匍枝马尾藻有性繁殖和人工育苗的初步研究

为研究匍枝马尾藻有性繁育过程的特点和人工育苗的可行性,通过野外观察和室内培养观察的方法,对匍枝马尾藻雌雄生殖托特点、受精卵分化等有性繁育过程、以及假根的形成、幼苗发育进行了研究,此外还对匍枝马尾藻的人工育苗进行了初步探索。试验结果表明,匍枝马尾藻的繁殖季节集中在每年的5—6月份;水温达到28℃时,生殖托出现排精排卵现象;从受精卵发育到形成具有假根的幼苗约需要48h;幼苗发育缓慢,35d后出现原生叶。人工育苗结果显示,幼苗栽培35d,幼苗株高为2.5~3mm,密度为6~10株/cm2;海区栽培60d后,匍枝马尾藻幼苗株高可达到7cm,幼苗密度为2株/cm2。本试验结果为匍枝马尾藻的人工规模环境育苗提供了技术指导。     

青岛马尾藻池塘栽培生态观察

为研究青岛马尾藻池塘栽培生长情况,根据池塘水环境因子(水温、盐度和pH)及青岛马尾藻的生长特性,设置了青岛马尾藻单株、两株夹苗生长对比试验和青岛马尾藻中间截断夹苗栽培试验。结果显示:池塘水温在9～18℃时,青岛马尾藻生长最快;在18～21℃时,生长缓慢;21℃以上时逐渐停止生长并出现腐烂脱落。两株夹苗模式在整个试验阶段比单株夹苗模式生长情况略好,其藻体平均体长和平均湿重相比均略大(P<0.05)。截断试验显示,藻体上半部分体长生长良好,藻体下半部分几乎未增长,但却萌发出大量侧枝。研究表明:青岛马尾藻生长受水温影响较大,夹苗密度相应大一些有利于促进生长,同时印证了马尾藻是属于顶端生长的藻体,其分生组织位于藻体顶端的生理特性。     

鼠尾藻池塘秋冬季栽培生态观察

2010年10月～2011年3月对鼠尾藻池塘秋冬季栽培的生长情况进行了观察与分析。选择池塘水温、光强、盐度和pH,研究其对鼠尾藻1年苗、两年苗在不同水层的养殖效果。结果表明,1)40～60cm水层鼠尾藻生长最好;其次是80～100cm水层;0～20cm水层生长最慢;2)1年苗、2年苗在整个试验期间均未发现生殖托。其中部分两年苗藻体生长出1～2cm左右次生分枝,而1年苗均未发现次生分枝;1年苗于11月中旬开始生长出气囊,两年苗于试验开始时就有气囊,12月中旬鼠尾藻气囊开始腐烂脱落,至翌年1月上旬池塘水温降至0℃以下,池塘水体表层出现结冰现象,此时鼠尾藻气囊已大部分脱落,同时有腐烂脱落现象,藻体缩短、变瘦,湿重降低,体色呈黑褐色。2月下旬随着水温的逐渐回升,鼠尾藻又有生长现象,体长及湿重均有增长,至3月上旬发现气囊。3)鼠尾藻两年苗生长情况比1年苗略好,其同一时期测量的藻体平均体长和单株藻体平均湿重均比1年苗大,鼠尾藻两年苗S值(S=单株藻体平均湿重(g)/藻体平均体长(cm))大于1年苗。     

马尾藻绳帘一体苗帘育苗试验报告

正马尾藻是一种多年性海藻,由于生长速度快、生物量大,可提取褐藻胶、甘露醇、碘、植物生长激素以及其它活性物质等,目前正在开发作为人工栽培的经济海藻种类之一,但马尾藻栽培产业苗种缺乏,夹苗费时费工。为探讨马尾藻规模化人工繁育,我们开展了马尾藻绳帘一体苗帘制作工艺试验,提高了育苗效果,省去了夹苗工序,取得了明显效果。     

羊栖菜养殖技术

羊栖菜(sargassum,fusiforme Harv setch)为北太平洋西部特有种类,分布于朝鲜、日本和我国沿岸。有较高的药疗和经济价值。 一、羊栖菜的生物学特征 羊栖菜隶属褐藻门,圆子纲,墨角藻目,马尾藻科,马尾藻属。藻体呈黄褐色,株高一般为30—50cm,高的可达200cm左右。采用生殖细胞人工育苗经养殖后高的可达330cm。藻体分为假根、茎、叶片和气囊4部份。藻体外形由于南北地理环境的不同,出现较大的差异,北方种群株技密集,叶、气囊扁宽多锯齿,南方株枝稀长,叶、气囊线形或棒状。 羊栖菜的生长方式是由顶端细胞进行立体型分裂。随着藻体生长,叶片由下向上逐渐脱落。 羊栖菜的生活史中只有孢子体阶段,而无明显的     

鼠尾藻池塘栽培生态观察

2009年3月～2010年7月对鼠尾藻池塘栽培生长情况进行了研究分析。试验根据池塘水环境因子（水温、光照强度、盐度和pH）及鼠尾藻的生长特性,设置了自然苗、人工苗、帘子苗生长对比试验,不同水层、不同流速栽培试验及不同光照强度对鼠尾藻生长影响的试验。结果表明,1）相同试验条件下,自然苗生长最好,帘子苗其次,人工苗生长最慢;2）不同水层栽培结果显示,40～60cm水层鼠尾藻生长最好,其次是O～20cm水层,再次80～100cm水层,150～200cm水层生长最慢,并且于5月中旬即开始衰退脱落;3）流速1m/s条件下鼠尾藻生长最快,随着流速的逐渐降低,鼠尾藻生长也逐渐变慢;4）光照强度为4000～6000lX时鼠尾藻生长良好,高于10000lX或低于3000lX则鼠尾藻生长相对较缓慢。观察发现,池塘水温在12～18℃时鼠尾藻生长最快,在9～12℃和18～24℃时生长较缓慢,24℃以上停止生长并出现腐烂脱落现象。     

脆江蓠池塘栽培技术

研究了南方藻种脆江蓠移植北方后进行的池塘栽培试验,试验设置了5种不同的脆江蓠池塘栽培模式,重点观测了池塘水温、盐度、pH和光照强度对脆江蓠生长的影响。结果表明,池塘水温的变化和光照强度的强弱对脆江蓠生长影响明显,本试验条件下的盐度和pH变化对脆江蓠生长影响较小。试验显示,水温20～30℃、光照强度<3000lx、64h池水循环1次、池塘水深3m处底播栽培最适宜脆江蓠生长,并且栽培期间定期分苗的藻体生长速率显著高于未定期分苗的藻体。     

多肋藻夏苗培育及养殖技术

采用种质库内保存的多肋藻[Costaria costata(C.Agardh)Saunders]雌雄配子体,进行扩增培养,然后利用雌雄配子体进行人工苗种繁育,并在自然海区进行栽培。2015年8月3日开始育苗,经过75d培育,多肋藻幼苗生长至0.83cm,出库下海暂养。下海后,经过40d生长,幼苗生长至平均长度约25cm,开始分苗养殖,分苗后每隔25~30d观测藻体长度和宽度生长变化,并同步监测海水温度。至2016年4月20日观测到多肋藻平均长度达到最大值,约228.3cm,此时海水温度约9.4℃,藻体平均宽度约29.3cm,平均鲜重量约528.4g,平均干重约79.7g,鲜干比约6.6。得出结论:多肋藻适合在我国北方海区进行人工育苗并养殖,最佳收获期在4月下旬前后。     

硇洲马尾藻人工育苗常见敌害生物及防治初探

本文调查了硇洲马尾藻人工育苗期间的主要敌害生物,并初步探讨了不同物理方法和化学药剂对其敌害生物的清除效果,旨在为人工育苗栽培提供基础资料。调查发现硅藻、刚毛藻、石莼、浒苔等附生藻类对硇洲马尾藻生长影响较大,蓝子鱼、麦秆虫和藻钩虾的摄食是硇洲马尾藻幼苗海区培育的主要危害。苗帘用5%硫酸铵药浴5min可抑制刚毛藻的生长,以2%柠檬酸药浴5min、0.3%醋酸药浴3min、3%硝酸铵药浴5min等均可药杀石莼、浒苔等附生绿藻,用640mg/L敌百虫浸泡10min可杀灭藻钩虾。     

硇洲马尾藻的繁殖特性及体长生物量的季节变动

广东特产的硇洲马尾藻是一种具有食用、药用价值的大型褐藻,有望开发成人工育苗栽培的新种类。2009年7月至2010年6月,原生态定点观察周年各月其体长和生物量等季节变动情况,结果发现,藻体假多年生,异株、异托。8—10月为体止期,11月至翌年4月中旬为生长期,4月中旬至6月初是繁殖期,6月初至7月底为衰老期。自然种群的繁衍和维持以假根再生为主,有性繁殖为辅。假根周年各月均可再生小苗,拔除假根,严重破坏种群繁衍,保留假根的剪收可以使第二年相同面积、同一时间的同种藻体的现存生物量明显增加。分布在水深2 m以内,宽5～10 m的潮间带岩礁上,11月开始加速生长,到5月上旬藻体长度生长达到最大值,原生态藻体的生物量表现出明显的季节变化,基本上与体长生长保持同步增长,最大生物量可达1 280 g/m²,最大单株藻体长1.73 m,最大单株质量可达250 g。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.