调理剂对茶园土壤和茶叶产量及品质的影响

通过田间试验,研究不同调理剂与茶叶配方肥配施对茶园土壤性质和茶叶产量品质构成的影响。结果表明:3种土壤调理剂均能不同程度地改善茶园土壤肥力及提升茶叶产量和品质,对表层(0～20cm)土壤的改良效果要明显好于亚表层(20～40cm)土壤。其中,"亚科丰"土壤调理剂提高土壤pH的幅度较高,其次是"田师傅"土壤调理剂和生物质炭处理。生物质炭在提高土壤肥力以及茶叶产量和品质方面综合表现较好,酸性土壤茶园在施用生物炭后,可显著提高土壤有机质和氮磷钾元素含量,同时也能提高茶叶百芽重和发芽密度以及鲜叶中游离氨基酸总量。     

复合微生物肥料对茶园土壤结构和茶叶生长的影响初探

随着生态茶园、可持续农业的发展,茶园土壤改良和茶叶品质的问题愈来愈受到重视。在此背景下,微生物肥料因其环境友好、绿色安全等特点而倍受关注,应用前景广阔。本文在安溪县感德镇茶园开展田间试验,研究复合微生物肥料对茶园土壤结构、土壤养分、茶树生长、茶叶产量和品质的影响,探究复合微生物肥料在茶树栽培中的应用前景。试验结果表明,施用复合微生物肥料短期内对降低土壤容重效果显著,对调节土壤pH值、缓解土壤酸化情况有一定效果,对促进茶树生长和改善茶叶品质效果显著。     

不同土壤管理与施肥模式对茶园土壤环境及茶叶产量的影响

茶园大量施用化肥产生的土壤酸化及水环境污染等环境问题,严重限制着茶产业的绿色生态发展。设置化肥减量、秸秆地表覆盖、活覆盖(以草控草)、以生物炭为主的土壤调理剂、有机肥等6种处理措施,研究了不同土壤管理与施肥模式对茶叶产量和茶园土壤环境的影响。结果表明:施用以生物炭为主的土壤调理剂使茶叶产量增加,茶园土壤有机质含量提高、基本肥力状况改善,同时使硝态氮(NN)、铵态氮(AN)土-水界面迁移数量减少,茶园径流中氮磷元素流失减轻,环境效益较好;氮肥的使用使土壤的pH值下降,引起茶园土壤酸化;免耕覆盖(秸秆地表覆盖、活覆盖)、施用有机肥和生物炭土壤调理剂均能提高土壤pH值,抑制土壤酸化;免耕覆盖在控制杂草方面效果比较明显,减少人工除草成本效益显著。另外,研究发现试验茶园径流水中磷素形态以可溶性总磷(DTP)为主,可溶性磷占总磷(TP)的70%～92%;土壤pH值随季节发生变化,7月升高,9月降低,11月再回升。因此,施用有机肥、免耕覆盖、以生物炭为主的土壤调理剂种植技术模式可以在不施用化肥的情况下提高茶叶产量、改善茶园土壤环境质量、减少环境污染,可以替代传统的种植模式。     

生物炭基肥对酸化茶园土壤养分及茶叶产质量的影响

针对多年生茶园土壤酸化严重、养分失衡、茶叶产质量下降等问题,以七年生酸化茶园为研究对象,设置不施肥（CK）、常规化肥（F）、生物炭（B）、低量生物炭基肥（BF1）、中量生物炭基肥（BF2）和高量生物炭基肥（BF3）6个处理,通过大田试验探究生物炭基肥对酸化茶园土壤肥力性状、茶树养分吸收以及茶叶产质量的影响,揭示生物炭基肥对茶叶的增产提质机理。结果表明:与CK相比,BF1 ~ BF3处理显著提高酸化茶园土壤pH以及铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量,且随炭基肥施用量的增加而增大,改土效果明显优于B和F处理;BF1 ~ BF3处理的茶叶养分积累量、SPAD值、产质量以及水浸出物、咖啡碱、氨基酸含量均显著高于CK处理,茶叶酚氨比显著低于CK处理,但与B和F处理的差异不显著;灰色关联分析表明茶叶产质量与土壤pH、铵态氮、速效钾、交换性镁和速效磷以及茶叶SPAD值、氮和镁积累量等因子关联密切,是影响茶叶产质量的主要因子。表明施用生物炭基肥可显著减缓酸化茶园土壤酸性,提高土壤养分有效性,促进茶树对氮、钾和镁的吸收,增强茶树光合作用从而显著提高茶叶的产质量,且以施用2590 kg hm?2生物炭基肥处理的效果较优。     

生物质炭施用量对旱地酸性红壤理化性质的影响

我国南方旱地酸性红壤区,土壤酸化与干旱等问题突出。近几年生物质炭在土壤改良方面的研究应用已有较多的文献报道,但针对南方旱地酸性红壤区土壤改良方面的研究与应用相对较少。对此,本研究设置了生物质炭施加量分别为1%、2%、3%、4%及对照CK共5个处理,每个处理5次重复的室内盆栽试验;每盆一次性均匀浇洒1 L蒸馏水后在温室内自然放置,模拟干旱30 d,随后测定土壤含水量、p H、电导率与氮、磷含量。结果表明:土壤pH、电导率、有效磷含量随生物质炭施加量的增加而显著提高,NH_4~+-N含量降低,而NO_3~–-N含量无显著影响;模拟干旱后的土壤含水量与生物质炭施加量呈二次函数曲线关系,施加低量生物质炭(1%)显著降低了土壤含水量,而高量生物质炭(4%)的施加则使土壤含水量显著提高。本研究为生物质炭在我国南方旱地酸性红壤区土壤改良方面的应用提供了试验依据。     

生物质炭土壤调理剂的研究进展

生物质炭作为一种高效、绿色、多功能的土壤调理剂在农业生产和环境修复中具有广阔的应用前景,因而受到了国内外研究学者的广泛关注。论文综述了生物质炭在土壤改良、污染土壤修复、土壤微生物以及对农作物的影响机理等方面的研究成果,分析展望了生物质炭土壤调理剂的发展趋势,提出了需要进一步研究和解决的问题。     

生物质炭对酸性土壤改良作用的研究进展

由于生物质炭在农业和环境中的巨大应用前景和对土壤碳的增汇减排作用,近期成为土壤学家和环境学家研究的热点。本文综述了生物质炭对热带和亚热带地区酸性土壤的改良作用及其机制,总结了生物质炭对土壤肥力和养分有效性及作物生长和产量的影响的研究进展,分析了该领域未来的发展趋势,可为酸性土壤改良和管理提供参考。     

安化县茶叶化肥减量增效技术模式探讨

茶园中有机肥和化学肥料配合施用可以提高土壤理化性状,改善土壤结构,有利于茶树生长发育,提高茶叶的产量和品质。有机肥施用量的多少,直接关系到茶园土壤改良、茶叶产量提高和品质提升。茶园实施测土配方精准施肥,采用小型机械开沟深施底肥、追肥,可以减少化肥流失,提高化肥利用率,节省成本,增加效益。     

施用不同调理剂对酸化茶园土壤化学性质及茶叶品质的影响

针对茶园土壤酸化问题,利用不同配方调理剂对其进行土壤改良。采用田间微区试验的方法,以种植英红九号年限分别为2年(幼龄)和8年(成龄)茶园为研究对象,设置4个不同处理：不施调理剂(CK)、调理剂Ⅰ(生物炭,T1)、调理剂Ⅱ(生物炭+石灰,T2)及调理剂Ⅲ(生物炭+碱渣钙镁肥,T3),施用量为20 t·hm^-2。通过2年定位试验,研究3种调理剂对茶园土壤的主要化学性质及茶叶品质的影响。土壤分析表明,与对照组相比,2年的试验周期中,2种茶园的土壤pH均呈现先升后降的趋势,试验4个月后施用调理剂Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的幼龄茶园土壤pH值分别升高了0.11、0.20和0.22个单位,成龄茶园pH值分别升高了0.15、0.16和0.38个单位,但经过16个月后pH值又会逐渐下降。幼龄茶园土壤有效磷和速效钾含量均有显著升高,而成龄茶园只有速效钾含量显著升高。茶叶品质分析表明,与CK相比,试验4个月后幼龄茶园调理剂处理组茶叶的水浸出物含量分别显著增加6.66%、6.30%和6.80%。施用调理剂可以改善茶园酸性土壤,增加土壤肥力和茶叶内含物质含量。     

生物质炭施用对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

通过田间试验,观测分析不同生物质炭用量(0、20和40 t/hm~2)下马铃薯产量、品质和土壤肥力的变化及其年际效应,为生物质炭在马铃薯生产过程中的应用提供理论依据。结果表明,低剂量生物质炭施用(20 t/hm~2)显著提高了马铃薯总产量和商品率,生物质炭施用后第一年马铃薯总产量比对照提高了41.08%。当生物质炭用量为40 t/hm~2时,马铃薯产量与对照没有显著差异但降低了一些品质指标,其中2016年干物质和淀粉含量比对照降低了18.47%和24.03%。生物质炭施用显著提高了土壤有机碳、有效磷和速效钾含量,并增加了土壤C/N和电导率;而对土壤p H和全氮含量的影响与生物质炭施用年限有关。生物质炭施用量和施用年限显著影响马铃薯产量和品质。低剂量生物质炭施用能显著提高马铃薯产量,但第二年无增产效果;随着生物质炭用量增加马铃薯增产效果消失,还可能会降低马铃薯品质。生物质炭施用后马铃薯产量变化与土壤紧实度改善无必然联系。     

Manure application followed by biochar application increases plant production regardless of soil dehydrogenase activity

Biochar is obtained by the pyrolysis of biomass, and contains abundant carbon and minerals. Biochar supplementation of soils can greatly improve soil health and quality, but these beneficial effects typically develop slowly over time. Depending on the quality of the biochar and the soil to which it is applied, it may take years before positive effects are apparent. This is because organic substances are slowly sorbed onto the biochar over time, and the biochar eventually becomes part of the sorption complex of the soil. It is therefore advisable to apply biochar together with some organic material. We examined the effect of co-application of different doses of biochar with manure on soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA), soil oxidizable carbon (COX), cumulative soil respiration, soil buffering capacity, the soil exchange reaction (pH/KCl) and the production yield of winter rape seeds. We also determined seed production when artificial granular fertilizers were added to biochar and manure. The results showed that the application of biochar and manure significantly increased grain yield, DHA, the soil exchange reaction and cumulative respiration. Thus, application of biochar with organic material can increase seed yield and some properties of agricultural soils. However, the positive effect of biochar on seed yield was not directly proportional to biochar dose, in that the seed yield was lower for a biochar dose of 45 t/ha than 30 t/ha.     

Impact of integrated application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers on maize growth and nitrogen recovery in alkaline calcareous soil

Biochar application has been considered as a rich source of carbon which helps to improve the physico-chemical properties and fertility of the soil. In Pakistan, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer is considered a serious problem, so it is of vital importance to examine the effect of biochar on soil with varying doses of nitrogen fertilizer. We hypothesized that addition of biochar to an alkaline calcareous soil could improve not only soil quality and crop yield but also nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), reducing the loss of nitrogen (N) in the form of denitrification, ammonia volatilization, and nitrate leaching. A pot experiment was conducted under 2-factorial completely randomized design having three replications to evaluate the NUE in biochar amended calcareous soil. Biochar was applied at the rate of 0%, 1% and 2% (w/w) in pots filled with 17 kg of soil using various levels of N (0%, 50% and 100% of recommended dose) on maize (Zea mays L.). Several soil quality indicators, uptake, and yield of maize were monitored. Biochar application significantly decreased soil pH, increased water-holding capacity, total organic carbon, maize yield, stomatal conductance, and nitrogen uptake in plant. The results of the study indicated that addition of biochar could not only decrease the use of inorganic fertilizers by improving its quality and yield as in our case biochar at the rate of 1% and N at the rate of 50% provided optimum output minimizing the economic cost eventually.     

生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的研究进展

生物质炭在农业与环境中的应用已成为近期国内外研究热点,有关生物质炭特性以及生物质炭对土壤化学、生物学性质和作物产量的影响,已经有一些综述,但是生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的相关综述很少。本文对近10年生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响相关的研究成果进行了整理分析。研究结果发现生物质炭可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,增加田间持水量和土壤有效水含量,降低饱和导水率等。生物质炭影响土壤物理性质的主要原因是生物质炭具有较大的比表面积和孔隙度。此外,生物质炭与土壤矿质颗粒结合,并通过对土壤微生物活性和植物生长的影响间接影响土壤物理性质。生物质炭对土壤物理性质的影响与多种因素有关,如生物质炭原料、裂解温度、施用量和颗粒大小,土壤质地和处理时间等。关于生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的长期研究很少,且缺乏田间试验。因此,将来的研究应更加倾向于长期田间条件下生物质炭对土壤物理性质的影响,并逐渐发现生物质炭的作用机理,为实际的农业生产和生态治理提供科学依据。     

Biochar combined with nitrogen fertilizer affects soil properties and wheat yield in medium-low-yield farmland

Biochar combined with fertilizer as a soil amendment benefits to improving soil fertility, especially soil organic carbon and crop yield. However, the effect of biochar on the improvement of soil properties and crop yield was varied from soil properties and limited for medium–low-yield farmland in the North China. During the completely randomized field experiment, SIX treatments (biochar applied as 0, 15 and 30 t·ha^-1, under 240 and 300 kg N ha^-1 nitrogen fertilizer) were applied in wheat season and examined to reveal changes in the SOC and other properties of 0- to 10-cm and 10- to 20-cm soil layers. The results showed that two years after the application of biochar, a significant increase in the SOC was observed, ranging from 19.52% to 97.50% (p < 0.05) in the 0- to 20-cm soil layer. Wheat yield and SOC content increased with increasing amount of biochar applied under the same amount of nitrogen fertilizer. The content of soil available potassium increased significantly under 30 t·ha^-1 biochar application (p < 0.05). Both biochar and nitrogen fertilizer application could increase wheat yield, and the effect of biochar application for increasing wheat yield was better than that of nitrogen fertilizer. Wheat yield and SOC content increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer at the same amount of biochar application. The principal component analysis results showed that biochar input, SOC, available potassium and total nitrogen were the key factors affecting wheat yield. Biochar application is a fast and effective measure to improve SOC and wheat yield in medium- and low-yield farmlands.     

小麦产量及土壤性状对施用生物质炭的量化响应

  【目的】  生物质炭作为一种新型的土壤改良材料，其增产效应已有很多报道。量化评估生物质炭对小麦产量和麦田土壤性状的影响，为生物质炭在小麦生产中应用推广奠定基础。  【方法】  本研究数据来源于知网、Web of Science和维普文献数据库，以“生物质炭”、“Biochar”和“小麦”为主要关键词检索文献，共获得国内外公开发表的59篇相关试验的文献和227组数据。采用整合分析方法 (meta-analysis)，定量分析生物质炭在不同田间管理措施、不同土壤条件、不同生物质炭特性下对小麦产量的影响及麦田土壤性状对施用生物质炭的响应。  【结果】  我国施用生物质炭能使小麦产量平均提高11.7%。施用生物质炭的增产效应在质地疏松的壤土 (16.0%) 和6.5 ≤ pH < 7.5 (17.1%) 的田块最显著；不同原料生物质炭的增产效果存在一定差异，木本材质 (29.3%) > 玉米秸秆 (10.7%) > 小麦秸秆 (8.1%) > 水稻秸秆 (5.9%)。不同管理措施下施用生物质炭的增产效应具有差异，雨养区 (15.7%) > 灌溉区 (4.9%)。随氮肥施用量的增加，生物质炭的增产效应逐渐降低，施氮量为0 ≤ N < 50 kg/hm2时，增产17.9%。施用生物质炭对前四季小麦增产效应显著，第四季之后，增产效应不明显，第一季 (17.2%) > 第三季 (13.4%) > 第四季 (9.4%) > 第二季 (7.3%)；生物质炭施用量为10～25 t/hm2时增产效应最大 (14.9%)。施用生物质炭对麦田土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机碳、pH、土壤含水量、C/N、微生物量碳含量均有显著提高，有机碳 (38.4%) 含量变化最大。  【结论】  在不同管理措施、土壤理化性状下，施用生物质炭能显著提高小麦产量，改善土壤理化性质，但对土壤微生物量氮 (SMBN) 影响不显著。生物质炭的增产效应随施用后时间的延长不断减弱，其产量效应持续时间为4季作物。小麦生产过程中，生物质炭最佳施用量为10～25 t/hm2。     

减氮条件下生物质炭施用对珠三角地区生菜产量、品质及土壤性质的影响

生物质炭(biochar,BC)施用具有改良土壤、提高作物产量等效应。本文探究了生菜产量、品质和土壤性质等对化肥氮(N)减施和生物质炭施用1年后的响应，以期为珠三角地区露地蔬菜生产中化肥合理减量和生物质炭科学施用提供依据。通过在佛山市三水区开展田间小区试验，观测了常规施氮(N100%)、减氮20%(N80%)、减氮40%(N60%)、减氮40%+生物质炭10 t/hm²(N60%+BC10)和减氮40%+生物质炭20 t/hm²(N60%+BC20)处理下生菜产量、品质、叶片SPAD值及土壤养分等指标的变化。结果表明：(1)较N100%处理，N60%处理生菜产量显著降低13.5%。减氮40%条件下，配施10～20 t/hm²生物质炭可提高生菜产量9.5%～22.7%，与N100%处理产量相当，说明生物质炭施用对生菜产量具有显著提升效果。(2)氮肥减量和生物质炭施用对生菜单株鲜重、直径和水分含量等均无显著影响，而对叶片SPAD值在不同生育期有不同影响。减氮条件下施用生物质炭处理生菜的氮和磷吸收量提高，是其增产机理之一。(3...     

生物炭对酸化茶园土壤性状和细菌群落结构的影响

  【目的】   生物炭作为一种高效、绿色、多功能的土壤调理剂受到了广泛关注，但生物炭对酸化茶园土壤改良的长期效应还缺乏了解。研究施用生物炭5年后对茶园土壤性状和细菌群落结构的影响，为生物炭在酸化土壤改良上的合理应用提供科学依据。   【方法】   茶园生物炭田间试验在福建安溪县进行，茶园种植年限超过7年，茶树品种为铁观音，土壤为黄壤 。试验设生物炭施用量0、2.5、5、10、20和40 t/hm2共6个水平，一次施入土壤，5年后调查了茶园土壤pH、电导率 (EC)、可溶性有机碳含量、细菌群落结构变化及它们间的相关关系。   【结果】   施用生物炭5年后，茶园土壤pH提高了0.16～1.11个单位，可溶性有机碳含量提高了52.6%～92.3%，EC值降低了1.85%～47.77%，其中施用10～40 t/hm2生物炭处理的pH值均显著高于0～5 t/hm2处理。施用生物炭5年对土壤性质的改变，进一步影响了细菌群落结构，细菌群落Chao指数、ACE指数表现为随生物炭施用量增加而增加得趋势，Shannon指数呈现先增加后降低的趋势。施用生物炭促进了适宜酸中性或弱碱性环境的节杆菌属、硝化螺旋菌属、黄色杆菌科细菌相对丰度的增加，降低了嗜酸性细菌如酸杆菌属细菌的相对丰度。细菌群落结构与环境因子的关联分析表明，施用0～10 t/hm2生物炭处理细菌群落结构受pH、EC环境因子的影响较大；施用20～40 t/hm2生物炭处理细菌群落结构受土壤可溶性有机碳等环境因子的影响较大；其中硝化螺旋菌属、α-变形菌门、酸杆菌属、康奈斯氏杆菌属等的相对丰度与土壤pH、EC值间具有显著相关性。   【结论】   在酸化茶园施用生物炭5年后，土壤pH、EC和可溶性有机碳含量发生了显著变化，增加了细菌群落多样性指数，且适宜酸中性或弱碱性环境的细菌丰度增加，嗜酸性细菌丰度降低；其中施用0～10 t/hm2生物炭的处理土壤pH、EC是显著影响细菌群落结构的环境因子，施用20～40 t/hm2生物炭的处理土壤可溶性有机碳含量是显著影响细菌群落结构的环境因子。     

Effects of biochar application in forest ecosystems on soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions: a review

Purpose

Forests play a critical role in terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling and the mitigation of global climate change. Intensive forest management and global climate change have had negative impacts on the quality of forest soils via soil acidification, reduction of soil organic carbon content, deterioration of soil biological properties, and reduction of soil biodiversity. The role of biochar in improving soil properties and the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has been extensively documented in agricultural soils, while the effect of biochar application on forest soils remains poorly understood. Here, we review and summarize the available literature on the effects of biochar on soil properties and GHG emissions in forest soils.

Materials and methods

This review focuses on (1) the effect of biochar application on soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties in forest ecosystems; (2) the effect of biochar application on soil GHG emissions in forest ecosystems; and (3) knowledge gaps concerning the effect of biochar application on biogeochemical and ecological processes in forest soils.

Results and discussion

Biochar application to forests generally increases soil porosity, soil moisture retention, and aggregate stability while reducing soil bulk density. In addition, it typically enhances soil chemical properties including pH, organic carbon stock, cation exchange capacity, and the concentration of available phosphorous and potassium. Further, biochar application alters microbial community structure in forest soils, while the increase of soil microbial biomass is only a short-term effect of biochar application. Biochar effects on GHG emissions have been shown to be variable as reflected in significantly decreasing soil N₂O emissions, increasing soil CH₄ uptake, and complex (negative, positive, or negligible) changes of soil CO₂ emissions. Moreover, all of the aforementioned effects are biochar-, soil-, and plant-specific.

Conclusions

The application of biochars to forest soils generally results in the improvement of soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties while also mitigating soil GHG emissions. Therefore, we propose that the application of biochar in forest soils has considerable advantages, and this is especially true for plantation soils with low fertility.