黄瓜酵素冻干粉的制作工艺研究

以黄瓜为主要原料,利用酵母菌和红曲霉菌双菌组合发酵生产黄瓜酵素,并通过冷冻干燥,将其制成酵素粉。选取酵母菌和红曲霉菌的最佳接种量、发酵温度、初始pH值、发酵时间及酵母菌发酵的碳源补充量和红曲霉菌的最佳接种量为工艺参数,通过单因素试验和正交试验法,以POD酶活性为评价指标,确定黄瓜发酵酵素的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,将黄瓜打浆、预处理后加3%蔗糖,初始pH值调为5.0,灭菌,在34℃条件下接种酵母菌,发酵26 h。在一次发酵的基础上,二次混合发酵最佳工艺为红曲酶接种10%,发酵温度34℃,发酵时间50 h时,POD酶活力较强。     

酵母菌和双歧杆菌发酵对大麦苗SOD及抗氧化活性的影响

为了探究酵母菌、双歧杆菌分段发酵对大麦苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及抗氧化活性的影响,研究了酵母菌、双歧杆菌组合发酵大麦苗的工艺及抗氧化活性的变化,以满足市场对大麦苗的需求,提升其经济效益和应用价值。以大麦苗粉为主要原料,SOD活力为评价指标,通过单因素和正交试验,优化酵母菌发酵的工艺参数;再接种双歧杆菌,进行厌氧发酵,并研究最佳发酵工艺参数,最后对样品的抗氧化活性进行了研究。结果显示:酵母菌添加量对大麦苗的SOD活力影响最显著,其次为发酵时间;酵母菌发酵的最优工艺组合为:D-阿洛酮糖添加量6%,酵母菌接种量0.85%,发酵温度30℃,发酵时间28 h,制成的麦苗酵素SOD活力最高,为76.9 U/mL。双歧杆菌发酵的最优工艺条件为:接种1.5%双歧杆菌,发酵温度37℃,发酵24 h,此条件下样品的双歧杆菌浓度和可滴定酸含量指标最佳。经酵母菌和双歧杆菌发酵后,大麦苗样品的总酚含量、羟基自由基清除率比对照组(未发酵的大麦苗液)提高了81.63%和109.03%,显示了较好的抗氧化活性。上述结果表明:酵母菌、双歧杆菌分段发酵可提高大麦苗的抗氧化活性。     

欧李仁蛋白多肽的制备

以欧李仁蛋白为底物,采用碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶进行分步复合酶解,以水解度为指标,确定其分步复合酶解的条件。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶的最适条件为底物质量分数5%,酶添加量为1.5%(基于底物蛋白质的质量),温度50℃,pH值10;中性蛋白酶添加量为5%,温度40℃,pH值7;酸性蛋白酶添加量5%,温度50℃,pH值5。分别水解30 min,经这3种酶酶解后其多肽质量浓度可达27.566 1 mg/mL。     

酸豆乳冰淇淋的研制

采用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌,对酸豆乳冰淇淋制备的工艺条件进行了研究。其中对灭酶时间、发酵温度、发酵时间、接种量及冰淇淋的复合乳化稳定剂的添加量进行了单因素实验,并对发酵温度、接种量、发酵时间进行了正交实验,确定酸豆乳冰淇淋制备的最佳工艺条件为:灭酶时间15min,发酵时间6h,发酵温度44℃,接种量5%,复合乳化稳定剂添加量0.3%。     

番茄 木瓜复合益生菌饮料发酵工艺优化及其抗氧化性

以番茄、木瓜为原料,研究一款复合益生菌发酵果汁饮料。采用正交试验对番茄、木瓜的发酵工艺进行优化,并对果汁发酵后抗氧化特性的变化、化学和微生物指标进行了测定。结果表明,当番茄汁与木瓜汁的配比为35∶65,蔗糖添加量为6%,双歧杆菌与植物乳杆菌添加量配比为2∶1,接种量为5%,发酵温度为37℃,发酵时间为6 h时,制作出的发酵果汁酸甜适中、组织状态均匀,具有水果特有风味;理化指标、微生物指标均符合行业要求。发酵果汁的总酚、黄酮含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活性显著增加,维C含量降低,羟基自由基与DPPH自由基清除率显著提高。     

不同发酵工艺对资丘木瓜酵素品质的影响

以药食两用的资丘木瓜为主要原料,采用自然发酵、酵母菌-德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种-嗜热链球菌先后顺序接种发酵、酵母菌-长双歧杆菌-嗜热链球菌先后顺序接种发酵3种工艺制备木瓜酵素,并对其发酵过程中的3种清除自由基能力、淀粉酶和有机酸进行研究。结果表明,不同发酵工艺制得的木瓜酵素均有较强的抗氧化性,对自由基的清除率在80%以上,其中自然发酵制备的酵素清除自由基清除能力最强,工艺相对稳定;人工接种-嗜热链球菌后可以提高木瓜酵素清除DPPH·和O2-·的能力,分别提高30%和10%;自然发酵的淀粉酶活力最高,大约是人工接种的2号和3号发酵工艺的3倍,有机酸含量也最高,但人工接种发酵工艺所制得酵素产品活菌数比自然发酵的高,其中3号发酵工艺所得酵素产品的益生菌数量是自然发酵的2倍多,2号和3号发酵工艺中增加了乙酸种类。     

纳豆激酶液体发酵条件的优化

利用单因素及正交试验,对纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis natto)液体发酵生产纳豆激酶(Nattokinase,NK)的培养基组成(碳氮比和离子组成)和培养条件(温度、pH值、发酵时间、接种量和装液量等)对产酶量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,最佳发酵培养基组成及发酵条件分别为:可溶性淀粉2.0%,大豆蛋白胨1.5%,Na2HPO4·12H2O0.4%,KH2PO40.2%,MgSO4·7H2O0.075%,CaCl20.01%,培养温度37℃,pH值7.0,发酵时间24h,转速180r/min,种龄16h,接种量3%,装液量25mL/250mL。在优化发酵条件基础上,进行了5,20L发酵工艺放大的初步研究,在此条件下,摇瓶,5L罐和20L罐发酵酶活最高分别达到915,1086,946IU/mL。     

紫色红曲霉MD10产蛋白酶条件优化及其部分酶学性质

为了挖掘紫色红曲霉MD10的应用潜力,对其产蛋白酶的发酵条件进行优化并研究其酶学性质。选择发酵温度、接种量和乳酸添加量进行正交试验,得到MD10产蛋白酶最佳条件为发酵温度32℃,乳酸添加量1‰,接种量9%,该条件下蛋白酶活力达到338.15 U/g;进一步对其蛋白酶的部分酶学性质进行测定。结果表明,最适温度55℃,最适pH值4.5,Cu~(2+),Mn~(2+)对其酶活有促进作用,而Na~+,K~+,Fe~(2+),Fe~(3+),Mg~(2+),Zn~(2+)对酶活有抑制作用。     

Research on Material Delivery BOM Model Based on Technical Processing

在单因素试验确定的食盐添加量(A)、发酵温度(B)、发酵时间(C)、接种量(D)各较优化工艺参数的基础上进行4因素3水平正交实验,以pH值为指标,并兼顾产品品质,综合分析后确定4因素最佳工艺条件为:A1B2C2D3,即采用食盐添加量为2%,发酵温度为30℃,发酵时间为22 h,清酒乳杆菌3%接种量.     

剁辣椒中抗氧化功能乳酸菌的筛选及应用研究

从自制的剁辣椒中分离纯化乳酸菌,通过菌株的抗氧化功能初筛(H2O2耐受性)和复筛(总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)、超氧阴离子清除能力、DPPH自由基清除能力和羟自由基清除能力),获得一株抗氧化能力较强的发酵乳杆菌BLHN3.将该菌株与嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌用于剁辣椒发酵,通过单因素试验及正交试验确定最佳工艺参数为:发酵温度26℃,食盐添加量7％,接种量2％,发酵10 d,剁辣椒的总酸含量为9.32 g/kg,感官评分82.89分.研究结果可为抗氧化菌株BLHN3的多菌种混合发酵工业化应用提供参考.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.