水土保持高质量发展助推贵州省创建生态文明建设先行区

水土保持高质量发展是贵州省创建生态文明建设先行区的基础保障，在阐述贵州省“十三五”期间(2016—2020年)水土保持工作发展情况的基础上，剖析了贵州省水土保持工作存在的问题，提出构建水土保持生态文明评价体系、水土流失长效防治机制、现代化水土保持监督管理体系，以及培植水土保持优势产业、引导社会多元化投入等水土保持高质量发展路径，以建设良好的生态环境，助推贵州省创建生态文明建设先行区，为贵州经济高质量发展提供前提和基础。     

论生态文明建设中的水土保持监测与公共服务

在生态文明建设的新时代,水土保持监测与公共服务是国家生态环境监测的重要内容,生态环境监测是生态文明建设的重要基础支撑.按照国家印发《关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》和《生态环境监测网络建设方案》等文件,提出的国家生态环境监测网络建设的指导思想、建设原则和目标任务,结合国务院批复的《全国水土保持规划》,对照国家生态环境监测相关要求,分析水土保持监测的目标,在监测与管理、决策、监督和目标考核等联动机制的基础上,提出在国家生态环境监测网络建设宏观要求下,水土保持监测与公共服务建设思路:加快建设天地一体、上下协同和信息共享的监测网络,按公益事业落实监测机构体制和监测点运行机制,明确各级监测机构职责和事权.建立定期调查与动态监测制度,实施监测与监管、监测与考核联动.完善技术标准,统一监测方法,推进高新技术装备应用,提升自动化水平,加快监测信息化建设,实现互联共享.及时、准确地为生态文明建设、目标责任制考核和责任追究提供依据和支撑,更好地服务于社会及公众.     

新形势下关于开发建设项目水土保持监测工作的思考

阐述了开发建设项目水土保持监测工作开展以来的发展状况,分析了当下水土保持监测工作过程中存在的问题,对生态文明新形势下水土保持监测工作健康开展的方向进行了思考,对规范生态水利事业、促进社会精神文明建设、实现生态文明具有现实意义。     

大力推进水土保持监测工作 为落实科学发展观提供支撑

在加快资源节约型社会和环境友好型社会建设、迈向生态文明的进程中,水土保持监测肩负着重要的历史使命,将为国家生态保护、产业结构调整等宏观决策提供科学依据。各级政府依法设立的水土保持监测机构应定位于社会公益性质,明确工作目标和发展方向;加强全国监测机构间的组织协调,增强合力;加快监测网络和信息系统、技术标准、人才培养等基础建设;以突出的业绩提高水土保持监测在社会上的影响力和公众对水土保持监测的认知度。     

改革开放以来湖南水土保持工作成效

改革开放以来,党和国家对水土保持工作日益重视,湖南省水土保持工作取得了显著成效。一是水土保持机构队伍不断壮大,二是水土保持基础工作不断夯实,三是水土保持配套法规制度体系基本形成,四是水土流失综合治理成效卓著,五是水土保持监督管理日益规范,六是水土保持监测与信息化不断加强。今后,湖南将以习近平生态文明思想为引领,继续传承改革开放精神,扎实推进各项工作,为开创新时代湖南生态文明建设新局面提供有力支撑。     

我国水土保持监测工作发展成就与作用

新水土保持法颁布实施以来,我国水土保持监测工作取得了跨越式发展和一系列创新性、突破性成果。水土保持普查从综合评判方法发展到定量化的模型计算;水土流失动态监测实现了年度全国范围全覆盖,监测成果越来越深化、细化,对水土保持工作的支撑作用越来越强;监测工作的顶层设计日益完善,监测制度和标准体系基本形成,监测网络建设成效持续发挥。进入新发展阶段,水土保持监测要全面适应新形势新要求,坚持走高质量发展之路,以支持新发展阶段生态文明建设和高质量发展为核心,以提供更高质量监测成果、构建更加完善监测体系为重点,积极落实开展生态系统保护成效监测评估要求,全面提升水土保持监测与评价能力,为经济社会高质量发展和国家生态文明建设发挥重要的支撑作用。     

省级水土保持补偿费征收使用管理办法及收费标准制定浅析

随着社会建设进程的加快,在生态文明逐步成为现阶段社会建设新主题的背景下,如何兼顾经济、社会快速发展和生态文明建设将是我国长期面临的局面。水土保持作为生态文明建设的重要组成部分,依法依规征收、使用水土保持补偿费是做好水土保持工作的一项基础内容,在促进水土流失预防和治理、改善生态环境方面显得尤为重要。本文就如何制定省级水土保持补偿费征收使用管理办法及收费标准(以下简称“办法”及“标准”)进行浅析,将对后续相关管理办法和收费标准的出台起到一定的指导作用,以更好地服务水土保持工作及生态文明建设。     

江西省水土保持普查工作成效与经验

论述了江西省第一次全国水利普查水土保持专项普查的工作要求、主要成效以及成功经验,并根据江西省水土保持普查工作的实践进行探讨研究,提出了未来的工作建议,以期能为今后的水土保持普查工作提供一定的参考和借鉴,同时,水土保持普查成果为全省范围水土保持管理、科技、工程实施全过程、生态文明建设等全部领域工作更好更快发展提供了坚实基础与决策依据,对加快推进国家生态文明试验区(江西)建设以及其他地区的生态文明建设具有重要意义。     

水土保持生态自然修复与生态文明建设

水土资源是人类发展与文明的根基,如何整治日趋恶化的生态环境、防止水土流失、恢复和重建受损的生态系统成为生态文明建设的关键.水土保持生态自然修复是一个费省效宏的水土流失综合防治办法,水土保持生态修复是实现资源节约型、环境友好型社会的重要途径,也是建设生态文明与美丽中国目标实现的重要载体.在分析水土保持生态自然修复与生态文明建设相互关系的基础上,概括我国水土保持生态自然修复的成效与经验,明确水土保持生态自然修复工作需要亟待加强的几个领域,提出未来实施水土保持生态自然修复工作的若干发展策略.     

深入学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想 推动长江上游水土保持工作再上新台阶

习近平生态文明思想和习近平总书记关于推动长江经济带发展、治水的重要论述精神,是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想在生态文明、长江经济带和水利工作方面的具体体现,是新时期做好长江上游水土保持工作的根本遵循和行动指南。要深入学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想,切实提高政治站位,坚决担负起水土保持在推进生态文明建设、推进长江经济带绿色发展中的政治责任。新时代水土保持工作总的思路和要求是,把工作重心切实转变到监管上来,在监管上强手段,在治理上补短板,为生态文明建设和经济社会可持续发展提供有力支撑。要紧紧围绕落实最严格的生态环境保护制度,实行最严格的水土保持监管;紧紧围绕打赢脱贫攻坚战重大战略部署,加快推进水土流失综合治理;紧紧围绕长江经济带生态优先、绿色发展战略定位,着力解决坡耕地水土流失突出问题;紧紧围绕实现治理体系和治理能力现代化,构建科学完备的水土保持监测和信息化支撑体系。要通过强化组织领导,创新机制体制,强化科技引领,广泛凝聚新时代水土保持工作强大合力,为推动长江上游水土保持改革发展提供坚强保障。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.