水土保持信息化区域监管在辽东地区的应用

自《全国水土保持规划(2015—2030年)》提出了水土保持信息化建设目标以来,在水土保持监管工作中"天地一体化"技术作用日益突显,通过运用无人机、遥感等现代化技术手段,提高了监督执法效能,加强了水土保持监督检查情况的监管。为此,以辽宁省本溪市为例,阐述了水土保持"天地一体化"技术在生产建设项目中的应用,为其他地区生产建设项目水土保持信息化区域监管工作提供借鉴。     

淮委举办淮河流域水土保持信息化技术应用培训班

正为加强生产建设项目和水土保持重点工程信息化技术应用,提高流域内各级水土保持部门信息化应用和管理水平,2018年9月2—3日,淮委在山东省烟台市举办了淮河流域水土保持信息化技术应用培训班。本次培训班以"水土保持重点工程图斑精细化监管技术应用"和"生产建设项目水土保持天地一体化     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”动态监管关键技术体系

新形势下,生产建设项目水土保持监管工作急需提高技术支撑能力和信息化水平。基于当前生产建设项目水土保持监管工作对相关支撑技术的新需求,分析了遥感、GIS等技术的适用性,提出了基于多项技术集成的"天地一体化"动态监管关键技术体系,并对其在当前工作中的应用情况进行了初步分析总结,可为生产建设项目水土保持监管信息化工作思路提供有益参考。     

陕西省生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”动态监管工作回顾与展望

随着信息化技术在水土保持行业的深入应用,实施生产建设项目水土保持"天地一体化"动态监管已成为推进水土保持监督管理信息化建设的重要举措。陕西省自2015年启动信息化建设示范工作以来,在横山县先期进行试点,2017年分别对陕西境内的9个县区进行推广性示范。在工作实际中,从影像处理、影像解疑、图斑勾绘、防治责任范围上图到现场复核及信息填报等多方面积累了大量的组织实施和技术实践经验,为后期实现全省全覆盖的"天地一体化"动态监管奠定了基础。     

强化遥感等现代信息技术应用不断提升首都水土保持工作水平

近年来,北京市高度重视信息化技术在水土保持工作中的应用,利用遥感技术探索"天地一体化"监管模式,不断完善监测网络体系,出台地方性标准规范,目前已初步形成了由信息化基础设施、核心业务平台组成的北京市水土保持信息化体系,水土保持信息化管理水平得到明显提升,为水土保持监督执法、生态建设、水土流失监测提供了支撑。     

水土保持践行新时期治水新思路的技术探索

今后一个时期水利改革发展的总基调是水利工程补短板、水利行业强监管。立足于践行新时期治水新思路,以全国水土流失动态监测与公告项目和全国生产建设项目"天地一体化"动态监管项目成果为数据支撑,充分考虑"天地一体化"、大数据、GIS、互联网等信息技术,可为实现水土保持管控、加强生态红线意识、源头严防、过程严管、事后追责等提供水土保持技术解决方案,即通过水土保持监测和信息化监管全覆盖发现水土流失问题,通过"强监管、补短板"有的放矢地解决问题,监管或治理成效又在下年度水土流失监测监管成果中得以反映,并通过水土保持目标责任考核指标体现出来,引领下一轮次的"强监管、补短板"工作。几者有机串联,互为支撑,通过螺旋式的提升可为水土保持工作践行新时期治水新思路提供较好的技术解决方案。     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管技术应用

遥感技术的发展为"天地一体化"技术在各领域的应用奠定了基础,基于此对新思路下"天地一体化"的生产建设项目水土保持监管模式进行探索性应用。以高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,利用遥感与GIS,对辽宁省鞍山市千山区2015年和2016年生产建设项目进行了调查,准确获取了该地区生产建设项目数量、扰动状况及其动态变化情况,将调查成果作为现场监督检查的基础数据,能够极大地提高监管工作的效率和针对性。通过在千山区的试验性应用,有效验证了该技术的可靠性和实用性,同时对当前工作开展过程中存在的问题提出了完善建议,以期为生产建设项目水土保持监管信息化工作逐步走向成熟提供参考。     

无人机在生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管中的应用

对重点项目的精细化监管是实现生产建设项目水土保持"天地一体化"监管的重要组成部分。无人机摄影测量技术可以快速获取生产建设项目扰动土地情况,取土(石、料)场、弃土(石、渣)场情况,水土流失情况,水土保持措施情况等相关现场监管信息,与传统方法相比在客观性、直观性、工作效率、全局性等方面具有明显优势,是一种理想的非接触式高效监测手段,可以很好地服务于生产建设项目水土保持"天地一体化"监管。     

水土保持工程“天地一体化”遥感监管体系研究与应用

为科学化、精细化、定量化开展水土保持工程监管,基于高分遥感、无人机、移动终端、国家水土保持重点工程项目管理信息系统,构建了水土保持工程“天地一体化”遥感监管体系。阐述了监管体系的总体路线、基础数据条目及格式要求、图斑核查指标及方法等,并在安徽省2020—2021年水土保持工程管理中进行了应用。结果表明,水土保持工程“天地一体化”遥感监管体系是科学合理的。提出了在水土保持工程“天地一体化”遥感监管体系中增加资金全过程管控模块的建议。     

线形项目“天地一体化”监管方法与经验探讨——以武夷新区旅游观光轨道交通项目为例

线形开发建设项目由于其具有面积大、长度长、跨度广、水土流失严重等特点,在开发建设项目水土保持监管中属于难度较大的项目,需要使用与时俱进的信息化科学技术手段,以确保监管工作的顺利进行。本文以武夷新区旅游观光轨道交通项目的“天地一体化”监管为例,阐述该项目采用的遥感与无人机结合的水土保持“天地一体化”监管方式,拟总结出山区线形项目水土保持高效率监管的一些经验。     

氮磷钾配比对木薯养分吸收动态及产量影响

【目的】木薯是重要的粮食作物,也是优质的淀粉工业原材料,被认为是非粮生物质能源的最合适原料。氮、 磷、 钾含量水平显著影响木薯产量,但有关木薯养分阶段性累积特征及其对生物量和产量形成影响的相关研究仍较少。本文比较了不同肥料配比情况下,木薯生物量, 氮、 磷、 钾累积量变化趋势,探讨了不同生育期氮、 磷、 钾含量及累积量的重要性及施肥对其影响。【方法】以我国主栽木薯品种华南205为材料,2009年在广东省郁南县丘陵坡地开展田间施肥试验,共设CK、 NP、 NK、 PK、 NPK 5个施肥处理。于苗期、 块根形成期、 块根生长早期、 块根快速膨大期和成熟期调查生物量和氮、 磷、 钾含量,得出氮、 磷、 钾累积动态。以各时期氮、 磷、 钾含量及累积量作为原始变量进行主成分分析,判断各时期氮、 磷、 钾含量及累积量的重要性,并分析不同肥料配比对各时期氮、 磷、 钾含量及累积量的影响。【结果】华南205的生物量累积动态呈S型曲线, 生物量在苗期较小,进入块根形成期后快速提高,当进入成熟期后增长逐渐减缓。氮肥对生物量影响最大,其次是钾肥,磷肥的影响最小。木薯氮含量的变幅为3.99%~0.93%, 磷含量为0.82%~0.26%, 钾含量为1.39%~0.89%。氮、 磷、 钾含量均在苗期最高,且随着生育期的推进不断降低,尤以氮含量降幅最大。不同氮、 磷、 钾肥料配比显著影响木薯的氮、 磷、 钾含量。PK处理的氮含量较NPK处理降低了32.96%,NK处理的磷含量较NPK处理降低了16.21%,NP处理的钾含量较NPK处理降低了50.37%。氮、 磷、 钾累积量与产量显著相关。主成分分析表明木薯整个生育期的营养状况与块根形成期的氮含量、 苗期的钾含量及块根生长阶段的磷含量相关性最大。氮、 磷、 钾的吸收累积量随着木薯生长不断提高,其中块根形成期、 块根生长早期、 块根快速膨大期的氮累积量较大,块根形成期、 块根快速膨大期的磷累积量较大,块根生长早期、 块根快速膨大期、 成熟期的钾累积量较大。主成分分析表明块根快速膨大期的氮、 磷、 钾累积量对整个生育期养分累积影响显著,同时,苗期及块根生长早期的氮、 钾累积量对养分累积总量影响也较大。【结论】木薯氮、 磷、 钾含量随着植株生长不断下降,而累积量却不断提高。不同氮、 磷、 钾肥料配比显著影响木薯的氮磷钾含量及累积量、 物质累积及产量形成,其中氮肥的影响最大,其次是钾肥,磷肥的影响最小。综合分析表明,苗期、 块根形成期、 块根生长早期为氮、 磷肥的最佳施用时期,块根形成期、 块根生长早期及块根快速膨大期为钾肥的补充阶段。     

Comparison of Antioxidant Components and Activity of Buckwheat and Wheat Flours

Plant phenolics and tocopherols content were determined in light and wholegrain buckwheat and wheat flour. Antioxidant activity of flours were comparatively assessed by scavenging activity on 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^•), hydroxyl (^•OH), and superoxide anion (O₂^•–) radicals, reducing activity, and chelating activity on Fe²⁺. Rutin, quercetin, and ferulic acid were quantified in both buckwheat flours, while ferulic acid was quantified in wholegrain wheat flour. Significantly higher content of phenolics and tocopherols was found in buckwheat than in wheat flours. Tocopherols in buckwheat flours were present in the order: γ‐ > α‐>> δ‐tocopherol, and in wheat flours: α‐ > γ‐ >> δ‐tocopherol. Buckwheat flours possessed better scavenging abilities on DPPH^•, ^•OH and O₂^•– radicals, as well as better reducing activity, while wheat flours showed better chelating activity on Fe²⁺, according to IC₅₀ values. Results suggest the possibility of improving the antioxidant properties of wheat‐based food products through addition of buckwheat flour.     

Formation and remobilisation of soil microbial residue. Effect of clay content and repeated additions of cellulose and sucrose

In two studies, we assessed the mass balance of added ¹⁴C-labelled sucrose and ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ by measuring ¹⁴CO₂, ¹⁴C and ¹⁵N in soil microbial biomass (SMB) and ¹⁴C and ¹⁵N in soil solution. Specifically, we assessed the potential of recently added ¹⁴C to be re-mobilised by cryptic growth using subsequent additions of sucrose and cellulose and the effect of physical protection on the stabilisation of the labelled substrate. We used both a constructed soil with low soil organic matter content and varied the clay content as well as a natural soil. We observed a substantial initial as well as a later stage transfer of ¹⁴C into unidentifiable form, hypothesised to be microbial residues. When using a standard k _EC value of 0.45, only roughly 50% of the added labelled substrates were accountable and therefore we explored the full range of reported k _EC values to assess the mass balance. Subsequent application of unlabelled sucrose and cellulose did not substantially increase turnover ¹⁴C and ¹⁵N. Contrary to our expectation, there was no effect of clay content on the amount of unidentified ¹⁴C and ¹⁵N. The unidentified ¹⁴C and ¹⁵N is ascribed to formation of soil microbial residue. The low recovery of added isotope suggests that our mechanistic models are missing a large and important pool in order to realistically simulate organic matter turnover in soil.     

Impact of quality and quantity of biochar and hydrochar on soil Collembola and growth of spring wheat

The effects of biochar (maize biochar – MBC, wood biochar – WBC) and unfermented or fermented hydrochar (HTC) on the euedaphic Collembola Protaphorura fimata and on spring wheat were investigated in greenhouse experiments. The impact of char type, amount of fermented HTC, and MBC-Collembola interactions were assessed. Generally, shoot and root biomass as well as abundance of P. fimata were not affected by the different chars. However, with increasing amounts of fermented HTC the abundance of P. fimata declined, whereas shoot biomass of wheat increased. Moreover, MBC altered root morphology and resulted in thicker roots with higher volume. The latter was not apparent when Collembola were present.     

Phytoavailability and toxicity of beryllium and vanadium

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of Be and V on collards (Brassica oleracea, var. acephala L.). In the laboratory germination study, incremental increases in the Be concentrations of the growing medium induced a steady decline in the radicle length of seven-day-old collard seedling. Beryllium concentrations greater than or equal to 8 mg Be L^?1 totally inhibited seed germination. The presence of V in the growing medium had no effect on collard germination; however, it had a profound effect on subsequent radicle elongation. Concentrations of V less than 1 mg V L^?1 stimulated radicle elongation, while concentrations greater than or equal to 3 mg V L^?1 caused severe toxicity. In the greenhouse study, Be toxicity was observed in collards grown in a Blanton sand (Grossarenic Paleudult) received treatments greater than or equal to 150 mg Be kg ^?1 (as BeSO₄). Irrespective of treatment level, 97% of the Be taken up by the plants remained in the roots while only 3% was translocated to aboveground plant parts. Vanadium tissue concentrations and toxicity to collards varied with soil type. Additions as low as 80 mg V kg^?1 to the Blanton sand significantly reduced collard biomass while additions as high as 100 mg V kg^?1 to an Orangebury loamy sand (Typic Paleudult) had no effect on plant biomass. The differential response was attributed to greater accumulation of V by plants grown in the Blanton soil.     

Charge characteristics and exchangeable cation status of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols and Thai Ultisols and Oxisols

The charge characteristics of A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples of total 23 Ultisols, Alfisols and Oxisols in Korea and Thailand were studied by measuring the retention of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? at different pH values (4–8) and NH₄NO₃ concentrations (0.1–0.005 m ). The magnitude of their negative charge (σ^?; meq/100g) was dependent on pH and NH₄NO₃ concentration (C; m ) as represented by a regression equation: log σ^?=apH +blogC +c. The values of the coefficient a (0.04–0.226), b (0.03–0.264) and c (–0.676–1.262) were correlated with the kinds of the soil and horizon and with the region where the soil exists. The retention of NO₃^? was less than 1 and 2–3 meq/100 g for the A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples, respectively. The sum of exchangeable base and Al (‘effective’ CEC) was close to and higher than the magnitude of permanent charge (=σ^? measured at pH = 4.3 and at C = 0.005 m ) for one-third and two-thirds of samples, respectively. A σ^? value of 16 meq/100 g clay at pH = 7 and C = 0.01 m was found appropriate to separate the B₂ horizons of Thai Ultisols and Oxisols from those of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols. Korean Alfisols and Ultisols and Thai Ultisols were distinguished from each other on the status of exchangeable base and Al     

氮钾配施对芋头产量和品质的影响

采用二次饱和D-最优设计,研究了氮钾肥配施对芋头产量和品质的影响,并建立了以氮、钾肥施用量为变量因子,芋头产量和品质为目标函数的二元二次数学模型。模型解析表明,氮、钾肥对芋头产量和品质均有显著影响,且钾肥的影响大于氮肥;氮、钾肥之间存在显著的交互效应。在氮(N)、钾(K2O)施用量分别为261.75kg/hm2、757.50kg/hm2以内,产量随施肥量的增加逐渐提高,超过此施用量,则产量下降。在本试验条件下,施肥量为N34.5～531.0kg/hm2,K2O.526.8～1057.2kg/hm2,芋头产量可达30000kg/hm2以上。     

嫁接黄瓜果实表面蜡粉形成与砧木的相关性及其硅吸收分配特性

黄瓜果实表面蜡粉的多少影响其商品品质,蜡粉多少在一定条件下取决于植株对硅的吸收特性。本试验选择4个果实表面具蜡粉的南瓜自交系（Z1、 Z2、 Z3和Z4）和4个果实表面没有蜡粉的南瓜自交系（Z5、 Z6、 Z7 和Z8）为砧木,嫁接津优1号黄瓜,以自根黄瓜为对照,研究了嫁接和自根黄瓜果面蜡粉形成与硅吸收分配的关系。结果表明, 采用果面具蜡粉砧木Z1、 Z2嫁接的黄瓜果实表面鲜亮、 光滑,几乎无蜡粉;果面具蜡粉的砧木Z3、 Z4以及不具蜡粉的4个砧木嫁接的黄瓜果面蜡粉量多,色灰暗,与自根黄瓜之间差异显著或不显著。果面没有蜡粉的黄瓜植株各器官中硅含量显著低于果面有蜡粉的黄瓜;果实果皮中硅含量高于果肉。嫁接黄瓜果面是否具蜡粉与砧木果面有无蜡粉没有必然联系,采用去蜡粉砧木嫁接的黄瓜硅吸收量明显减少。     

Speciation and mobilization of aluminium and cadmium in podzols and cambisols of S. Sweden

Processes governing the mobilization of Al and Cd in podzols and cambisols of S. Sweden having different tree layer vegetation (Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, or Betula pendula) were investigated. Speciation of Al and Cd in soil solutions were performed by a column cation exchange procedure (cf. Driscoll, 1984) in combination with thermodynamic calculations. Podzols in spruce and beech stands were characterized by a high release of organic compounds from the O/Ah horizons, resulting in a high organic complexation of Al (c. 93%) in the soil solution from the E horizon (15 cm lysimeters). Organic complexes were mainly adsorbed/precipitated in the upper Bh horizon and the overall transport of Al at 50 cm depth was governed by a pH dependent dissolution of a solid-phase Al pool. In the cambisols, inorganic Al forms were predominant at both 15 and 50 cm depth, and Al solubility was closely related to solution pH. Secondary minerals like synthetic gibbsite, jurbanite, kaolinite or imogolite could generally not explain measured solution Al³⁺ activities. Results instead indicated that the relatively large organically bound solid-phase Al pools present in both soil types could do so. The column fractionation procedure could be used only qualitatively for Cd, but results strongly indicated that Cd-organo complexes contributed significantly to the overall mobilization of Cd in the podzol E horizons. In all other soil solutions, Cd²⁺ was the predominant species. Both solid-phase and solution chemistry suggests that ion exchange processes controlled the Cd²⁺ activities in these solutions. All reactive solidphase Cd was extractable by NH₄Cl and Cd²⁺ activities could in most cases effectively be modeled by the use of ion exchange equations. Solubilized Al³⁺ efficiently competed for exchange sites and played an important role for the Cd mobilization in these soils.     

Visible injury and growth responses of tomato and soybean to combinations of nickel,copper and ozone

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were grown in silica sand in controlled environments. In the first experiment Ni was added as NiSO₄ · 6 H₂O to the nutrient solution at 0, 1.5, 7.5, or 37.5 mg L^?1 for 6 day beginning 14 day from seeding, them plants were exposed to 0, 0.15, or 0.30 μL L^?1 O₃, and harvested 3 day later. Visible symptoms of Ni injury developed rapidly and there was distinctive O₃ injury. Growth variables were markedly reduced by Ni but O₃ response depended on Ni level. In the second experiment 0, 0.3, or 1.5 mg L^?1 Ni was provided from the 5th or 14th day onward. There was little effect of duration of Ni treatment on growth. Increasing Ni and increasing O₃ decreased growth but there was no interaction. In the third experiment 0, 1.5, and 3.0 mg L^?1 Ni treatments were combined with 0, 3.0, and 6.0 mg L^?1 Cu prior to 0 or 0.25 μL L^?1 O₃ treatment. There were complex interactive effects of all three factors on plant growth. Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) plants exposed to Ni and O₃ were only slightly affected by Ni or O₃ and there was no interaction.