黄鼬的人工养殖新技术

黄鼬．俗称黄鼠狼．是一种经济价值很高的野生小型珍贵毛皮动物。它全身毛色呈棕黄或黄，毛致密，其毛被轻柔温暖，色泽美丽。黄鼬尾上针毛可制作狼毫笔和高级画笔。目前，野生资源已经无法满足市场需要，国内尚处于野生驯养和引种试养阶段，发展前景十分乐观。     

黄鼬的人工养殖技术

<正>黄鼬,又名黄鼠狼.黄鼬的皮张商品名为黄狼皮,是制裘的高级皮原料,其针毛挺拔灵活,绒毛细密,色泽鲜艳,保暖性强,经鞣制后可制成水貂皮的模拟品,因此,其制品深受国内外消费者欢迎.黄狼皮也是我国传统出口商品,产量和质量均居世界第一.黄鼬具有生长繁殖快,疾病少,饲养设备简单且成本低的特点,人工进行养殖是一条很好的致富门路.一、黄鼬的特性黄鼬隶属食肉目,鼬科动物,它是一种小型毛皮兽,体长30～40cm(母鼬比公鼬小     

黄鼬的人工养殖技术

黄鼬是珍贵的毛皮动物，俗称黄鼠狼，属食肉目，鼬科。黄鼬的皮毛是制裘的高级原料，其价值较高。目前，我国黄鼬皮出口量占有重要地位，但大多数是野生捕捉获得，人工饲养量很小。为了扩大黄鼬养殖量，提高黄鼬繁殖和成活率，控制疾病，驯化黄鼬种群，促进黄鼬养殖业发展，本文对黄鼬的人工饲养进行了初步探讨。１黄鼬的外形黄鼬外形同水貂相似，全身被毛，体型细长略比水貂小。头部短而小，鼻部和两眼周围被毛呈暗褐色，上下唇多数为白色；颈部较粗；胸腹部狭长，被毛色调一致，均为棕黄色，有些黄鼬腹部被毛稍浅于背部；四肢较短，足具五…     

在不同生态条件下貉经济性状的差异

貉为珍贵毛皮动物，其经济价值在于皮张张面大小和毛放质量好坏。未研究对东北所产乌苏里烙和中原所产大利山貉的体尺、针毛的长度、绒毛密度、绒毛细度作了测定，弄清不同地区所产格经济性状的差异性，从而反映出不同生态环境对貉经济性状的影响，为全国人工养貉提供理论依据。     

选购獭兔有诀窍

<正>饲喂獭兔的主要目的是为了产皮。因此,其被毛的品质和皮张的面积(体重)是獭兔引种的要点,而被毛品质包括以下几个方面。一、毛色獭兔毛色有几十种之多,如白色、蓝色、黑色、海狸色等。选购种兔的毛色必须符合品质特征,毛色必须纯正,凡杂色兔一律不     

黄鼠狼的人工养殖技术

黄鼠狼,学名黄鼬,是一种经济价值很高的野生小型珍贵毛皮动物。它全身毛色棕黄或橙黄,毛致密,用黄鼠狼皮制成的翻毛大衣、披肩、围巾、呢大衣镶边等轻柔温暖,色泽美丽,高级华贵。我国黄鼠狼皮出口已有百年历史,在国际市场深受欢迎,名列第一,享有盛誉。而黄鼠狼尾巴上的富有弹性且较长的针毛,可制作     

色差计在注射用青霉素溶液颜色判定中的应用

用色差计对注射用青霉素溶液的颜色和标准比色液进行了测定,得到了准确的溶液颜色的色差值ΔE*,所测注射用青霉素溶液的色差值均低于标准2号比色液的色差值,青霉素溶液的颜色在2小时内的色差值ΔE*一致。结果表明色差计法数据准确直观,可作为判定注射用青霉素颜色的依据。     

高效安全养貉把五关

(一)选优良种貂 所选养的种貂要皮毛光亮、背腹毛色一致、针毛较短、毛峰及绒毛齐平、毛密度大,分布匀、柔软、弹性好、针毛略长于绒毛,紫貂无白针毛、白斑.这样的貂皮毛质量好.     

6品系彩色獭兔Mc1r和agouti基因mRNA表达量与毛色相关性

以海狸色、青紫蓝色、紫貂色、蓝色、黄色、白色和黑色獭兔为研究对象,采用实时定量PCR方法对agouti和Mc1r基因在不同毛色獭兔的皮肤、肝脏、垂体和脾脏组织的表达水平进行测定。结果表明,彩色獭兔agouti和Mc1r基因在各组织均有表达,其表达量与各组织及色素的生成相关,皮肤表达量最高,肝脏和垂体高于常规组织脾脏。Agouti和Mc1r基因表达量具有毛色差异性,且两者表达量呈负相关。Agouti基因在海狸色、青紫蓝色和黄色獭兔表达量高,在黑色、蓝色和紫貂色獭兔表达量低;Mc1r基因在黑色表达量最高,黄色獭兔表达量最低。Agouti和Mc1r基因表达量能够显著改变被毛颜色,为被毛颜色形成的关键因子。     

Agouti基因及其与动物毛色关系的研究进展

动物特别是毛皮动物,毛纤维颜色丰富多彩,其主要由遗传基因调控,在众多的调控基因中,Agouti基因是一个重要的功能基因。论文重点综述了Agouti基因结构及其在人、小鼠、家养普通动物和毛皮动物毛色方面的研究现状,旨在为动物毛色选育提供参考依据。     

埋植褪黑激素的水貂冬季直针毛生长过程及鳞片形态性状研究

为研究埋植褪黑激素的水貂(Mustela vison)冬季直针毛生长过程及形态学性状的特点,测量埋植褪黑激素后31 d、62 d和75 d的水貂鲜皮腹部、背部和臀部新生冬季直针毛的毛长度、毛最粗处细度、毛根无髓段长度及毛根扁平型鳞片总长度等形态学指标。统计分析结果表明:埋植褪黑激素31 d后,水貂3个部位均出现了新生冬季直针毛;且臀部的新生冬季直针毛的毛长度最大,单位面积上新生冬季直针毛数量最多。埋植褪黑激素后31 d至62 d冬季直针毛的平均生长速度为:腹部(0. 33±0. 07) mm/d、背部(0. 44±0. 07) mm/d、臀部(0. 45±0. 08) mm/d,埋植褪黑激素后62 d至75 d冬季直针毛的平均生长速度为:腹部(0. 25±0. 06) mm/d、背部(0. 29±0. 10) mm/d、臀部(0. 36±0. 03) mm/d,均表现为臀部>背部>腹部的情形。埋植褪黑激素后31 d至62 d的冬季直针毛平均生长速度较快;埋植褪黑激素后62 d至75 d的冬季直针毛平均生长速度降低。冬季直针毛的长度与毛根无髓段长度、毛根扁平型鳞片总长度相关性不显著(P>0. 05);毛最粗处细度与毛根无髓段长度、毛根扁平型鳞片总长度相关性不显著(P>0. 05);毛根无髓段长度与毛根扁平型鳞片总长度呈极显著正相关(P <0. 01)。判断水貂取皮时间时,可以选择冬季直针毛的毛根无髓段长度作为指标。     

Seasonal Moulting in Adult Male Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)

Abstract

Seasonal moulting was studied by quantitative histology and external observations in adult male raccoon dogs. Moulting of the underfur hairs is characterized by a heavy loss of old winter hair in spring and an intensive growth of new winter hair in autumn. Only few mature and growing underfur hairs were found in the hair cover in summer. The new intermediate and large guard hairs started to develop in April and May. All the new guard hairs had developed by the end of June. About 7 and 3.5 months were needed for the growth of new winter guard and underfur hairs respectively. At the end of November the winter fur was mature. The bundles with an intermediate guard hair contained more underfur hairs than the bundles with a large guard hair in the mature winter fur. The thickness of dermis and the grade of skin colour peaked in the autumn moult, indicating a close relation to the activity of hair follicles.     

皮肤组织脱碘酶活性与山羊绒毛生长关系的研究

试验选用8只平均(15±2)月龄、平均体重(32.08±3.12)kg半同胞内蒙古白绒山羊羯羊,研究自然条件下绒山羊生绒期皮肤脱碘酶(MD)活性与绒毛生长的关系,从酶活性途径探讨绒山羊绒毛生长机理。结果表明:绒毛开始萌发到绒毛生长旺盛期,羊绒生长速度与粗毛生长速度呈高度负相关(r=-0.92,P<0.05);羊绒生长速度与皮肤二型脱碘酶(MDⅡ)活性呈正相关(r=0.95,P<0.05);羊绒生长速度与皮肤三型脱碘酶(MDШ)活性(r=-0.90,P<0.05)及MDШ/MDⅡ比值(r=-0.91,P<0.05)呈负相关;粗毛生长速度与MDⅡ活性存在高度负相关(r=-0.98,P<0.01),与MDШ活性(r=0.90,P<0.05)及MDШ/MDⅡ比值(r=0.97,P<0.01)呈现正相关。因此,皮肤组织中MD活性与绒山羊绒毛生长的生理过程具有相关关系。     

Coat and hair color: hair cortisol and serotonin levels in lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions

The deleterious effects of heat stress on animal health are being increasingly recognized. This study aimed to determine hair cortisol (HC) and serotonin levels in lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions with different coat and hair‐cut color. Forty‐five multiparous lactating Holstein cows (days in milk = 130 ± 47, body weight = 753 ± 85 kg) were divided to two main groups of over 80% black coat color (BC) and over 85% white coat color (WC) visually observed based on registry certificates and subdividing to black hair sample (BH) and white hair samples (WH) in 2 × 2 factorial arrangements. Hair samples were taken from the forehead of the individuals. Higher HC levels were observed in BC than WC cows (P < 0.05). No differences were found in HC levels between BH and WH groups (P > 0.05). Serotonin levels showed no difference between BC and WC (P > 0.05). Interaction between coat color and hair color was not significant (P > 0.05). The cortisol levels in hair are not affected by pigmentation. However, pigmentation within the coat alters cortisol levels. In conclusion, white coat color retains less cortisol than the black coat. Therefore, white coats are preferable for dairy cows under heat stress conditions.     

Hair coat characteristics and postweaning growth of Hereford and Angus cattle

Mid-rib hair coat samples (n = 577) were obtained from 9- to 10-mo-old Hereford and Angus bulls and heifers to examine diet and breed differences in hair coat characteristics and their relationship to 168-d postweaning gain. Each sample was cleaned and subdivided into guard hairs and undercoat. Dependent variables included the number, weight, length, diameter and percentage of medullation of guard hairs and undercoat. Sources of variation included breed, sire nested within breed, year (1965 or 1966), sex of calf, diet fed during the postweaning gain test (2 parts rolled grain:1 part chopped hay vs all chopped hay) and the linear regression on age of calf as a covariate. Factor analysis was used to transform the 10 hair coat variables into a set of four factors that accounted for 71% of the total variance of the original variables. Angus cattle tended to have shorter, less medullated coats (Factor 1), shorter, larger diameter undercoat hairs and guard hairs with less medullation than Herefords. Sire within breed differences existed for weight, length, and diameter of both types of hairs and all four factors. Compared with the medium-energy-diet, the high-energy diet reduced hair weight per unit of surface area, undercoat number and guard hair medullation. Undercoat density (Factor 3) was reduced by the higher-energy diet (P less than .001), whereas guard hair density (Factor 2) was not changed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone challenge and age on hair cortisol concentrations in dairy cattle

Dairy cattle suffer stress from management and production; contemporary farming tries to improve animal welfare and reduce stress. Therefore, the assessment of long-term hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function using non-invasive techniques is useful. The aims in this study were: to measure cortisol concentration in cow and calves hair by radioimmunoassay (RIA), to test cortisol accumulation in bovine hair after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenges, and determine the influence of hair color on cortisol concentrations. Fifteen Holstein heifers were allotted to 3 groups (n = 5 each): in control group (C), just the hair was sampled; in the saline solution group (SS), IV saline solution was administered on days 0, 7, and 14; and the ACTH group was challenged 3 times with ACTH (0.15 UI per kg of body weight) on days 0, 7, and 14. Serum samples from the SS and ACTH groups were obtained 0, 60 and 90 min post-injection. Serum cortisol concentration was greater 60 and 90 min after injection with ACTH. Hair was clipped on days 0, 14, 28, and 44. Hair cortisol was methanol extracted and measured by RIA. Hair cortisol was preserved for 11 mo. Hair cortisol concentrations in the ACTH group were greater than in the saline and control groups on days 14 and 28, but not on day 44. Concentrations were greater in calves than in cows and greater in white hair than in black hair. Cortisol accumulated in bovine hair after ACTH challenges, but the concentration was affected by both age and hair color. If hair color effects are taken into account, assessing cortisol concentration in hair is a potentially useful non-invasive method for assessing stress in cattle.     

银蓝水貂重要经济性状的遗传参数估计

本研究以银蓝水貂为材料,对6个世代的1686只水貂的生长记录进行统计分析,分析性别及年份对水貂体重、体长、针毛长、绒毛长和针、绒毛长比率的表型趋势影响。利用多性动物模型约束最大似然法（REML）估计以上水貂生产性状的遗传力和遗传相关。在模型中考虑了年份和性别固定效应,随机效应为个体的加性效应。结果表明,各性状遗传力均较高,其中体重为0.41,体长为0.53,针毛长为0.53,绒毛长为0.52,针、绒毛长比率为0.52。除针、绒毛长比率与其他性状间呈表型负相关（-0.218、-0.178、-0.074、-0.425）外,各性状间均为表型正相关（分别为0.289、0.882、0.869、0.806、0.788、0.930）。体长与绒毛长、针、绒毛长比率呈现遗传负相关（-0.941、-0.983）,其他均为较强的遗传正相关,分别为0.983、0.731、0.972、0.981、0.622、0.992、0.641、0.987。     

A new type of lesion associated with severe fur damage in Canadian ranch foxes and an investigation of possible causes.

In the silver fox, as in its wild ancestor, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.), the annual growing phase (anagen) of guard hair follicles occupies at least four months. Severe damage to the hair coat near the end of this growing period was reported in 1985 on many ranches in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. A histological analysis of serial sections of skin biopsies showed a marked increase in nuclear aberrations in the hair matrix of anagen guard hair follicles. These nuclear aberrations indicated that cells were undergoing apoptosis, a controlled form of cell death. Tissues from affected and unaffected foxes for histological and toxicological analysis, as well as other data, were obtained during visits to 26 ranches in 1986 and 34 ranches in 1987. Histological sections of the 1987 skin samples showed the mean percentage of nuclear aberrations in 43 unaffected foxes to be 0.08 +/- 0.01 (SEM), while that for 49 affected foxes was 0.51 +/- 0.23. The four foxes with the most severe coat damage also had the highest incidences of guard hair matrix cells with nuclear aberrations, ranging from 20 to 100 times greater than the mean for unaffected foxes. The mitotic index of the hair matrix, which normally remains fairly constant during the hair growth phase, was similar for unaffected and affected foxes (1.83 +/- 0.06 and 1.97 +/- 0.07 respectively). Although our analyses of field data have not established a specific environmental factor associated with increased nuclear aberrations, the possible involvement of toxic agents in follicle damage may warrant further investigation.     

野猪与黑猪杂交的毛色遗传研究

对含有不同血统的野猪与黑猪进行杂交,通过对不同杂交组合的2 4窝仔猪进行观察,以确定野猪与黑猪杂交的毛色遗传规律。结果表明,野猪毛色(仔猪条纹状)与黑毛之间不存在显隐性关系,其杂交后毛色呈中间型遗传规律,杂交组合中父本野猪血统所占的比例越大,其后代出现条纹状仔猪也就越多     

Effects of different dietary protein levels and DL‐methionine supplementation on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Neovision vision)

The effect of different dietary protein levels and DL‐methionine (Met) supplementation on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Four groups of male mink were fed with four isocaloric diets containing 32% (P32), 24% (P24), 16% (P16) or P24+Met (0.8%) crude protein of dry matter (DM) from September to December. Skin biopsies were taken at the pelting. Histological techniques and computer‐assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of under hairs and guard hairs respectively. The results showed that when the dietary protein level reduced from 32% to 16%, body length, number and diameter of under hairs and guard hairs of minks declined, and pelt length and pelt weight of minks decreased significantly (p < 0.05). These parameters were similar between P32 and P24 with Met supplementation (p > 0.05). The hair follicle density of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary protein levels and Met supplementation (p > 0.05). Low‐protein diets content led to a reduction of hair follicle developing to next phase. It was documented that 24% crude protein of DM with Met supplementation during growing‐furring period was sufficient for minks to express their genetic capacity to develop hair follicles and achieve the prime fur characteristics. Overall this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein and Met supply in the growing‐furring period of minks.