STUDIES ON WEED SPECIES OF THE GENUS POLYGONUM L.

Summary. Seeds ni Polygonum lapathifolium from several sources or after certain treatments were subjected to various periods of moist chilling and then incubated for 3 weeks, during which time the numbers that germinated were recorded.
Populations from different localities differed in both seed weight and in the response of the seeds to chilling, but no relationships between the response and the environment of the locality of origin were found. Seeds from individual plants and from single inflorescences within populations also varied in both seed weight and germination with and without chilling. Application of dichlorprop to the parent plants was found to affect seed weight and % germination, the effect varying with both population and dose.
Etudes sur des espèces de mauvaises herbes du genre Polygonum L.
IV. Variations du poids et des modalités de germination des semences chez P. lapathifolium L.     

STUDIES ON WEED SPECIES OF THE GENUS POLYGONUM

Summary. Seeds of Polygonum lapathifolium and P. persicaria were germinated in mid-March, -April or -May 1967 and mid-April, -May, -June or -July 1968 and planted out into fertilized field plots. Seed was collected from twelve individual plants for each month of sowing. Mean seed weight was least from May-sown plants in 1967 and from June-sown plants in 1968 for both species. May-sown plants of P. persicaria had the lowest percentage of trigonous seeds in both years. Viability and germination were influenced by month of sowing in both species. Month of sowing also affected inter-plant variation in the various attributes studied. In the 1967 experiment. May-sown P. lapathifolium plants produced seed that germinated more slowly than that from March- or April-sown plants; only a small percentage of the germinated seeds from the May sowing were able to emerge when shallowly planted in compost. Plant fresh weight was positively correlated with seed production and with seed weight, the correlation coefficients being larger for P. persicaria. Recherches sur les espèces de mauvaises herbes du genre Polygonum L. VI. Effets de l'environnement sur le poids de la semence, le polymorphisme et le mode de germination chez P. lapathifolium et P. persicaria Résumé. Des semences de Polygonum lapathifolium et P. persicaria furent mises à germer à la mi-mars, -avril, -mai 1967 et à la mi-avril, -mai, -juin ou -juillet 1968; les plantes furent repiquées en plein champ, dans des parcelles situées dans des terrains fertilisés. La semence fut récoltée individuellement sur douze plantes pour chaque mois de semis. Le poids moyen de la semence fut plus faible pour les plantes semées en mai en 1967 et pour celles semées en juin en 1968, pour les deux espèces. La date de semis eut également une influence sur la variation entre plantes quant aux divers caractéres étudiés. Dans l'expérience de 1967, le P. lapathifolium semé en mai produisit une semence à germination plus lente que celle des plantes semées en mars ou avril; un faible pourcentage seulement des semences germées provenant des semis de mai furent capables de lever lorsqu'elles furent plantées superficiellement dans un compost. Le poids frais des plantes montra une corrélation positive avec la production de semence et avee le poids de la semence, les coefficients de corrélation étant plus élevés pour P. persicaria. Untersuchungen über Unkrautarten der Gattung Polygonum L. VI. Umwelteinflüsse auf Samengewicht, Samenpolymorphismus und Keimungsverhalten bei Polygonum lapathifolium und P. persicaria Zusammenfassung. Samen von Polygonum lapathifolium und P. persicaria wurden 1967 Mitte März, Mitte April bzw. Mitte Mai und 1968 Mitte April, Mitte Mai, Mitte Juni bzw, Mitte Juli eingekeimt und in gedüngte Feldparzellen ausgepflanzt. Von 12 Einzelpflanzen der verschiedenen Saatzeiten wurden Samen gesammelt. Bei beiden Arien waren 1967 bei im Mai gesäten und 1968 bei im Juni gesäten Pflanzen die mittleren Samengewichte am geringsten. Die im Mai gesäten Pflanzen von P. persicaria hatten den niedrigsten Anteil an trigonoiden Samen in beiden Jahren. Die Lebensdauer und die Keimfähigkeit hingen bei beiden Arten vom Monat der Saat ab. Der Saattermin beeinflusste ausserdem die interpflanzenvariation bei den verschiedenen untersuchten Faktoren. In dem Versuch von 1967 keimten die Samen von im Mai gesätem P. lapathifolium langsamer als diejenigen von im März oder April gesäten Pflanzen; nur ein geringer Prozentsatz der im Mai gekeimten Samen war in der Lage, bei flaehem Auspflanzen in Kompost aufzulaufen. Das Pflanzenfrischgewicht stand in positiver Korrelation zur Samenproduktion und zum Samengewicht, wobei die Korrelationskoeflizicnten für P. persicaria grösser waren.     

Germination behaviour in seeds of Diplotaxis erucoides and D. virgata

The seed germination behaviour of four populations each of Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. and D. virgata (Cav.) DC, two weedy Brassicaceae species widely distributed in the Mediterranean region, was studied under controlled light, temperature and moisture conditions. Germination rates in D. virgata were generally higher at alternating (25/15^C) and low (15^C) temperatures, whereas in D. erucoides optimal germination rates were achieved at higher temperatures (25^C). No correlation between seed weight and germination was found in either species. In D. virgata, the geographic origin of the seed had an important effect on germination percentage. Great germination variability was found among the populations and even among seeds belonging to the same population. In this species, the application of gibberellic acid stimulated germination, especially in the populations with higher dormancy levels. Dormancy was found in mature D. virgata seeds but not in those of D. erucoides. In both species, germination percentages decreased after a certain period of storage at low temperatures. This period varied depending on the species and the population considered.     

Germination rates of weedy radish populations (Raphanus spp.) altered by crop‐wild hybridisation,not human‐mediated changes to soil moisture

Cultivated plants are known to readily hybridise with their wild relatives, sometimes forming populations with weedier life‐history strategies than their progenitors. Due to altered precipitation patterns from human‐induced global climate change, crop‐wild hybrid populations may have new and unpredictable environmental tolerances relative to parental populations, which would further challenge farming and land‐management weed control strategies. To recognise the role of seed dormancy variation in weed invasion, we compared seedbank dynamics of two cross‐type populations (wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum, and crop‐wild hybrid radish, R. raphanistrum × R. sativus) across a soil moisture gradient. In a seed‐burial experiment, we assessed relative rates of seed germination, dormancy and seed mortality over two years across cross types (crop‐wild hybrid or wild) and watering treatments (where water was withheld, equal to annual rainfall, or double annual rainfall). Weekly population censuses in 2012 and 2013 assessed the frequency and timing of seedling emergence within a growing season. Generally, germination rates were two times higher and seed dormancy was 58% lower in hybrid versus wild populations. Surprisingly, experimental soil moisture conditions did not determine seedbank dynamics over time. Yet, seed bank dynamics changed between years, potentially related to different amounts of annual rainfall. Thus, variation in seedbank dynamics may be driven by crop‐wild hybridisation rates and, potentially, annual variation in soil moisture conditions.     

Genetic and morphologic diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Echinochloa crus-galli</Emphasis> populations from different origins

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (barnyardgrass) is an annual weed that is native to Asia and found throughout the world. The broad ecological tolerance and competitive ability of E. crus-galli makes it the most important weed species in rice. Genetic studies of plants are becoming increasingly common because reliable information is necessary to better understand population dynamics, occurrence of herbicide resistance, and demographic data. Echinochloa crus-galli populations from 34 different locations in Turkey were compared with respect to morphological differences and genetic variation. For morphological variation, five seeds of each population were sown in pots and grown in a screenhouse using a randomized block design. Morphological parameters such as germination speed, flowering time, leaf area, plant height, spikelet length, above-ground biomass, root dry weight and number of seeds were measured. Distinct differences among populations with respect to hierarchical cluster analysis were observed. Genetic variations among populations were performed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The seven RAPD primers amplified 55 bands whose molecular weight varied between 200 and 4000 bp. The percentage of polymorphic bands was 74.54%. Results showed high morphological and genetic variability among individual genotypes within geographic locations. Phenotypic and genetic variability among E. crus-galli populations would be influenced by agricultural practices, crop characteristics, geographic location and herbicide pressure. Differences between weed populations may affect response to chemical or biological control.     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE COMPETITION BETWEEN KALE AND THREE WEED SPECIES OF THE GENUS POLYGONUM

Summary. The results of a pot experiment on the mutual interference between kale and three weed species are reported. The puts were sunk in soil and surrounded by kale plants so as to provide illumination conditions similar to those likely to be found in a field crop of kale. Of the three weed species, Polygonum lapathifolium appeared to be the most, and P. aviculare the least, competitive towards kale. P. persicaria was slightly less competitive than P. lapathifolium . The two latter species were much higher in dry-matter production than P. aviculare and showed greater responses to changes in the number of kale or weed plants per pot.     

黄土高原不同地区杜松的种子萌发特性及其与生态因子的相关性

选取黄土高原5个地区杜松(Juniperus rigida)种子,采用种子萌发实验及相关分析的方法,研究其大小特征、萌发特性及其与生态因子的相关性,以了解不同地区杜松的种子萌发特性。结果表明,不同地区杜松的种子大小差异显著,府谷地区的种子最大、最重,平均长6.83 mm,宽3.56 mm,千粒重为25.89 g;种子长及种子长宽比随纬度的升高、土壤全磷含量的增加而变小;种子千粒重随1月和7月均温的增加而增加,随土壤有机质、速效磷、全氮含量的增加而减少。种子大小对萌发特征影响显著,种子萌发率、萌发势及发芽指数均随种子长、种子长宽比的增加呈减小的趋势。不同地区杜松的萌发差异显著,武川的种子萌发最快最高,府谷与贺兰山最慢、最低;萌发率、萌发势及发芽指数均随纬度的升高而增加,萌发势和发芽指数随土壤全磷含量的增加而增加。研究认为武川及浑源地区是杜松优良的选种地。     

Germination behaviour of two morphologically different types of seed of Cassia tora at different temperatures

The effect of temperature on the germination response of two categories of morphologically different seeds of Cassia tora L. was investigated. Germination response of dormant seeds (category A with closed ultraastructures) was not affected by temperature, as 96% of the seeds germinated at all temperatures on scarification. On the other hand, non-dormant seeds (category B with open ultrastructures) were temperature sensitive and germinated best at 32°C. However, storage affected the germination responses of both types. While the category A seeds lost moisture gradually with storage time and retained viability for a longer period, i.e. 2 years, the moisture loss in category B seeds was noted only after 2 years and the seed viability was retained for only 1 year. The production of two morphologically and physiologically distinct types of seed simultaneously by C. tora is probably an ecological adaptation for progressive emergence of the species over long periods in the field.     

Effects of the seed weight and burial depth on the seed behavior of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is one of the annual plants that were described recently as invasive weeds in Europe. This species is described as an invasive plant that produces seeds that are highly variable. Its production of variably sized seeds is regarded as promoting its spread in different environments. Experiments were carried out to determine the influence of the seed weight and temperature on germination and the influence of the seed weight and burial depth on seedling emergence. The seeds were divided into a number of classes of weight and the seed weight effect on germination was evaluated by Petri dish assays. In another experiment, the seeds were buried at different depths in a clay soil/sand mix to estimate the burial effect on germination and seedling emergence. The germination level of A. artemisiifolia was high overall, between 76.8% and 94.2%. The seed germination was modified by temperature but it was not influenced by the seed weight. The amounts of germination and seedling emergence were greater for the seeds on the soil surface and decreased with an increasing burial depth, from 2 to 8 cm. No germination or emergence was observed for the seeds that were buried at 10 and 12 cm. The lightest seeds were more sensitive to burial. A greater level of seedling emergence for those seeds that were placed near the soil surface could explain the success of this species in open habitats, where the probability of deeper burial is low. After high seed production, the management of A. artemisiifolia in fields could be partly achieved through soil tillage, burying seeds below 10 cm, and not carrying out deep soil tillage the following year.     

Growth and reproduction of Hypochoeris radicata L.

Hypochoeris radicata L. (Asteraceae) is a perennial, native to Europe, and is widespread in several countries. The objective of the present study was to reveal the life history characteristics of H. radicata by focusing on its reproductive strategy. Flowering, seed-setting, and vegetative propagation of the species were observed in pots. Reproductive propagation of the species also was investigated in natural populations. The light and temperature requirements for seed germination were examined. The species germinated in temperatures ranging from 10–30°C, both in light and dark. With plants grown in pots, reproductive growth started when the rosette diameter reached ≈ 14–16 cm. Flowering was not day length-related, but it possibly was related to temperature. In natural populations, the flowering and seed-setting periods continued for > 6 months. Vegetative propagation occasionally occurred in plants with three or more shoots by the crown splitting below ground level.     

Weed seed rain interception by grass cover depends on seed traits

Weed management requires a better understanding of the dynamics of the weed seedbank, which is a primary source of weeds in a field. Seeds reaching the ground after seed rain replenish the seedbank and therefore contribute to future weed infestations. Our investigation is based on the hypothesis that a permanent vegetation cover, such as a grassland, can prevent weed seeds from reaching the ground. Therefore, we developed an innovative experimental device to simulate in controlled conditions the seed rain of 12 weed species (Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Conyza canadensis, Myosotis arvensis, Papaver rhoeas, Poa annua, Polygonum aviculare, Ranunculus sp., Rumex obtusifolius, Sonchus asper, Stellaria media, Taraxacum officinale and Veronica persicaria). We quantified the interception of weed seeds by a grass cover. Grass cover height, seed size and seed appendage (e.g. pappus, wing or awn) increased seed interception, in contrast to seed weight and shape index. From these results, we established a linear model to predict weed seed interception by a grass cover as a function of their seed trait values. The relationship between the predicted interception and weed community dynamics observed in grasslands was negative for some species, indicating that other processes may be involved depending on weed species. The weed seed interception model will be incorporated into an existing model of weed population dynamics to simulate the impact of grassland insertion into arable crop rotations.     

基于种子发芽率评估长芒苋在我国不同纬度地区的入侵风险

外来入侵植物长芒苋Amaranthus palmeri已经传入我国多个地区,定量评估其入侵风险对制定高效防控措施具有重要意义。外来植物入侵风险应该是由传入后能发芽并完成生活史的繁殖体如种子的量决定的,但已开展的适生区预测等风险评估通常忽略了该因素。基于此,本研究先通过同质园试验, 比较了采自我国不同纬度的11个长芒苋种群与来自原产地美国种群的种子发芽率,分析了种群间发芽率的差异及其与纬度的相关性;然后,通过一年内连续多次在不同纬度地区的交互种植试验,分析了不同纬度种群间种子的发芽率和完成生活史的入侵窗口期差异,并判断是否发生了本地适应;最后,根据发芽率和入侵窗口期评估了长芒苋在我国不同纬度地区的入侵风险。同质园试验表明,种子发芽率与种群所处纬度显著正相关(P<0.05),发芽率随纬度升高而增高。交互种植试验表明,不同种群发芽率的差异是由于本地适应导致的,长芒苋在我国的入侵窗口期随纬度升高而缩短。基于不同种群种子发芽率和入侵窗口期的纬度差异,我们判断长芒苋在我国中低纬度至中高纬度区域内入侵风险较高,应该重点防控。长芒苋在高纬度和低纬度地区的入侵风险相对较低。但长芒苋种子萌发的本地适应可能会增加其在高、低纬度地区的入侵风险。因此,亟须加强对已传入种群的监测预警与早期防控力度,抑制其繁殖增长和进一步的扩散蔓延。     

Influence of imidacloprid seed treatments on rice germination and early seedling growth

BACKGROUND: Seed treatments with the chloronicotinyl insecticide imidacloprid (Gaucho 600 FS) were evaluated to determine whether differences in concentration and exposure regime influence the germination and early growth of rice. RESULTS: Continuous exposure to imidacloprid (4 days at 2000 mg AI L(-1)) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced normal germination by an average of 18% across the 15 cultivars examined. Nine days after sowing, plants showed no adverse effects from continuous imidacloprid treatment during germination, with shoot lengths and root system dry weights equalling, or occasionally exceeding (P < 0.05), those of untreated plants. Short-term imidacloprid exposure (2 h at 2000 mg L(-1)) at initial seed wetting did not affect germination (P > 0.05), and short-term (1 h) exposure of 48 h pregerminated seed to imidacloprid (2000 mg L(-1)) similarly had no significant effect on early subsequent growth. Plants arising from 48 h pregerminated seed exposed to imidacloprid (1 h) at concentrations up to 4000 mg L(-1) immediately before sowing were not significantly different from control plants at either 9 or 25 days post-sowing. CONCLUSION: Results show that imidacloprid will have no adverse effects on plant growth if applied to pregerminated rice shortly before sowing. Continuous exposure of seed during germination had more pronounced effects, and the initial response of different cultivars was highly variable. Cultivars with high levels of sensitivity (such as IR72) require further testing before continuous exposure to imidacloprid during germination can be recommended.     

Seed germination behavior of glyphosate‐resistant and susceptible Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)

Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is one of the most difficult annual weeds to control in cultivation systems worldwide, especially in temperate regions. The widespread use of herbicides in the past two decades has selected resistant biotypes of ryegrass in crops in Southern Brazil. Ryegrass seeds are dormant when disseminated and germination can be staggered over time (crop‐growing season). Knowledge of the germination behavior of seeds from herbicide‐resistant plants has been little studied, but it would be very useful in integrated weed management. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the dynamics of the soil seed bank of two biotypes of L. multiflorum, one glyphosate‐resistant and the other glyphosate‐susceptible, under a no‐tillage system. The treatments were arranged in a bifactorial scheme, using seeds from biotypes (glyphosate‐resistant and glyphosate‐susceptible) with monthly periods of removal from field (one to 12 months). Seeds of each biotype were placed on the soil surface and covered with soil and straw to simulate no‐till conditions. The percentage of germinated, dormant, and dead seeds was evaluated every 30 days. The ryegrass seed bank of glyphosate‐susceptible and glyphosate‐resistant biotypes was reduced to 11 and 15% of dormant seeds, respectively, at the end of 12 months. However, there was no variation in germination, dormancy, and seed mortality between susceptible and glyphosate‐resistant ryegrass. Seeds of glyphosate‐resistant biotype and susceptible showed germination behavior with similar dynamics in the soil over a period of 12 months.     

Effects of hoeing and rototilling on some aspects of the population dynamics of pure stands of Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane)

Two naturally-established pure stands of Portulaca oleracea L. were used to study the effects of five disturbance schedules (early, midseason, late, repeated and no disturbance) on the development of purslane populations. In one stand disturbance was by rototilling and in the second stand by hoeing. In most disturbed plots, the re-established stands had densities which were not significantly less than those of the control plots. These stands were composed of plants established by seed germination (seed plants) and by regeneration of roots on severed stems (stem plants) or shoots on root and stem bases (root plants). The composition of these stands depended on the type of disturbance. Undisturbed stands were composed predominantly of seed plants. Disturbed stands had fewer than 55% seed plants. Hoeing resulted in a greater proportion of stem plants and a lower proportion of root plants than rototilling. All disturbances resulted in decreased dry matter yields per unit area. The maximum yields for the controls in the two stands were similar, regardless of differences in density, mean dry weight, size class distribution and time of establishment. Early disturbance resulted in significant decreases in seed capsule production while disturbance late in the season had minimal effects on seed production. The implications for control of purslane in crops are discussed.     

Phytochrome-mediated germination control of Datura stramonium L. seeds after seed burial

A series of experiments investigated the light sensitivity of buried weed seeds both within and outside the soil gas microenvironment. Light sensitivity of Datura stramonium L. seeds was found to be increased markedly by a period of soil burial; seeds showed a pronounced germination response even in far-red light (724 nm). Despite this elevated light sensitivity (even to less than 0.01% of incident light), soil overlying buried seeds was sufficient to neutralize the germination trigger. Furthermore, in situ irradiation of buried seeds was found to be virtually ineffective as a germination trigger, showing that the gaseous environment surrounding buried seeds may represent the main obstacle to germination. It is suggested in this study that the soil environment restricts the removal of the germination-inhibiting products of fermentation metabolism. This suggestion is supported by the finding that gas exchange within the seed:soil complex, achieved by flushing with nitrogen, partially restores seed light sensitivity. In addition, it was found that with increasing sowing depth, the germination response was attenuated and also became less dependent on seed phytochrome photoequilibrium conditions. This demonstrates that the phenomenon of germination photoinduction can be reversed by other environmental factors that reduce or eliminate phytochrome physiological activity. Finally, it was shown that seed very low fluence response (VLFR) is triggered only when gas exchange around buried seeds co-occurs with light exposure.     

Comparaison de la germination et de la croissance de biotypes sensibles et résistants aux triazines chez quatre espèces de mauvaises herbes

Comparison of germination and growth of biotypes sensitive and resistant to triazines in four weed species. By observing germination under various conditions and plant development in non-competitive conditions, a comparison was made between sensitive and resistant biotypes of four species in which resistant populations have been discovered: Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus. Solanum nigrum and Polygonum lapathifolium. In spite of différent levels of significance, results indicate that the sensitive plants develop better. However, these findings may be modified according to the growth conditions. Moreover, high variance values in the characteristics measured reflect considerable heterogeneity at least in the sensitive lots. Nevertheless, seed from resistant plants of P. lapathifolium and, to a lesser extent, of Amaranthus, germinate more readily at low temperatures. In the light of these findings the authors discuss the possible advantages conferred on different lots by these characteristics, stressing the need to consider each species separately and to take into account the nature of the genotypes being compared. From such findings, while the exact factor determining resistance is not known, it is difficult to deduce a lower level of adaptability in resistant, as opposed to sensitive individuals, based on their place of origin and in the absence of herbicide treatments.     

Effect of environmental conditions on Alopecurus myosuroides germination. I. Effect of temperature and light

Summary Control of Alopecurus myosuroides with a minimum amount of herbicide may be improved by models describing the impact of cropping system effects on the weed's demography. In order to develop the submodel relating the weed seedbank to the emerged seedlings, a series of laboratory experiments was set up to analyse and quangify the effects on A. myosuroides germination of temperature, storage location, seed age and light incidence for various seed populations. The minimum temperature requirement for germination was estimated at 0 °C, and it did not depend on seed population or weight. In the subsequent experiments, a four-parameter non-linear equation depending on accumulated day-degrees was fitted to the observed germination data, resulting in the estimation of parameters quangifying germination proportion and rate. Storage location had little influence on germination. Germination proportion and rate increased with seed age and were higher in light than in darkness. The later the germinating seeds were submitted to light, the less was their germination stimulated. These observations were synthesized by a series of equations quangifying the relative variation in germination parameters as a function of storage and light conditions, independent of seed population.     

Determination of fatty acids content,global antioxidant activity and energy value of weed seeds from agricultural fields in France

The ecological consequences of seed size variation have been studied extensively in plants. Curiously, little attention has been paid to the qualitative and quantitative variation of the seed‐stored molecules and on their ecological significance. Here, we analysed the oil content and oil composition of ca. 200 weed seed species from agricultural fields in France based on single seed accessions, concentrating on interspecies differences and ignoring within‐species variation. The relationships between seed weight, oil %, fatty acids (FAs) and the energetic value of the seed and its antioxidant properties were also investigated. The antioxidant activity could contribute to protect the oily seed reserves from alteration over time. Among the species analysed, we found a considerable quantitative (oil%) and qualitative variation of FAs stored in the seeds. Such variation was largely related to the plant family of the different species, but intrafamily variation was also found. Heavier seeds contained less oil on a per gram basis than lighter seeds, suggesting a trade‐off between seed weight and oil ratio in the seed and that oil storage strategy depends on seed size. Moreover, oily seeds contained more polyunsaturated FAs. However, contrary to our hypothesis, we did not found a higher antioxidant capability in oily seed extracts than in non‐oily seeds, nor to the quantitative or to the qualitative variation of FAs in the seeds. Considering the role of these important trait variations on weed ecological strategies, such as germination period, seed predation rate and competition–colonisation trade‐off, could improve the sustainable management of weed communities.     

STUDIES ON WEED SPECIES OF THE GENUS POLYGONUM L.

Summary. Seeds of Polygonam persiaria were collected from seven localities during 1962. In 1963 plants of these seven populations were grown in the field and sampled at regular intervals over the period 21st June to 13th August. At all samplings there were differences between populations in total dry weight, in leaf area index and in total nitrogen content, and populations also differed in the date of flowering. The populations also differed significantly in relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, net assimilation rate and relative nitrogen absorption rate. The variations in net assimilation rate did not appear to be closely associated with variations in leaf area index. Certain growth attributes were correlated with the latitude of origin, and it is tentatively suggested that the populations may represent genetically distinct latitudinal ecotypes.
Études sur des espèces de mauvaises herbes du genre Polygonum L.