我国狍子源鞭虫的分子鉴定与进化分析

为鉴定我国黑龙江省分离的狍子源鞭虫的种类及确定其在鞭虫中的分类地位,本研究首先对鞭虫进行形态学特征观察,并利用PCR方法扩增该鞭虫r DNA ITS序列,经测序分析结果表明,r DNA ITS序列全长为1 371 bp,其中ITS1、5.8S及ITS2大小分别为800 bp、163 bp及408 bp,与之前报道的狍子源鞭虫同源性达99.8%。将其与NCBI数据库中相应鞭虫ITS序列进行比对分析,并将r DNA ITS序列作为基因标记构建鞭虫属系统发生树,结果显示本研究所分离的狍子源鞭虫与其他不同宿主的无色鞭虫均处于同一个分支,因此可鉴定本研究分离的我国狍子源鞭虫为无色鞭虫。本研究为国内首次对狍子源鞭虫进行分子鉴定及系统进化分析,为草食动物的鞭虫病分子鉴别诊断和鞭虫系统进化分析研究提供依据。     

我国犬钩虫ITS及5．8SrDNA的克隆与序列分析

以从我国广东湛江犬小肠中采集的2条犬钩虫作为研究对象，用保守引物NC5及NC2扩增犬钩虫rDNA的ITS-1、5．8S及ITS-2片段，将PCR扩增出的片段纯化后克隆至pGEM-TEasy载体，重组质粒通过菌落PCR和酶切鉴定后，对阳性菌落进行序列测定并进行序列分析。结果显示，来自湛江的2条犬钩虫ITS及5．8SrDNA序列总长均为738bp，其中ITS-1序列长为364bp，5．8S序列长为153bp，ITS-2序列长为221bp；2个不同样品之间ITS序列存在多态性，ITS-1序列存在5个碱基的差异，ITS-2序列存在1个碱基的差异，5．8SrDNA序列无差异。研究结果为犬钩虫进一步的分类、鉴定和遗传变异研究奠定了基础。     

斯氏副柔线虫rDNA-ITS片段的克隆及序列分析

运用PCR方法以保守引物NC5、NC13、NC13r和NC2扩增从内蒙古地区骆驼皱胃分离的3条斯氏副柔线虫（Parabronema skrjabini）rDNA的内转录间隔区1（ITS1）、5.8S序列和内转录间隔区2（ITS2）。将PCR扩增出的片段纯化后克隆至pGM-T载体,用PCR技术及酶切鉴定阳性菌落,对阳性菌落质粒DNA进行测序。结果表明线虫1（P.sk1）扩增的ITS片段大小为837 bp,包含部分的18S、28S及全部的ITS1（298 bp）、5.8S（157 bp）及ITS2（281 bp）序列;线虫2（P.sk2）扩增的ITS1片段大小为372 bp,包含部分的18S、5.8S及全部的ITS1（296 bp）;线虫3（P.sk3）扩增的ITS2片段大小为484 bp,包含部分的5.8S、28S及全部的ITS2（284 bp）序列。同其它属线虫同源性比较ITS2序列同源性在30.2%-60.1%。本研究系首次报道骆驼斯氏副柔线虫的ITS序列,为斯氏副柔线虫分子生物学的进一步研究奠定基础。     

山羊美丽筒线虫ITS序列的PCR扩增及分析

以神木山羊体内分离出的美丽筒线虫为研究对象,用保守引物进行PCR扩增其核糖体DNA(rDNA)的内转录间隔区(ITS)和5.8S序列,并进行克隆、转化、测序和序列分析,对样品进行分子鉴定.结果获得一个美丽筒线虫样品的ITS及5.8 S rDNA序列,总长均为1 035 bp.将序列与GenBankTM公布的相关序列进行比较分析,结果显示美丽筒线虫分离株ITS1与参考株的相似性为98.1％～99.7％,ITS2、5.8S序列与参考株相似性均达到100％.本研究是第一次从山羊体内获得美丽筒线虫ITS序列,为其分子学的进一步研究提供了基础资料.     

进境太平洋鳕鱼寄生的异尖科线虫rDNA-ITS 序列的PCR扩增及分析

以日本进境的冻太平洋鳕鱼体内分离出的异尖科线虫为研究对象,采用寄生虫通用引物NC5和NC2扩增其核糖体DNA(rDNA)的内转录间隔区(ITS)序列,进行克隆、转化、测序和序列分析,并对样品进行分子鉴定。结果表明,扩增的异尖科线虫样品的ITS序列片段大小为906 bp,包含部分的18S、28S及全部的ITS1(353 bp)、5.8S(157 bp)和ITS2(299 bp)序列,ITS1和ITS2序列与GenBank登录的伪新地蛔线虫(Pseudoterranova decipiens)同源性均为在99.7%以上,与其他线虫的相似性较低。由ITS1和ITS2序列构建的系统进化树可知,从鳕鱼中分离到的线虫ITS1和ITS2均与伪新地蛔线虫处于同一分支。本研究结果为异尖科线虫种属的确定及进一步的分子生物学研究奠定基础。     

斑鼻羚毛首线虫ITS序列的PCR扩增及分析

以茂名野生动物园斑鼻羚体内分离出的毛首线虫为研究对象,用保守引物PCR扩增其核糖体DNA(rDNA)的内转录间隔区(ITS)和5.8 S序列,并进行克隆、转化、测序和序列分析,对样品进行分子鉴定.结果获得2个毛首线虫样品的ITS及5.8 S rDNA序列,总长为1 316 bp,样品间序列相似性为99.2%.将序列与G...     

黄艾美耳球虫单卵囊分离及PCR鉴定

为了获得纯种黄艾美耳球虫,从张家口某兔场的兔粪中分离黄艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,单卵囊接种无球虫兔,以饱和盐水漂浮法收集子代卵囊,利用CTAB法提取黄艾美耳球虫卵囊基因组DNA,并根据Gen Bank中发表的艾美耳属球虫保守序列设计引物,PCR扩增ITS并测序,设计特异性引物鉴定黄艾美耳球虫。结果表明:黄艾美耳球虫ITS1序列长330 bp,5.8S r DNA序列长157 bp,ITS2序列长522 bp。在黄艾美耳球虫ITS1/2序列高变区设计种特异性引物,与大型艾美耳球虫和肠艾美耳球虫无交叉反应。说明建立的鉴定黄艾美耳球虫的PCR方法灵敏、特异。     

黄鳝胃瘤线虫ITS及5.8S rDNA的克隆及序列分析

本研究旨在阐明黄鳝胃瘤线虫湖南分离株的核糖体DNA(rDNA)内转录间隔区(ITS)及5.8 S rDNA序列的遗传变异情况,并用ITS序列重构胃瘤线虫与其它线虫的种群遗传关系.利用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增胃瘤线虫rDNA的ITS-1、5.8S及ITS-2片段,将PCR扩增出的片段纯化后克隆至pGEM-T Easy载体,重组质粒通过菌落PCR鉴定后,对阳性菌落进行序列测定并进行序列分析.结果显示所获得的胃瘤线虫ITS及5.8 S rDNA序列总长存在一定差异(922～927 bp),其中包含部分的18S、28 S及全部的ITS-1 (350～351 bp)、5.8S(102 bp)及ITS-2 (340～344 bp)序列.本研究系国内首次报道胃瘤线虫的ITS序列,其结果为黄鳝胃瘤线虫的分类鉴定以及进一步的分子流行病学调查和群体遗传研究奠定了基础.     

奶山羊弓形虫ITS1和529bp基因序列分析

采集关中某羊场奶山羊的血液样品,以提取的血液基因组DNA为模板对弓形虫ITS1及529bp基因进行PCR扩增、测序,并对测序结果进行比对,基于529bp重复序列构建系统进化树。序列分析结果表明,待测样品与GenBank中弓形虫RH虫株的ITS1序列(AY259044)完全一致,与529bp重复序列(FJ656209.1)存在差异;基于529bp重复序列构建的系统进化树分析结果显示,待测样品弓形虫与RH虫株遗传距离最近。该结果为奶山羊弓形虫病的分子流行病学、诊断方法的建立等方面的研究奠定了基础。     

PCR-RFLP方法在蛔虫种间鉴别上的应用

研究应用PCR－RFLP方法初步鉴别了4种不同蛔虫。从猪蛔虫、人蛔虫、犬弓首蛔虫及鸡蛔虫中分别提取基因组DNA，通过PCR扩增得到长度分别约为450bp、450bp、530bp、550bp的PCR产物。经与国外报道相比较，确认完整扩增出4种蛔虫的第二内部转录间隔区（ITS－2）片段。PCR产物经限制性内切酶HaeⅢ和Hinf I酶切鉴定，通过产生的特异性片段首先可以区分犬弓首蛔虫与鸡蛔虫。通过对4种蛔虫的基因组DNA进行扩增，得到长度分别约为980bp、980bp、1050bp、1070bp的PCR产物。经与国外报道相比较，确认完整扩增出4种蛔虫的ITS－1、ITS－2及5.8S核糖休DNA。PCR产物经限制性内切酶HaeⅢ酶切鉴定，通过产生的特异性片段可以区分出猪蛔虫与人蛔虫。通过PCR－RFLP分析，初步推测猪蛔虫与人蛔虫仍为两个独立虫种，但尚需进一步研究确认。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.