风险。此外,长期配施有机肥处理0—40 cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量增加,但低量和高量有机肥试区各处理间差异不显著。  【结论】  长期不同培肥措施会影响玉米产量的稳定性和可持续性,改变土壤氮素分布和累积,进而影响玉米氮素吸收。低量有机肥(13.5 t/hm2)配施氮磷钾化肥可促进玉米生长和氮素吸收,降低0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮贮量,降低氮素损失风险,增加微生物量氮含量,较高的微生物量氮又可作为有机氮库来增加土壤供氮并固持易损失的矿质氮和肥料氮,以保证玉米的高产稳产和环境友好。     

有机肥替代部分无机肥对华北农田土壤理化特性、酶活性及作物产量的影响

以华北平原农田土壤为研究对象,2012~2015年连续4年研究了有机肥替代部分无机肥对土壤中养分含量、土壤酶活性和作物产量的影响。结果表明：1)0.3M处理(70％无机肥＋3000 kg/hm2有机肥)和0.5 M处理(50％无机肥＋6000 kg/hm2有机肥)与NPK处理(单施无机肥)相比都提高了土壤中全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,且0.5 M高于0.3 M,说明有机肥替代无机肥的比例越高,土壤中全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量就越高。2)土壤中脲酶活性大小顺序NPK>0.3 M>0.5 M>CK,蔗糖酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性为0.5 M>0.3 M>NPK,说明有机肥可以显著提高蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性。3)小麦4年累计产量0.3 M处理比NPK处理提高5.95％,0.5 M处理比NPK处理降低0.94％,;玉米4年累计产量则是0.3 M比NPK处理降低1.27％,0.5 M处理比NPK处理降低2.00％。综上所述,本研究表明,有机肥替代30％无机肥处理能够保证粮食产量,有机肥替代50％无机肥处理更能提高土壤肥力。     

等氮条件下长期有机无机配施对春玉米的氮素吸收利用和土壤无机氮的影响

【目的】研究等氮量投入条件下,长期使用不同有机物料替代无机肥的适宜比例对玉米氮养分累积、运移和氮肥利用效率和产量的影响,可以为吉林黑土区春玉米高效施肥,维持并提高土壤肥力提供理论依据。【方法】以国家(公主岭)黑土肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验为研究平台,玉米品种郑单958为供试作物,设5个不同处理,即:不施肥(CK)、氮肥(N)、氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、粪肥+NPK(MNPK)、秸秆还田+NPK(SNPK)。在玉米苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽丝期、灌浆期和成熟期采集地上部植株样品,分析玉米植株不同部位的氮含量和累积量以及运移比例,计算氮肥利用效率。【结果】在玉米各生育时期,MNPK处理氮素累积量均高于NPK和SNPK处理;拔节期至大喇叭口期氮素累积量为19.67~86.44 kg/hm2,其中MNPK氮素累积量达到86.44 kg/hm2,为氮素累积量增加最多、吸收速率最快的时期;在成熟期,MNPK、NPK、SNPK、N和CK处理植株氮素总累积量分别达到286.2、276.2、249.4、151.7和63.6 kg/hm2,SNPK处理氮素累积量略低于NPK处理,MNPK显著高于NPK和SNPK(P0.05)。MNPK、SNPK、NPK和N处理中,叶和茎鞘总氮素转移量分别为99.0、79.7、87.2和41.8 kg/hm2,总的转移氮素对籽粒的贡献率分别为51.0%、47.7%、47.2%和43.4%,以MNPK处理的总氮素转移量和转移氮素对籽粒贡献率最高,与其他处理差异显著。在各处理中,MNPK、NPK和SNPK三个处理的氮肥偏生产力(PFP)均大于60kg/kg,以MNPK最高,达到65.4 kg/kg。与化肥NPK处理比较,SNPK氮素偏生产力和收获指数差异不显著。MNPK处理土壤无机氮的含量在玉米整个生育期一直高于化肥NPK处理,并在玉米大喇叭口期达到最高,达到60.83 mg/kg,并与其他处理差异显著。【结论】长期有机无机配合施用,不仅能有效调节氮素积累和转运,还能提高氮肥利用效率。在适宜氮用量为165 kg/hm2时,以农家肥氮替代70%,或秸秆氮替代30%化肥氮素,既减少化肥氮投入,又增加了土壤供氮能力,因此,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮是吉林省黑土区春玉米氮素管理的有效途径之一。     

等氮配施有机肥对喀斯特峰丛洼地农田作物产量与养分平衡的影响

基于自2006年在广西喀斯特峰丛洼地区开展的长期玉米/大豆套作定位施肥试验,选择2010—2014年监测数据,探讨等氮量投入条件下,不同比例有机肥替代无机氮肥对喀斯特峰丛洼地玉米/大豆套作系统作物产量及土壤养分的影响,为喀斯特峰丛洼地农田作物高效施肥及提高土壤肥力提供理论依据。试验选取4个处理:对照(不施肥,CK)、平衡施用化肥(NPK)、有机粪肥替代30%化肥氮(C7M3,按氮素计算,不足30%的PK用无机肥补充,肥料总量与NPK处理相同,有机粪肥为牛粪,下同)、有机粪肥替代60%化肥氮(C4M6,按氮素计算,不足60%的PK用无机肥补充),每个处理4次重复。于2010年、2012年、2014年大豆收获后采集土壤样品,测定土壤养分状况。结果表明:1)施肥处理土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷及速效钾含量均高于CK处理,其中C4M6处理有机质含量显著高于NPK处理(P0.05),全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随着有机粪肥施用量的增加而增加。2)长期不同施肥处理玉米和大豆产量分别是不施肥处理的4.15~4.36倍、2.47~2.58倍。不同施肥处理的增产效果为C4M6NPKC7M3,但施肥处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。3)长期不施肥CK处理玉米产量随着试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅为5.45 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),大豆产量却表现出增加趋势,增幅为1.50 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。长期施肥处理中,玉米和大豆产量总体呈增加趋势。4)施肥处理中,玉米季表现为钾素亏缺(NPK处理除外),大豆季表现为氮素亏缺。综合两季作物,只有C4M6钾素表现亏缺,亏缺量为7.9 kg·hm~(-2)。磷素在各施肥处理中盈余量较大,分别为81.2 kg·hm~(-2)(NPK)、83.4 kg·hm~(-2)(C7M3)和74.8 kg·hm~(-2)(C4M6)。综上,在喀斯特峰丛洼地玉米/大豆套作制度下,基于作物产量及土壤养分表观平衡特征提出有机粪肥可以代替部分化肥施用,在玉米季适当"减氮、稳磷和增钾",大豆季"稳氮、减磷和减钾"的施肥措施。     

好氧发酵猪粪部分替代化肥提高夏玉米氮素利用率和土壤肥力

  【目的】  化肥及畜禽粪便的不合理施用不仅影响作物增产，还严重威胁土壤健康和环境安全。探究不同发酵方式猪粪有机肥及有机肥替代化肥的比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳、氮含量的影响，为规模化养猪场粪便快速处理，及制定其与化肥的适宜配比提供理论依据。  【方法】  以‘先玉335’为供试材料，在中国农业大学丰宁动物试验基地进行田间试验。设置5个处理:不施肥 (CK)，100%化肥氮 (CF)，100%自然堆肥猪粪氮 (PM)，100%好氧发酵猪粪氮 (PC)，50%好氧发酵猪粪氮 + 50%化肥氮 (FM)。分析猪粪不同发酵方式及有机氮替代比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳氮的影响。  【结果】  在等氮条件下，与CF处理相比，FM处理产量、穗粒数、千粒重均以FM处理最高，其中FM处理显著增产13.2%，PC、PM处理与CF处理差异均不显著。FM处理玉米氮素积累量最高，两年平均为304.6 kg/hm2，较CF处理氮素累积量显著提高15.5%；PC、PM处理与CF处理氮素积累量差异不显著。与CF 处理相比，FM处理的氮素当季回收率、氮素农学利用率和偏生产力两年平均分别显著提高85.9%、59.5%和13.2% (P < 0.05)，PC、PM处理与CF 处理之间无显著差异。在玉米拔节期和抽穗期，FM处理0—40 cm土壤无机氮含量均最高，与 CF 无显著差异；在成熟期，FM处理土壤无机氮含量较CF处理显著增加41.8%，而PC和PM处理与CF处理无显著差异。此外，施用有机肥可不同程度地增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量，与CF处理相比，PC和FM处理使有机碳含量分别显著提高13.3%和9.8%；FM处理土壤全氮含量显著提高33.4%。  【结论】  在等氮条件下与单施化肥相比，50%好氧发酵猪粪氮 + 50%化肥氮配施不仅显著提高了夏玉米产量和氮素累积吸收量，还提升了土壤全氮和有机碳含量以及0—40 cm土层土壤无机氮含量。单独施用自然堆肥、好氧发酵猪粪及化肥在产量和氮素积累方面没有显著差异，但可增加土壤全氮和有机碳含量，有利于土壤培肥，而施用好氧发酵猪粪的效果又优于施用自然堆肥。     

Influence of organic Crotalaria juncea hay and ammonium nitrate fertilizers on soil nematode communities

Comparisons of organic and inorganic fertilizer effects on nematode communities depend on the specific organic fertilizer used. Field experiments were conducted during 2001 and 2002 in a squash (Cucurbita pepo) agroecosystem to determine if applying sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) hay as an organic fertilizer improved nematode communities involved in soil nutrient cycling compared to an equivalent N rate (100 kg N/ha) of ammonium nitrate. Fertilizer source had minimal effect on nematode communities in 2001 when treatments were applied after a winter cover crop of oats (Avena sativa), but differences (P ≤ 0.05) between the fertilizer sources occurred in 2002 when no winter cover cropping preceded squash. Fertilization with sunn hemp hay increased abundance of the bacterivore guilds Ba₁ and Ba₂, and increased fungivores at the end of the experiment. Compared to ammonium nitrate, fertilization with sunn hemp hay resulted in a community with lower maturity index, higher enrichment index, and lower channel index, consistent with a disturbed and nutrient-enriched soil food web undergoing bacterial decomposition. Sunn hemp hay occasionally stimulated omnivorous nematodes, but suppressed plant-parasitic nematodes relative to ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Increasing the sunn hemp hay rate to 200 kg N/ha increased the abundance of bacterivores, fungivores, and predatory nematodes, and total nematode abundance compared to hay at 100 kg N/ha. Fertilization with ammonium nitrate increased the percentage of herbivores, but reduced percentage and abundance of omnivores. In conclusion, sunn hemp fertilizer maintained greater numbers of nematodes involved in nutrient cycling as compared to ammonium nitrate.     

CO2 emission in an intensively cultivated loam as affected by long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer

A long-term field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on the equilibrium dynamics of soil organic C in an intensively cultivated fluvo-aquic soil in the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (Fengqiu county, Henan province, China) since September 1989. Soil CO₂ flux was measured during the maize and wheat growing seasons in 2002-2003 and 2004 to evaluate the response of soil respiration to additions and/or alterations in mineral fertilizer, organic manure and various environmental factors. The study included seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half-organic manure plus half-fertilizer N (NOM), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (PK) and control (CK). Organic C in soil and the soil heavy fraction (organo-mineral complex) was increased from 4.47 to 8.61 mg C g⁻¹ and from 3.32 to 5.68 mg C g⁻¹, respectively, after the 13 yr application of organic manure. In contrast, organic C and the soil heavy fraction increased in NPK soil to only 5.41 and 4.38 mg C g⁻¹, respectively. In the CK treatment, these parameters actually decreased from the initial C concentrations (4.47 and 3.32 mg C g⁻¹) to 3.77 and 3.11 mg C g⁻¹, respectively. Therefore, organic manure efficiently elevated soil organic C. However, only 66% of the increased soil organic C was combined with clay minerals in the OM treatment. Cumulative soil CO₂ emissions from inter-row soil in the OM and NPK treatments were 228 and 188 g C m⁻² during the 2002 maize growing season, 132 and 123 g C m⁻² during the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, and 401 and 346 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2002-2003, respectively. However, during the 2004 maize growing season, cumulative soil CO₂ emissions were as high as 617 and 556 g C m⁻², respectively, due to the contribution of rhizosphere respiration. The addition of organic manure contributed to a 16% increase in soil CO₂ emission in 2002-2003 (compared to NPK), where only 27%, 36% and 24% of applied organic C was released as CO₂ during the 2002 and 2004 maize growing seasons and in 2002-2003, respectively. During the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, soil CO₂ flux was significantly affected by soil temperature below 20 °C, but by soil moisture (WFPS) during the 2004 maize growing season at soil temperatures above 18 °C. Optimum soil WFPS for soil CO₂ flux was approximately 70%. When WFPS was below 50%, it no longer had a significant impact on soil CO₂ flux during the 2002 maize growing season. This study indicates the application of organic manure composted with wheat straw may be a preferred strategy for increasing soil organic C and sequestering C in soil.     

Long-term applications of chemical and organic fertilizers on plant-available nitrogen pools and nitrogen management index

The objective of this study was to evaluate plant-available N pools and the role of N management index (NMI) in the surface (0–20 cm) of a fluvo-aquic soil after 18 years of fertilization treatments under a wheat–maize cropping system in the North China Plain. The experiment included seven treatments: (1) NPK, balanced application of chemical fertilizer NPK; (2) OM, application of organic manure; (3) 1/2OMN, application of half organic manure plus chemical fertilizer NPK; (4) NP, application of chemical fertilizer NP; (5) PK, application of chemical fertilizer PK; (6) NK, application of chemical fertilizer NK; and (7) CK, unfertilized control. Total organic N (TON), microbial biomass N (MBN), labile N (LN), inorganic N (ION, including ammonium (NH₄⁺)–N and nitrate (NO₃⁻)–N) contents, net ammonification rate (NAR), net nitrification rate (NNR), net N mineralization rate (NNMR), and NMI in the fertilized treatments were higher than in the unfertilized treatment. Application of chemical fertilizer N (NPK, NP, and NK) increased ION in soils, compared with application of organic N or control. Nitrate N prevailed over exchangeable NH₄⁺–N in all treatments. Nitrogen storage of the OM- and 1/2OMN-treated soils increased by 50.0% and 24.3%, respectively, over the NPK-treated soil, which had 5.4–22.5% more N than NP-, PK-, and NK-treated soils. The MBN, LN, and ION accounted for 1.7–2.4%, 25.7–34.2%, and 1.4–2.9% of TON, respectively, in different fertilization treatments. The surface soils (0–20-cm layer) in all treatments mineralized 43.6–152.9 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 for crop growth. Microbial biomass N was probably the better predictor of N mineralization, as it was correlated significantly (P < 0.01) with NNMR. The OM and 1/2OMN treatments were not an optimal option for farmers when the crop yield and labor cost were taken into consideration but an optimal option for increasing soil N supply capacity and N sequestration in soil. The NPK treatment showed the highest crop yields and increased soil N fractions through crop residues and exudates input, and thus, it may be considered as a sustainable system in the North China Plain.     

长期施用不同肥料对小麦玉米间作产量、氮吸收利用和土壤硝态氮累积的影响

对连续14年施用不同肥料后,春小麦.春玉米间作下,土壤硝态氮的累积和分布,作物产量及对氮素的吸收利用进行了研究。结果表明,在施农家肥120t.hm2(M)、绿肥45t.hm2(G)、秸杆10.5t.hm2(S)、N375kg.hm2(N)、农家肥60t.hm2+N187.5kg.hm2[1/2(M+N)]、绿肥22.5t.hm2+N187.5kg.hm2[1/2(G+N)]、秸杆5.25t.hm2+N187.5kg.hm2[1/2(S+N)]和CK等8个处理中,土壤剖面硝态氮的累积和分布以N处理最高,地上部N浓度和吸N量以N、1/2(M+N)和1/2(G+N)处理较高,但3处理间无明显差别。间作小麦子粒产量和生物学产量以M、G、1/2(M+N)和1/2(G+N)等处理较高,间作玉米子粒产量和生物学产量以1/2(G+N)、N、G和1/2(M+N)等处理较高。氮肥利用率以1/2(S+N)处理最高,1/2(M+N)和1/2(G+N)低于1/2(S+N)、S和N处理,但高于M、G处理。说明氮肥与农家肥或绿肥配合施用,既能增加作物产量,提高氮素吸收利用,又可减少土壤中硝态氮的累积。     

覆膜滴灌条件下氮肥运筹对玉米氮素吸收利用和土壤无机氮含量的影响

为解决吉林省半干旱区覆膜滴灌条件下合理施氮问题,通过两年(2016—2017年)田间试验,研究了覆膜滴灌等氮量投入条件下,不同运筹模式(N1:100%基肥;N2:50%基肥+50%拔节肥;N3:30%基肥+50%拔节肥+10%大口肥+10%开花肥;N4:20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥)对春玉米产量、氮素利用效率、关键生长节点氮素积累特征以及生育期内土壤无机氮含量变化和氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,分次施氮各处理(N2、N3、N4)玉米产量显著高于100%基肥处理(N1),其中N4处理玉米产量最高,较N1处理分别提高22.44%(2016年)和35.31%(2017年)。与N1处理相比,N2、N3、N4显著提高了玉米氮素吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力,提高幅度依次为52.02%~83.21%、63.69%~120.78%、11.85%~22.46%(2016年)和92.44%~129.38%、127.23%~203.09%、22.10%~34.01%(2017年),且均以N4处理最高。施氮显著提高了玉米拔节期至成熟期氮积累量,其中开花期至成熟期氮积累量以N4处理最高。与N1处理相比,N2、N3、N4提高了玉米开花期至成熟期0~20 cm土壤无机氮含量,并降低成熟期40~100 cm土壤无机氮含量。土壤-作物系统氮素平衡中,N2、N3、N4处理较N1处理显著降低了氮素表观损失量,其中N4处理氮素表观损失量最低。综上所述,在本试验条件下,总施氮量210 kg·hm-2时,20%基肥+30%拔节肥+20%大口肥+20%开花肥+10%灌浆肥为该区域覆膜滴灌条件下氮肥最佳运筹模式。     

N2O and NO emissions from an Andisol field as influenced by pelleted poultry manure

Animal manures from intensive livestock operations can be pelleted to improve handlings and recyclings of embodied nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pelleted poultry manure on N₂O and NO fluxes from an Andisol field. In autumn 2006 and summer 2007, poultry manure (PM), pelleted poultry manure (PP), and chemical fertilizer (CF) were applied at a rate of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ in each cultivation period to Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. peruviridis). Nitrous oxide and NO fluxes were measured using an automated monitoring system. A soil incubation experiment was also conducted to determine the influence of intact and ground pelleted manure on N₂O, NO, and CO₂ production with a water-filled pore space (WFPS) of 30 or 50%. In the field measurements, N₂O emission rates from the organic fertilizer treatments were larger than that from the CF treatment, possibly because organic C stimulated denitrification. The highest N₂O flux was observed from the PP treatment after a rainfall following fertilization, and the cumulative emission rate (2.72 ± 0.22 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) was 3.9 and 7.1 times that from the PM and CF treatments, respectively. In contrast, NO emission rates were highest from the CF treatment. The NO/N₂O flux ratio indicated that nitrification was the dominant process for NO and N₂O production from the CF treatment. Cumulative N₂O emission rates from all treatments were generally higher during the wetter cultivation period (autumn 2006) than during the drier cultivation period (summer 2007). In contrast, NO emission rates were higher in the drier than in the wetter cultivation period. The incubation experiment results showed a synergistic effect of soil moisture and the pelleted manure form on N₂O emission rates. The intact pelleted manure with the 50% WFPS treatment produced the highest N₂O and CO₂ fluxes and resulted in the lowest soil NO₃⁻ content after the incubation. These results indicate that anaerobic conditions inside the pellets, caused by rainfall and heterotrophic microbial activities, led to denitrification, resulting in high N₂O fluxes. Controlling the timing of N application by avoiding wet conditions might be one mitigation option to reduce N₂O emission rates from the PP treatment in this study field.     

基于最佳经济效益的冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系有机肥氮替代率的长期演变

【目的】 探索长期不同有机无机肥配施方式下,小麦、玉米周年产量、经济效益及有机肥料氮和化肥氮配比变化规律,为小麦–玉米轮作体系氮肥资源管理提供技术支撑。 【方法】 长期定位田间试验(2007—2017年)在山东德州进行,种植方式为冬小麦–夏玉米轮作,2007—2009年小麦品种为烟农19、玉米品种为浚单20,2010—2017年小麦品种为济麦22、玉米品种为郑丹958。试验设4 个有机肥(牛粪)氮用量(N 0、45、120、240 kg/hm2)和6个化肥氮用量(N 0、45、90、120、180、240 kg/hm2),完全区组设计,三次重复。化肥氮50%用作基肥,50%在小麦拔节或玉米大喇叭口期做追肥。有机肥或只在冬小麦基施,或分为两份,分别在冬小麦、夏玉米基施。磷、钾肥(P₂O₅ 300 kg/hm2、K₂O 300 kg/hm2)在小麦或玉米播种前一次性基施。小麦、玉米收获期测产,采集植株样品。根据每年小麦、玉米总产出效益计算最经济的有机肥氮与化肥氮配比,分析有机肥氮与化肥氮配比随时间的演变规律。 【结果】 1)关于10年小麦和玉米周年平均产量,单施化肥、单施有机肥处理均低于化肥有机肥配施处理。氮用量低于180 kg/hm2的单施化肥处理小麦和玉米周年产量都随着时间的推移逐年下降,氮用量高于180 kg/hm2 的处理产量基本保持稳定;有机肥料氮配合化肥氮,随着时间推移产量逐年升高。2)最大产值目标下,10年来有机肥氮的比例从60%左右下降到50%,有机肥氮和化肥氮的配比接近于1∶1;最佳经济效益目标下(边际产投比5∶1),当有机肥氮和化肥氮等价格时,最佳有机肥氮的比例从2007、2008的0%上升到2017年的50%左右;按实际肥料价格(有机肥氮是化肥氮的2倍)计算的最佳有机肥料氮比例,2007—2009年的最佳有机肥氮比例为0%,以后逐年上升,2017年提高到30%左右。 【结论】 长期定位试验结果表明,有机肥氮与化肥氮配施能获得比化肥氮或有机肥氮单施更高的产量和经济效益。按照有机氮的价格是化肥氮的2倍计算,有机无机肥配合施用时间越长,实现最佳经济效益目标的有机肥氮占的比例越高,在本试验条件下,有机无机配施10年后,有机肥氮的最高比例为34%。      

Body size is a sensitive trait-based indicator of soil nematode community response to fertilization in rice and wheat agroecosystems

Nematode body size is a trait that could be responsive to environmental changes, such as agricultural management practices, and adopted as a standard trait-based indicator in soil community analysis. Our study investigated how body size in the nematode community responded to fertilization in a double-cropping system with paddy rice and upland wheat. Four fertilizer treatments were examined: an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), manure plus chemical fertilizer (MCF) and manure plus straw plus chemical fertilizer (MSCF). The community-weighted mean (CWM) of body size was the trait-based indicator used for nematode community analysis. A trend of increasing body size in fertilized plots was observed for most genera, with a relatively small increase in the size of small-bodied bacterivores and fungivores and a relatively large increase in the size of large-bodied omnivores. Fertilized plots had significantly greater CWM of body size than the CK treatment, although total nematode abundance increased significantly in the MSCF treatment only. Discriminant and multiple regression analyses showed that CWM of body size was positively correlated with the soil organic C, total N, available P and available K concentrations, which responded to fertilizer inputs. In contrast, soil fertility was weakly related to total body size in the wheat phase and the following abundance-based indicators: Margalef's richness index, Shannon's diversity index, summed maturity index (∑MI) and enrichment index (EI) in both phases. Since fertilization resulted in larger body size but no other change in the nematode community (i.e. diversity and abundance were generally unaffected by fertilization), this implies that nematodes have a plastic growth habit that does not necessarily result in greater reproduction or fitness of offspring. We suggest that CWM of body size is a reliable trait-based indicator of the soil nematode community response to fertilization, but this requires further testing across a wider range of fertilized agroecosystems.     

化肥减施下有机替代对小麦产量和养分吸收利用的影响

  【目的】  探讨化肥减施和氮肥有机替代对小麦产量、养分积累、运转和吸收利用的影响，为国家化肥零增长战略提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2017—2019年，定位研究了常规施肥 (CF)、等氮量有机替代 (有机替代30%N， CF+M)、化肥减施 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O分别减施25%、30%和16.7%，CFR)、减施替代 (有机替代30%N，CFR+M) 和单施有机肥 (M) 对小麦产量及其构成、生物量、不同生育期植株氮磷钾积累量、花前植株养分运转及花后养分积累、养分吸收利用的影响。  【结果】  与CF相比，CFR和CF+M处理小麦产量、成穗数和穗粒数均没有显著变化，千粒重有增加趋势；CFR提高了小麦拔节—开花阶段氮、磷、钾吸收量及其比例，CF+M与CF处理间各生育阶段尤其是拔节期后吸氮、钾量差异均不显著，而CFR处理开花—成熟期的氮磷吸收量显著降低，CF+M处理降低了花前茎叶氮运转量及花后氮磷积累量，CF+M、CFR和CF 3个处理间氮积累量差异不显著；CF+M提高了花前茎叶氮磷运转量对籽粒氮磷贡献率及花后氮积累量对籽粒氮的贡献率。籽粒氮素积累与各生育阶段氮素积累量、花前期茎叶氮素运转量及花后氮素积累量间呈显著或极显著正相关，籽粒磷素积累量仅与花后磷素积累量显著正相关，籽粒钾素积累量与返青—拔节阶段钾素积累量显著正相关，与花前颖壳+穗轴钾素运转量显著负相关。CFR和CF+M较CF提高了氮吸收、利用效率和氮肥偏生产力，CF+M较CF提高了钾素利用效率，降低了钾素吸收和钾素偏生产力。  【结论】  本试验的两年间，不同程度地减少氮磷钾化肥投入量，或不减少总氮量投入 (以30%有机氮替代化肥氮) 有利于花前期营养器官积累的养分向籽粒运转及籽粒对氮养分的吸收利用，都可以维持小麦产量。在减施氮肥量25%的前提下，用30%或者100%的鸡粪替代化肥则降低小麦各生育期干物质和氮磷钾养分的积累和运转，最终降低小麦的产量。因此，进行有机替代需要进一步研究适宜的氮肥减施比例。     

长期有机无机肥配施对冬小麦籽粒产量及氨挥发损失的影响

【目的】黄淮海地区作为华北平原重要的农业生产区,氮肥投入量大、利用率低的现象较为普遍,氮肥损失和农业面源污染严重。本研究在长期肥料定位试验基础上,连续多年监测不同施肥处理下冬小麦田氮素挥发损失量及其规律,探讨减少黄淮海地区麦田氨挥发的有效施肥方式,为提高冬小麦产量及肥料利用效率提供科学依据。 【方法】2011～2015 年利用水肥渗漏研究池进行试验,以石麦 15 (SM15) 为材料,以不施氮肥 (CK) 为对照处理,在同等施氮量下设置单施尿素 (U)、单施牛粪 (M) 和尿素牛粪 1∶1 配施 (U + M) 3 种氮肥配比处理,随机区组设计。采用通气法连续 4 年原位监测不同施肥处理下小麦氨挥发损失量、小麦籽粒产量及氮肥利用率。 【结果】2011～2015 年氨挥发损失量年际间变化较大,最大变幅可达 19.69 kg/hm2,年际间施肥后氨挥发速率变化规律趋势相似。不同施肥处理对土壤氨挥发有显著影响,冬小麦季氨挥发主要发生在施肥后 15 d 内,拔节期追肥的氨挥发速率显著高于播种期施用基肥。四年间氨挥发损失量平均达 7.26～42.40 kg/hm2,与不施氮肥相比,施氮处理的氨挥发损失量升高 1.40～4.84 倍,表明施用氮肥显著促进土壤氨挥发;施氮处理的氮肥损失率以 U 处理最高,达到 19.5%,M 处理最低,为 5.7%,U + M 处理为 12.3%,介于两处理之间,U + M 处理和 M 处理的氮肥损失率较 U 处理四年平均分别降低了 37.0% 和 71.1%,表明单施有机肥或有机无机肥配施可显著抑制氨挥发损失。2011～2015 年各施肥处理冬小麦产量均以 U + M 处理最高,达 9461.5 kg/hm2,较 U 和 M 处理分别增产 6.8% 和 9.1%。各处理的冬小麦籽粒吸氮量、地上部吸氮量同样以 U + M 处理最大,较 U 和 M 处理分别提高 7.1%、12.6% 和 5.4%、12.9%。U + M 处理的氮肥利用率在四年均最高,达 41.96%,较 U 和 M 处理分别提高 16.5%～19.6% 和 38.6%～58.7%。 【结论】综合籽粒产量及氮素利用效率,有机无机肥配施比单施化肥能显著降低氨挥发损失,提高籽粒产量和氮肥利用率,有利于实现冬小麦高产与肥料高效的协同,可作为黄淮海区域小麦生产中的增产增效的优化施肥方式。     

不同培肥方式对复垦土壤玉米养分吸收及肥料利用率的影响

为研究不同培肥处理对平朔露天煤矿复垦土壤作物养分含量及肥料利用率的影响,进行了玉米盆栽试验,结果表明:不同培肥处理对玉米植株的N,P,K含量均有提高作用,玉米N,P,K在根、茎、叶器官分配顺序为叶 > 茎 > 根;有机肥、菌肥和配施低浓度化肥处理对玉米N素含量增加最明显,有机肥、菌肥和化肥配施各处理对玉米P和K含量增加最明显,其次对玉米N,P,K含量增加较明显的为有机肥配施菌肥处理,而单施有机肥处理对玉米N,P,K含量增加效果最差;有机肥、菌肥和化肥配施处理对玉米N,P,K肥利用率高于有机肥配施菌肥处理更高于单施有机肥处理,此研究为恢复矿区复垦土壤肥力水平提供理论依据。     

Simulation of nitrogen rhizodeposition and assimilation back into corn (Zea mays L.) roots

The objectives were to quantify the dynamics of N exchange between corn root and soil under field conditions and to compute the amount of N-rhizodeposition that is recycled back into corn by maturity. In a previous publication the simulation model NCSWAP/NCSOIL was used to quantify the release of organic-C from corn and its incorporation into soil organic matter. In this publication, results from the same simulations but pertinent to N are presented. The model was calibrated against measured N concentration in corn and soil and ¹⁵N enrichment data obtained from a long-term field experiment located near St Paul, MN. Field management included rototillage, the removal of stover-residue and grain and 4 fertilizer N treatments: 200 and 20 Kg N ha⁻¹ added yearly from 1980 to 1992, with ¹⁵N added with the fertilizer from 1980 until either 1985 or 1992. The same total amount of ¹⁵N was added with the 200 and 20 Kg N ha⁻¹ fertilizer: 4 and 40 ¹⁵N at.%, respectively. Corn roots released 24% of total N uptake. This loss was mitigated by the recycling of 14% of N-rhizodeposition into corn by maturity. ¹⁵N enrichment in corn and soil was higher for the 200 than the 20 Kg N ha⁻¹ treatment. This resulted from the rapid N mineralization-immobilization turnover that channelled N through the inorganic N pool whose ¹⁵N enrichment was fixed yearly to that of the fertilizer. Tracer N enrichment decreased more rapidly in corn than in soil from 1986 to 1992 when tracer N was no longer added with the fertilizer, and by 1992, ¹⁵N was localized in the stable pool and flushed from the more labile pools.