卧龙自然保护区菌食性隐翅虫及其寄主大型真菌种类调查研究

2015年7月至8月在卧龙自然保护区开展菌食性隐翅虫及其寄主大型真菌调查。采获菌食性隐翅虫标本共359头,经鉴定隶属于6亚科17属25种,两大优势类群分别为:前角隐翅虫亚科,6属9个形态种,占总标本数的56.2%;尖腹隐翅虫亚科,4属6个形态种,占总数的29.8%。共采集到隐翅虫寄生菌105号,隶属于10科14属26种,其中可食用菌16种,有毒菌7种,可药用抗癌菌8种;优势科为口蘑科和红菇科,分别占总种类数的23.1%和19.2%。对4科主要寄主大型真菌中隐翅虫种类α多样性分析,结果表明,口蘑科寄生的隐翅虫种类和数量都最多,具有最高的物种多样性(H’)和均匀度(J),其次为红菇科和小菇科;牛肝菌科中寄生的隐翅虫优势度指数(λ)最高,而物种多样性和均匀度最低。本研究调查了卧龙自然保护区菌食性隐翅虫种类及其寄主大型真菌种类,为进一步研究二者的互作关系奠定基础。     

腹指短角枝(虫脩)的生物学特性观察

腹指短角枝(虫脩)Ramulus sp.是为害岗松Baeckea frutescens L.的一种食叶害虫,在广西博白一年一代,多数以成虫越冬。     

越冬白蜡虫微生物多样性分析

[目的]了解白蜡虫越冬时体内微生物的多样性,比较昆明与长春越冬虫体内微生物种类和数量的差异,为了解白蜡虫低温适应机制提供有用信息。[方法]采用Miseq高通量测序方法对昆明越冬雌成虫(KM)和长春越冬雌成虫(CC)体内细菌16s rRNA及真菌ITS基因进行测序,利用Usearch软件进行细菌和真菌OTU(Operational Taxonomic Unit)划分,并利用Mothur软件对OTU进行分类学分析和多样性指数分析。[结果]细菌KM和CC样品中共得到344个OTU,真菌KM和CC样品中共得到230个OTU。细菌共鉴定到15门、137属,在KM中乳球菌属占主要比例(29.78%),而在CC中立克次氏体占主要比例(55.77%),真菌中共鉴定到6门、83属,在KM中仅鉴定到41个属,而CC中鉴定到75个属,其中线虫草科无法归类的属在2个样品中均为优势菌群,但CC中含量远低于KM。[结论]昆明与长春越冬虫体内细菌及真菌种类和数量均不相同,与昆明越冬虫不同,需要应对极端低温的长春越冬虫体内立克次氏体为优势菌群。     

12种夹竹桃科植物的RAPD分析

从80个随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)随机引物中筛选出22个谱带清晰且重复性好的引物用于PCR扩增,探讨夹竹桃科(Apocynaceae)10属12种植物的遗传关系。获得162个位点用于计算Nei’s遗传相似性系数,并应用NTSYS程序UPGMA法构建了系统发育树。黄蝉(Allamanda schottiiPohl.)与软枝黄蝉(A.catharticaL.)、红鸡蛋花(Plumeria rubraL.)与鸡蛋花(P.rubraL.‘Acutifolia’)之间的遗传相似性最高;在遗传相似性系数0.73处将12种植物划分为10个属,并在0.58处分为3支,但并不完全支持3个独立的亚科。RAPD分析结果与形态学的分析结果基本一致,可为夹竹桃科系统分类学提供分子生物学的证据。     

尾巨桉人工林林下植被多样性研究

对尾巨桉(3年生)与杉木(8年生)林下植被的调查表明:尾巨桉的林下植被29科49属53种,多于杉木林分,林下植被生物量与杉木持平.尾巨桉林的植物分布类型组成 与地带性植被亚热带常绿阔叶林相近;群落外貌体现了亚热带常绿阔叶林特征,群落各层次物种多样性表现为灌木层＞草木层＞藤本层＞乔木层.     

中国高生熊虫属(缓步动物门,高生熊虫科)两个新纪录种记述(英文)

本文记述了我国高生熊虫属(缓步动物门,高生熊虫科)两个新纪录种,它们是Hypsibius convergens Urbanowicz.1925和Hypsibius hypostomus Bartos,1935。两个新纪录种均采自陕西省太白山。所有标本保存于陕西师范大学生命科学学院。图4表2参5。     

庞泉沟自然保护区隐翅虫亚科级多样性

采用巴氏罐诱法,对庞泉沟国家级自然保护区的不同功能区——核心区(绿色长廊)、缓冲区(八道沟)、远离农田的实验区(神尾沟)及靠近农田的实验区(八水沟)林地地表隐翅虫亚科级甲虫物种多样性进行调查研究,旨在探明该保护区有代表性林地隐翅虫的物种组成及受不同程度人为干扰下的隐翅虫多样性格局。结果表明:1)共捕获隐翅虫标本1862号,分属于9亚科。其中,前角隐翅虫亚科为优势类群,与四眼隐翅虫亚科、异形隐翅虫亚科、隐翅虫亚科和尖腹隐翅虫亚科一起构成研究样地的常见类群。2)不同功能区生境中隐翅虫物种组成和数量分布各不相同,个体数量核心区最多,其他α多样性各项指标均为缓冲区最高,βw为靠近农田实验区最高。3)群落相似性分析表明核心区与其他3个生境差异性较大,缓冲区与其他3个生境有一定程度上的相似。适度干扰可提高物种多样性,降低人为过度干扰有利于增加隐翅虫生物多样性。     

白条天牛DNA条形码鉴定技术

白条天牛属(鞘翅目:天牛科)昆虫是口岸植物检疫工作中多次截获的类群,为探讨线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I(mt DNA COI)基因的特定区段作为DNA条形码鉴定白条天牛种类的可行性,尝试应用该技术对国内外13种白条天牛进行分子鉴定,测定各种类mt DNA COI基因序列(其中10种检疫性白条天牛COI基因序列为国内外首次测序)并进行比对,采用MEGA 5.05构建系统进化树。结果表明:基于mt DNA COI基因的DNA条形码技术可实现对白条天牛种类快速、准确的鉴定。     

表达豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂转基因杨树的虫试试验

将转豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因的三倍体毛白杨回交杂种 [(毛新杨×毛白杨 )×毛白杨 ]]于春季萌发前截干 .用萌条上的树叶对 3种主要杨树害虫 :天幕毛虫 (Malacosomadisstria)、舞毒蛾 (Lymant riadisparL .)和杨雪毒蛾 (StilpnotiacandidaStaudinger)进行离体虫试试验 ,年底测量各转基因株系萌条树高和地径 ,以衡量其生长性状 .结果发现 ,与对照相比 ,转基因株系的树高和地径没有显著降低 ,说明外源基因的导入没有影响转基因杨树的速生特性 ,相反 ,TG0 4的树高和地径较对照有明显的提高 ,这可能是外源导入后促进转基因杨树生长的结果 ;转基因植株均能显著提高害虫的死亡率 ,降低幼虫的排粪量、蛹重、体重增加量和成虫的产卵量 ;其中 ,TG0 7、TG0 8和TG713个转基因株系的抗虫特性较为突出 ,表明CpTI基因在它们的树体内表达较为活跃和稳定     

桉树人工林木材皱缩型特性研究-Ⅰ.基本密度和一些构造指标与收缩和皱缩性质的相关性

皱缩型收缩是低中等密度桉树人工林木材被用于实木产品加工时最难以克服的缺陷之一.为此,本研究对种植在广西国营东门林场的3种易皱缩桉树(尾叶桉,巨桉,尾巨桉)木材的基本密度,微纤丝角(MFA),纤维双倍壁厚(DWT), 射线薄壁组织率(RP), 单位胞壁收缩率,总收缩率和残余皱缩几个与皱缩相关的材性指标进行了研究.结果表明:1)单位胞壁收缩率与基本密度具有极强的线性正相关性,与纤维双倍壁厚表现出中等至强的线性正相关性,而与射线薄壁组织率和微纤丝角呈现弱至中等的线性负相关性.基本密度能作为单独因子很好的预测单位胞壁收缩率(R2≥0.9412); 2)总收缩率与基本密度、纤维双倍壁厚、射线薄壁组织率具有弱至中等的线性正相关性,与微纤丝角呈现线性弱的负相关性.基本密度和上述3个解剖指标均不能单独作为预测总收缩率的因子(R2≤0.5712); 3)残余皱缩与基本密度和纤维双倍壁厚表现弱的线性负相关性,与微纤丝角呈现弱的线性正相关性,与射线薄壁组织率则表现了强的线性正相关性.因此,射线薄壁组织率是较好的残余皱缩的预测因子(R2≥0.7454).     

Applications of terpene analysis in forest genetics

Terpenoid substances in forest trees are versatile biochemical systems for use as genetic markers and for studying genetic regulation at the biochemical level. Univariate, multivariate and correlative data analyses from numerous studies on different coniferous species are presented. These data indicate that fitness values for most terpenes examined are probably so low as to be unmeasurable except in long evolutionary time spans. Variation patterns for monoterpenes often closely parallel racial differentiation for morphological traits and reflect the migratory history of species and species-complexes. Random drift and gene flow are likely the major influences on genetic organization of terpene variability. Mutation in regulatory genes may be responsible for quantitative variation within major gene systems for terpenes. The mono-, sesqui- and diterpene systems in conifers offer good opportunities for research on the nature of gene regulation in plants and its evolutionary significance.     

祁连山浅山区金露梅群落种间关系及其分布格局

通过对祁连山浅山区金露梅群落特征、种间关系及分布格局的分析 ,结果表明 :浅山区金露梅群落相对重要值为 10 4 .2 8% ,频度为 92 .0 0 % ,为主要优势种 ;群落内种间关系关联性不强 ,分布状况受环境条件影响而独立地分享环境资源 ,种群间相互影响小 ;经各种群分布格局的检验 ,祁连山浅山区大多数种群呈聚集分布 ,有利于种群的生存和发展。     

The complete chloroplast genomic landscape and phylogenetic analyses of Populus alba L.

Populus alba is a foundation species in evolutionary and ecological studies in the northern hemisphere.In this study, the chloroplast genome and gene map of P.alba were constructed. The P. alba chloroplast genome is156,505 bp in length comprising a large single-copy region, two inverted repeat regions and a small single-copy region. The genome contains 131 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes(77 PCG species), eight ribosomal RNA genes(four r RNA species) and 37 transfer RNA genes(30 t RNA species). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that all Populus chloroplast genome sequences are clustered together and divided into three large branches.Among reported Populus chloroplast genomes, the leuce section formed monophyletic, indicating that all Populus spp. have a common maternal ancestor. P. rotundifolia and P. tremula are closely related and are sisters to P.davidiana. P. alba is closely related to P. adenopoda.Population genetic research in ecology and evolution may be easily developed through chloroplast genomes as they are conserved. This research will benefit future studies related to Populus, one of the world's most ecologically and economically important genera.     

Initial characterization of an unidentified Armillaria isolate from Serbia using LSU‐IGS1 and TEF‐1‐α genes

Armillaria species have a global distribution and play variable ecological roles, including causing root disease of diverse forest, ornamental and horticultural trees. Accurate identification of Armillaria species is critical to understand their distribution and ecological roles. This work focused on characterizing an unidentified Armillaria isolate from a Serbian forest using pairing, sequencing of the partial large subunit and intergenic spacer‐1 regions of rDNA (LSU‐IGS1) and the translation elongation factor‐1 alpha gene (tef‐1α) genes, and phylogenetic analyses. Despite previously obtained LSU‐IGS1 RFLP patterns that matched the newly described North American Armillaria altimontana, pairing tests and phylogenetic analyses of LSU‐IGS1 and tef‐1α sequences clearly demonstrate that the unidentified isolate is not A. altimontana. Based on LSU‐IGS1, Armillaria gallica isolates were polyphyletic, and the Serbian isolate clustered with a subset of European A. gallica isolates within a well‐supported clade (99%). Based on tef‐1α, the Serbian isolate appeared as a separate, well‐supported clade (97%) that was basal to other poorly resolved, polyphyletic clades containing European A. gallica isolates. It is speculated that the unidentified Armillaria isolate from Serbia could represent an evolutionary ancestral state because of its separate, basal position compared with other clades comprising polyphyletic European A. gallica isolates. Alternatively, this unidentified Serbian isolate could represent an unusual hybrid because of its high‐level sequence heterogeneity, represented by multiple two‐nucleotide codes, within tef‐1α. Further characterization is needed to confirm the taxonomic status and ecological/evolutionary significance of this unique, unknown Armillaria isolate from Serbia.     

分子标记在竹类植物遗传多样性保护中的应用

竹类植物与人类的生存和生活密切相关,对其在DNA水平上的遗传多样性研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。分子标记是基因型的特殊的易于识别的表现形式,它是生物分类学、育种学、遗传学和物种起源与进化等研究的主要技术指标之一。本文综述了几种常用的DNA分子标记(RFLP、RAPD、AFLP等)在竹类植物种质资源鉴定、分类、亲缘关系、遗传多样性和起源进化等方面的研究进展,同时进一步展望了分子标记在濒危竹种保护和研究中的应用前景。     

Wood specific gravity-mechanical property relationship at species level

Summary Based on the data set of specimen tests on 16 timber species belonging to four distinct wood categories, the specific gravity-mechanical property relationship at species level was examined, and differences in the relationship between species from distinct wood categories were discussed. The linear equation (S =a +bG) was compared with the curvilinear one (S = G) in terms of the goodness at predicting mechanical properties through specific gravity at species level. The specific gravity-mechanical property relationship, to a differing extent, varies with mechanical properties and wood categories. Among three mechanical properties studied, MOR is most closely and almost linearly related to specific gravity, followed by Cmax, whereas MOE is poorly and least linearly related to specific gravity. In general, the relationship between MOE and specific gravity in a species from the ring-porous category is stronger than in a species from the diffuse-porous category. It appears that Cmax in a species from the second softwood category and the ring-porous category is more closely related to specific gravity than in a species from the first softwood category and the diffuse-porous category, respectively. In addition, MOE in a softwood species is generally less related to specific gravity as compared to a hardwood species. Yet, Cmax in a softwood species appears more closely related to specific gravity. Overall, the curvilinear equation is better than the linear one at predicting mechanical properties (especially MOE) in a species.     

漆树科4种植物次生韧皮部的解剖比较

【目的】以漆树科3属4个种(盐肤木、青麸杨、黄连木和黄栌)的次生韧皮部为研究对象,阐明各物种次生韧皮部组成细胞的结构特征和分布规律,为植物次生韧皮部组成细胞结构特征与分泌结构之间的关系研究提供理论依据,并为漆树科植物系统演化的相关研究提供参考依据。【方法】采集盐肤木、青麸杨、黄连木和黄栌的树皮样品(样品含形成层、次生韧皮部及周皮,不含次生木质部),采用比较解剖学的方法,对漆树科4种植物的次生韧皮部的结构特征、组成细胞的构成及其排列方式进行比较,并对4种植物的乳汁道结构进行研究。【结果】漆树科4种植物次生韧皮部均是由筛管分子和伴胞、韧皮薄壁组织细胞、射线细胞、乳汁道和韧皮纤维构成,呈切向带状相间排列。黄连木、青麸杨和盐肤木的具功能韧皮部和无功能韧皮部分界明显;青麸杨的射线细胞在无功能韧皮部中倾斜分布,其余3种植物均为整齐纵向排列;青麸杨的乳汁道为分枝型乳汁道,其他3个种的乳汁道均无分枝,仅有少量相邻乳汁道融合现象发生;黄连木和黄栌次生韧皮部内分布有大量的韧皮纤维,青麸杨韧皮部中较少,而盐肤木韧皮部中无韧皮纤维分布。【结论】漆树科4种植物次生韧皮部组成细胞及乳汁道结构存在一定差异,青麸杨乳汁道是目前为止漆树科植物中发现的较为稀有的分枝型乳汁道,研究结果能够为漆树科系统进化研究提供参考依据。     

松球壳孢菌菌落及孢子形态学对比研究

通过79个辽宁松球壳孢菌菌株与4个A型和B型标准菌株、5个美国菌株在菌落和分生孢子形态方面的对比研究，发现辽宁的菌株在形态上基本一致。辽宁菌株与美国的类型A相近，主要表现在孢子表面平滑，通常无隔或有1个隔，在成品PDA培养基上产生绒毛状、白色至灰色菌落。不同之处在于，辽宁菌株在自制PDA培养基上形成贴在培养基表面的菌落——与类型B相似，分生孢子长度介于A型和B型之间或与后者相近。5个美国菌株与类型A一致。同时发现，培养基的来源对菌落形态研究非常重要；光照使菌落气生菌丝有所减少且出现绿色；培养基和寄主种类对孢子大小有影响。     

物种多样性与生产力研究进展

物种多样性作为生物多样性重要组成之一,与生产力密切相关。文中围绕目前物种多样性与森林生产力存在的4种相关关系展开论述。在大量草地生态系统中物种均匀度和丰富度的增加更有利于促进生产力,而在群落结构和组成起决定作用的自然群落中,生产力不受物种多样性的影响,在人工草地群落中物种多样性甚至会降低生产力,随着森林演替过程物种多样性和生产力呈现非线性关系。样地丰富度、林分结构、环境异质性及尺度被认为是造成不同生态系统物种多样性和生产力相关关系差异的主要因素。然而,目前相关研究主要集中于小尺度、均质生境,忽略了尺度、空间异质性以及优势树种对物种多样性和生产力关系的影响,因此亟待加强大尺度、复杂条件自然群落中物种多样性和生产力之间相关关系的研究。     

Leaf and wood carbon isotope ratios, specific leaf areas and wood growth of Eucalyptus species across a rainfall gradient in Australia

Leaves and samples of recent wood of Eucalyptus species were collected along a rainfall gradient parallel to the coast of Western Australia between Perth in the north and Walpole in the south and along a southwest to northeast transect from Walpole in southwestern Australia, to near Mount Olga in central Australia. The collection included 65 species of Eucalyptus sampled at 73 sites and many of the species were collected at several sites along the rainfall gradient. Specific leaf area (SLA) and isotopic ratio of 13C to 12C (delta 13C) of leaves that grew in 2002, and tree ring growth and delta 13C of individual cell layers of the wood were measured. Rainfall data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology for 29 locations that represented one or a few closely located collection sites. Site-averaged data and species-specific values of delta 13C decreased with decreasing annual rainfall between 1200 and 300 mm at a rate of 1.63 per thousand per 1000 mm decrease in rainfall. Responses became variable in the low rainfall region (< 300 mm), with some species showing decreasing delta 13C with rainfall, whereas delta 13C increased or remained constant in other species. The range of delta 13C values in the low rainfall region was as large as the range observed at sites receiving > 300 mm of annual rainfall. Specific leaf area varied between 2 and 6 m2 kg(-1) and tended to increase with decreasing annual rainfall in some species, but not all, whereas delta 13C decreased with SLA. The relationship between delta 13C and SLA was highly species and soil-type specific. Leaf-area-based nitrogen (N) content varied between 2 and almost 6 g m(-2) and decreased with rainfall. Thus, thicker leaves were associated with higher N content and this compensated for the effect of drought on delta 13C. Nitrogen content was also related to soil type and species identity. Based on a linear mixed model, statistical analysis of the whole data set showed that 27% of the variation in delta 13C was associated with changes in SLA, 16% with soil type and only 1% with rainfall. Additionally, 21% was associated with species identity. For a subset of sites with > 300 mm rainfall, 43% of the variation was explained by SLA, 13% by soil type and only 3% by rainfall. The species effect decreased to 9% because there were fewer species in the subset of sites. The small effect of rainfall on delta 13C was further supported by a path analysis that yielded a standardized path coefficient of 0.38 for the effect of rainfall on SLA and -0.50 for the effect of SLA on delta 13C, but an insignificantly low standardized path coefficient of -0.05 for the direct effect of rainfall on delta 13C. Thus, in contrast to our hypothesis that delta 13C decreases with rainfall independent of soil type and species, we detected no statistically significant relationship between rainfall and delta 13C in leaves of trees growing at sites receiving < 300 mm of rainfall annually. Rainfall affected delta 13C indirectly through soil type (a surrogate for water-holding capacity) across the rainfall gradient. Annual tree rings are not clearly visible in evergreen Eucalyptus species, even in the seasonally cool climate of SW Australia. Generally, visible density transitions in the wood are related not to a strict annual cycle but to periods of growth associated mainly with rainfall. The relationship between delta 13C of leaves and the width of these stem increments was not statistically significant. Analysis of stem growth periods showed that delta 13C in wood responded to rainfall events, but carbohydrate storage and reallocation also affected the isotopic signature. Although delta 13C in wood of any one species varied over a range of 2 to 4 per thousand, there was a general relationship between delta 13C of the leaves and the annual range of delta 13C in wood. We conclude that species-specific traits are important in understanding the response of Eucalyptus to rainfall and that the diversity of the genus may reflect its response to the large climatic gradient in Australia and to the large annual and interannual variations in rainfall at any one location.