耕地土壤交换性钙镁比值的研究

对沈阳市郊区1994个耕地表土(0～20cm)样点和4个典型剖面中交换性Ca/Mg的比值进行了对比研究。结果表明:不同土属耕层土壤中Ca、Mg交换量有较大差别,交换性Ca/Mg的比值主要受母质等成土因素的影响;棕壤的各个土属的Ca/Mg在4左右,石灰性草甸土和草甸沼泽土的Ca/Mg则在8以上。棕壤和草甸土典型剖面不同层次中的Ca/Mg比值有着随深度加深而降低的趋势;由于Ca的植物返还率较Mg高,同一土壤类型中Ca/Mg比值的最大值出现在表土层,母质层中的Ca/Mg则相对稳定。对土壤Ca/Mg进行研究可以丰富土壤离子交换性能研究和土壤发生学特性研究的内容。     

黄土高原古土壤成土过程的特异性及发生学意义

中国西北地区 ,从中新世以来就有持续不断的风尘沉积。这种风尘沉积作用即使在气候较为湿热的古土壤发育时期也未中断。黄土上土壤发生的独特性在于成土过程与风尘沉积的同步性。这种独特的成土过程使得土壤剖面深厚而均匀 ,常呈复合性状。古土壤与下伏黄土 ,不再是土壤与母质的关系 ;古土壤的真正母质应是成土过程中不断添加的风尘物质。古土壤中并不存在埋藏A层 ,对古土壤进行A、B、C等发生学层次的划分值得商榷。由于富含碳酸钙风尘物质的不断添入 ,成土作用强度受到不断削弱 ,绝大多数古土壤的成土作用强度未达到棕壤的发育强度。     

北京地区红黏土碱性特征及其成因分析

以北京地区非碳酸盐母质上发育的2个红黏土剖面为研究对象,其微形态结构特征、剖面理化性质结果显示:土壤形成于古时湿热气候条件下,已基本脱钙,母质本身也不含有碳酸盐,但却表现中性至微碱性、土体内残存有微量的Ca CO3、交换性盐基离子以Ca2+为主、盐基高度饱和的碱性特征。这种碱性特征是由于现代黄土降尘所带来的碳酸盐参与到成土过程中造成的。土壤是成土因素综合作用下的产物,随着成土因素与成土过程的不断变化,应从动态发展的角度去认识和理解土壤发生学理论,才能够正确的解释土壤成土过程与土壤特性的形成原因。     

安徽凤阳石英岩发育土壤的磁学性质及环境磁学意义

通过对安徽凤阳石英岩发育土壤典型剖面的磁学参数测量,结果表明,A层和B层中的磁性矿物含量明显高于C层,且A层和B层中磁性矿物的粒度明显比C层细.C层的磁学性质由磁铁矿主导,A层和B层的磁学性质由磁赤铁矿主导.磁赤铁矿是石英岩在成土过程中形成的次生矿物.土壤中磁赤铁矿的出现及含量的变化指示成土作用的强弱.石英岩的磁性对土壤的磁性影响甚小,而成土作用和生物作用对土壤磁性增强起到了主要作用.     

黄土高原褐土和黑垆土剖面中Rb和Sr分布与全新世成土环境变化

对黄土高原 3个土壤剖面Rb和Sr分布规律的研究表明 ,全新世不同阶段的黄土和土壤中Rb和Sr分布存在明显的差异 ,Rb/Sr比值的变化反映了成土环境和成土作用强度的变化。全新世早期 ,气候比较温和干燥 ,风尘堆积速率降低 ,土壤发育表现为边沉积边成土 ;全新世中期 ,气候温暖湿润 ,沙尘暴很少发生 ,风尘堆积速率极低 ,生物风化成土作用达到最强 ,以至于在黄土高原面发育黑垆土 ,在关中盆地形成褐土。到了 3 10 0多年前 ,气候恶化变干 ,风尘堆积速率加快 ,土壤严重退化。从区域上看 ,冬季风对黄土高原南部的环境效应比夏季风对北部的环境效应要强 ;黄土高原南部季风场强的变化较北部大。     

人工降雨模型试验研究降雨入渗对滑坡类型之影响

台湾属海岛型气候,因而年雨量丰沛,降雨时间与空间的不均匀,对台湾大量的山坡地造成威胁。该研究系利用人工降雨系统,配合土壤模型试体探讨强降雨下滑坡破坏型态与坡体饱和度之关系,以对各种边坡稳定、边坡破坏获得更进一步的了解。研究结果得知边坡滑动主要发生在坡体趋近稳定饱和时,而坡面冲蚀则受土壤饱和度影响较小。土壤渗透率与降雨强度之关系亦影响着坡面破坏型态,降雨强度远大于土壤渗透系数时,其破坏型态以浅层滑动为主;降雨强度近似于土壤土壤渗透系数时,则主要为较深层滑动;若降雨强度小于土壤临界入渗率时,则主要为表面冲蚀破坏。     

西藏主要农区农田土壤肥力研究

西藏地质历史比较年轻,因而土壤的形成也较晚。由于喜马拉雅山造山运动和多次的冰期和间冰期的发生,青藏高原不断加速抬升,气候变干变冷。洪积物、坡积物、冰积物、湖积物和冰水沉积物在气候、生物、物理、化学和人类活动的作用下不断演变,在不同的地型部位形成多种类型的土壤,且具有鲜明的高原特色。耕地是土壤资源的精华,它是在自然土壤的基础上,经过长期的人类耕作、灌溉、施肥等措施逐步演化而成的,由于各地气候、成土母质、成土条件、耕作方式、栽培历史等的不同,耕地的类型、质量、肥力状况差异较大[1,2]。西藏全区共有耕地约32万hm2,…     

成土年龄对雷琼地区玄武岩母质土壤剖面中常量元素迁移的影响

以雷琼地区不同发育时序的玄武岩母质土壤为研究对象,研究了成土年龄对风化成壤作用的影响。结果表明,成土年龄大的剖面中易溶元素的淋失率高,体现了迁移累积效应;而年轻的剖面中元素迁移率则随成土年龄的变化更加明显。故成土年龄对常量元素迁移率的影响具有一定的阶段性特征,早期影响显著,当风化成壤作用进行到一定程度后,成土年龄的影响明显减弱。     

基于地理探测器的寻乌县土壤微量元素影响因子分析

为了对江西省赣州市寻乌县土壤硼(B)、硒(Se)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)4种微量元素的空间分布特征进行探究,同时分析影响其分布的因子,基于寻乌县2018年采集的572个表层土壤(0 ~ 20 cm)样点数据,采用描述性统计分析、相关性分析、地统计分析、地理探测器等方法进行分析。结果表明,根据《土地质量地球化学评价规范》划分标准,寻乌县4种微量元素中,土壤全量Se含量处于适中或较高的水平,不存在缺乏和过剩的情况,而土壤全量B、Mn和Cu含量处于较缺乏或缺乏的水平;由半方差函数分析的结果来看,B、Se、Mn、Cu的块金效应依次为11.82%、35.27%、49.75%和17.46%,表明4种微量元素中,B和Cu表现出较强的空间变异程度,而Se和Mn则为中等程度的空间变异。地理探测器的结果表明,重金属元素砷(As)含量、高程、土壤亚类和土属、成土母质对4种微量元素均有显著影响(P<0.05),其中As含量和土属对4种微量元素的解释能力较强,是影响寻乌县4种微量元素的主要因子;土壤重金属元素As含量、土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、植被类型以及土属、成土母质等成土因子均与坡度、坡向等地形因子有着非线性增强的交互作用。本研究结果为调节寻乌县土壤微量元素含量提供了理论支撑。     

重庆市全新统冲积物发育土壤的系统分类研究

为明确重庆市第四系全新统(Qh)冲积物发育土壤在中国土壤系统分类中的归属,本文以该成土母质发育的土壤为研究对象,挖掘9个典型土壤剖面,通过野外观测、分层取样及理化性质分析等,依据现行中国土壤系统分类检索,对其进行分类和命名,并与发生分类进行参比。结果表明:9个供试土壤剖面分别归属于雏形土和新成土2个土纲,5个亚类,其中5个为石灰淡色潮湿雏形土,1个为铁质简育常湿雏形土,1个为斑纹简育湿润雏形土,1个为潜育潮湿冲积新成土,1个为石灰潮湿冲积新成土;隶属于发生学分类潮土土类的6个供试剖面分别归为系统分类中淡色潮湿雏形土、简育常湿雏形土和简育湿润雏形土3个土类,而隶属于发生学分类新积土土类的3个供试剖面则分别归为系统分类中淡色潮湿雏形土和潮湿冲积新成土2个土类。结合成土环境分析可知,地形、气候和母质是影响重庆市第四系全新统冲积物发育土壤系统分类的重要因素。     

福建省变性土的性质、形成和肥力

The zonal soils in the south subtropical zone of Fujian are lateritic red soils.A type of dark clayey soils.which was historically defined as lateritic red soils,derived from weathering products of the basalts was indicated by the investigation results to be markedly different from lateritic red soils and could be classified as Typical Hapluderts.They are distributed as complex zones with the lateritic red soils.The vertisols in this region were considered as a type of lithogenic soils and the vertic characteristics delay and inhibit the soils from allitic processes and then formed an independent soil type.The vertisols have higher fertility and better agricultural production characters than the lateritic red soils.The different ways in utilizing and managing these soils according to their properties and fertility are also suggested.     

中国福建省土壤的主要粘土矿物

The clay minerals of more than 200 soil samples collected from various sites of Fujian Province were studied by the X-ray diffraction method and transmission electron microscopy to study their distribution and evolution.Montmorillonite was found in coastal solonchak,paddy soils derived from marine deposit,lacustrine deposit and river deposit,and some lateritic red soil,red soil and yellow soil with a low weathering degree.Chlorite existed mainly in coastal solonchak and paddy soil developed from marine deposit.1.4nm intergradient mineral appeared frequently in yellow soil,red soil and lateritic red soil.The content of 1.4nm intergradient mineral increased with the decrease of weathering degree from lateritic red soil to red soil to yellow soil.Hydrous micas were more in coastal solonchak,paddy soils derived from marine deposit,lacustrine deposit and river deposit.and puple soil from purple shale than in other soils.Kaolinte was the most important clay mineral in the soils iun this province.The higher the soil weathering degree,the more the kaolinite existed.From yellow soil to red soil to lateritic red soil,kaolinite increased gradually,Kaolinite was the predominant clay mineral accompanied by few other minerals in typical lateritic red soil. Tubular halloysite was a widespread clay mineral in soils of Fujian Province with varying quantities.The soil derived from the paent rocks rich in feldspar contained more tubular halloysite.Spheroidal halloysite was found in a red soil and a paddy soil developed from olivine basalt gibbsite in the soils in this district was largely“primary gibbsite” which formed in the early weathering stage.Gibbsite decreased with the increase of weathering degree from yellow soil to red soil to lateritic red soil.Goethite also decreased in the same sequence while hematite increased.     

Red soil chemistry and mineralogy reflect uniform weathering environments in fluvial sediments, Taiwan

Purpose

Information on the physicochemical properties, mineral species and micromorphology of lateritic soils and gravel soil layers in paleo-environmental soil profile is severely lacking. Red soil profile of the Taoyuan terrace was employed to demonstrate its different extents of lateritic weathering. The objectives of this study were to compare the physicochemical properties of lateritic soils and gravel soil layers and identify using conventional and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses mineral species in nanoparticles separated by automated ultrafiltration device (AUD) apparatus.

Materials and methods

Soil samples were collected from paleo-environmental lateritic soils. Soil samples were examined using elemental analysis, conventional and synchrotron XRD analyses, high gradient magnetic separation, separation and collection of nanoparticles by AUD apparatus, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results and discussion

The soil pH, redness index, quantities of free Al- and Fe-oxides (Al_d and Fe_d), and clay content of lateritic soils are higher than those of gravel soil layers. Illite, kaolinite, gibbsite, quartz, goethite, and hematite were identified in clay fractions and nanoparticles by conventional and synchrotron XRD analyses. TEM images show presence of hematite nanoparticles on the surface coating of kaolinite nanoparticles and aggregated hematite nanoparticles overlapping the edge of a kaolinite flake in a size range of 4?C7?nm. Synchrotron XRD techniques are more straightforward and powerful than conventional XRD with random powder methods for identifying nanoparticles in red soils, particularly for illite, kaolinite, goethite, and hematite nanoparticles. According to chemical compositions of clay fractions and red soil features in the Taoyuan terrace, these red soils can be taken as lateritic red earths or red earths.

Conclusions

This work suggests that physicochemical properties, mineral species, and micromorphology of red soil at all depths can shed light on the extent of paleo-environmental lateritic weathering.     

地下金属管道在我国几类主要土壤中的腐蚀状况及其与土壤性质的关系

地下金属管道在滨海盐土、盐化潮土及黄潮土等弱度淋溶型土壤中腐蚀严重,10年内即可出现多处穿孔,最大孔蚀速率可达1.5毫米/年。穿孔多少主要与土壤的电阻率、含盐量和含氯量有关,其中氯离子含量的影响最大。在砂姜土、棕壤、黄垆土、褐土、栗钙土等中度淋溶型土壤中腐蚀较轻,一般10年内不会出现穿孔。强度淋溶的鳝血水稻土、红壤性、赤红壤性水稻土及赤红壤腐蚀最轻,最大孔蚀速率<0.01毫米/年。处于嫌气状态的南方沼泽性水稻土地区,由于出现微生物腐蚀,最大孔蚀速率可达0.5毫米/年。     

中南地区几种土壤的表面电荷特性 Ⅲ.土壤的电荷量,电荷零点(PZC)和净电荷零点(PZNC)

研究了中南地区３种土壤的电荷量,电荷零点和净电荷零点等表面电荷性质及其与土壤矿物组成的关系,结果表明：（１）从赤红壤,红壤到黄棕壤,永久负电荷量趋于增大,主要与土壤的粘土矿物组成和粘粒含量有关,可变负电荷量变异有明显,     

Effect of low-molecular-weight organic acids on Cl- adsorption by variable charge soils

Low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic acids exist widely in soils and have been implicated in many soil processes.The objective of the present paper was to evaluate effect of two LMW organic acids, citric acid and oxalic acid, on Cl^- adsorption by three variable charge soils, a latosol, a lateritic red soil and a red soil, using a batch method. The results showed that the presence of citric acid and oxalic acid led to a decrease in Cl- adsorption with larger decreases for citric acid. Among the different soils Cl- adsorption in the lateritic red soil and the red soil was more affected by both the LMW organic acids than that in the latosol.     

THE GENESIS OF SOME BASALTIC SOILS IN NEW SOUTH WALES

Field and laboratory investigations of 182 soil samples and their underlying basalts in the Inverell area indicated that not all of the red soils in the area are relicts of Tertiary laterization as was previously thought. The soils on basalt were divided morphologically and mineralogically into shallow (black, brown/ chocolate, and red) and deep (krasnozems and lateritic soils) profiles. The mineralogy of the sand fractions of the shallow soils, which were similar in all respects except colour and location, suggests that they are young soils as the heavy minerals in the sand fractions are dominantly pyroxene, olivine, and the black opaque minerals which weather quite rapidly. The shallow black and brown/chocolate soils occupy whole slopes under grassland vegetation or grassland with trees, while the shallow red soils are restricted to steeper well-drained slopes and crests where trees tended to dominate grass. In similar areas throughout the New England region red soils are found on basalt in areas receiving 75 cm or less average annual rainfall, although previous workers have assumed that red soils develop from basalt at present only in areas receiving more than 140 cm average annual rainfall. The deeper soils, which were characterized by a lower pH, occupied upper or upper and middle slopes. The dominance of the resistant altered opaque minerals in these soils suggests that they are relict soils. The krasnozems showed little horizon differentiation apart from a slight darkening of the upper 8–10 cm. The lateritic soils had marked horizons, with laterite overlying mottled and pallid zones, the whole sequence being deeper than the krasnozems. The lateritic soils contained a high percentage of heavy minerals in the sand fractions in contrast to all the shallow profiles. Only one period of laterization is indicated in the area, although the laterite levels were not always accordant.     

离子强度和三氧化物对土壤吸附Bt毒素的影响

Chemical reactions and fate of the toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) in the soil environment are causing increasing concerns due to the large-scale cultivation of transgenic Bt plants.In this study,the effect of ionic strength(0-1 000 mmol kg 1) adjusted by NaCl or CaCl 2 on adsorption of Bt toxin by a lateritic red soil,a paddy soil and these soils after chemical removal of organic-bound or free Fe and Al oxides,as well as by pure minerals(goethite,hematite and gibbsite) which are widespread in these soils,were studied.The results indicated that when the supporting electrolyte was NaCl,the adsorption of Bt toxin by the lateritic red soil and paddy soil increased rapidly until the ionic strength reached 250 mmol kg 1 and then gradually slowed down with the increase of ionic strength;while in case the supporting electrolyte was CaCl 2,the adsorption of Bt toxin enhanced significantly at low ionic strength(< 10 mmol kg 1) and then decreased as the ionic strength increased.The adsorption of Bt toxin by the tested minerals and soils after the removal of organic-bound or free Fe and Al oxides also increased with increasing ionic strength controlled by NaCl.Removing organic-bound Fe and Al oxides obviously increased the adsorption of Bt toxin in the tested soils.Differently,removing free Fe and Al oxides increased the Bt adsorption by the paddy soil,but decreased the adsorption by the lateritic red soil.The study indicated that the varieties of ionic strength and the presence of Fe and Al oxides affected the adsorption of Bt toxin by the soils,which would contribute to the further understanding of the fate of Bt toxin in the soil environment and provide references for the ecological risk assessment of transgenic Bt plants.     

南方水稻土中的磷酸铁对水稻磷素营养的意义

研究了我国南方18个不同类型水稻土标本的无机磷的形态。结果表明,非闭蓄态的磷酸盐,包括磷酸铝、磷酸铁和磷酸钙三种形态,一般占土壤无机磷总量的30—60%,其中磷酸铁一极占非闭蓄态总量的50—80%。土壤无机磷中另外的40-70%主要是被氧化铁胶膜包蔽的磷酸铁和磷酸铝。应用同位素P³²示踪法进行的水稻盆栽试验表明:在水稻不同生育期,土壤有效磷量“A”值与水稻土中非闭蓄态的磷酸铁化合物具有极显著的相关性(成熟期的r=0.95)。用P³²人工合成的两种不同晶形的磷酸铁进行了水稻盆栽试验;进一步指出:在水稻土的条件下,晶形的粉红磷铁矿对水稻具有良好的磷素供应能力。这些结果说明,水稻土中非闭蓄态的磷酸铁化合物,即使是以比较稳定的结晶状态存在,但却有可能作为水稻磷素营养的重要给源。室内试验表明,粉红磷铁矿所以对水稻磷素营养具有良好供应能力,以及酸性和中性水稻土中的非闭蓄态磷酸铁化合物,所以能作为水稻磷素营养的重要给源,主要是受渍水还原过程的影响,这一过程,使原来晶形的磷酸铁化合物转化为无定形的状态。     

Changes in nutrient content,enzymatic activities and microbial properties of lateritic soil due to application of different vermicomposts: a comparative study of ergosterol and chitin to determine fungal biomass in soil

In this experiment, vermicomposts, prepared from five different waste materials, were applied to acid lateritic soil under field conditions and soil samples were collected after 90 days to study the effect of vermicomposts on different chemical and biochemical. Results suggest that vermicompost prepared from paddy straw is most effective to improve nutrient content, enzymatic activities and microbial properties of lateritic soil. Vermicompost application significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the concentration of organic C, mineralizable N, available P and exchangeable K in soil. Amylase, protease, urease and acid phosphatase activities were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in vermicompost treated soils compared with the control. Both basal and substrate‐induced microbial respiration, microbial biomass C and N and fungal population in lateritic soil were increased due to vermicompost application. Ergosterol and chitin content were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in vermicompost treated soils over the control. Application of vermicompost increased the proportion of fungal biomass in total soil microorganisms.