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西藏高寒草地生态保护不仅关系当地人民生活水平的提升,而且关乎我国东部地区的生态和经济安全,是我国重要的生态安全屏障之一。为遏止高寒草地退化,恢复已退化草地的生态功能,保护未退化高寒草地资源,在2011年国家启动天然草原生态保护补助奖励政策(以下简称“草奖”政策)。2014年我们深入西藏3类地区(纯牧区、半农半牧区、纯农区)的农、牧家庭进行问卷调查,从家庭牧业生产、家庭收入与构成及农牧户间收入差距3方面剖析了政策实施3年(2011-2013年)的社会经济影响。研究发现,1)草原生态保护补助奖励机制的政策福利存在地域间的不均衡性,纯牧区家庭享有更多经济福利;2)“草奖”政策改变了牧区家庭的收入结构,转移性收入超过家庭经营性收入,成为牧民家庭的重要收入来源;3)“草奖”政策有利于缩小牧区和农区贫富差距,但对于半农半牧区效果不明显。因此,政策措施需要进行适时适度地调整,从补偿标准、方式、力度等方面进行优化,体现高寒草地生态功能的地域性差异,使其符合各地域农牧家庭的实际生产,促使西藏高原草地畜牧业的可持续发展。 相似文献
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2011年国务院颁布实施的草原生态保护补助奖励政策,是目前影响较大的草原保护项目。该项目对退化草原进行禁牧封育,并以财政资金向农牧户兑付禁牧补助。为了探索草原奖补项目实施的效果,本研究以甘肃省庆阳市宁县为例,对其2011年和2016年草原生态保护补助奖励政策实施情况做对比,调查该县项目实施前后草地植物群落特征变化,包括草地植物多样性、草原植被盖度、草群高度、草地生产力等指标;利用遥感数据,建立NDVI模型反演宁县草原生产力及盖度变化情况,对其政策实施效果做客观评价。 相似文献
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“退牧还草”工程对促进退化草地的生态恢复及改善牧民生活水平具有重要意义。本研究采用问卷调查和小型座谈相结合的方法,对藏北羌塘地区6县10乡(镇)的100户牧民进行抽样调查,分析了牧民对“退牧还草”工程的社会认知与政策响应。结果表明,大多数牧民认可并支持“退牧还草”工程,81%的牧民认为工程能有效促进草地恢复;依据草原保护奖励机制(试点)补偿标准,74%的牧民支持长期(10年以上)的生态补偿;考虑生态移民后的生计保障问题,52%的牧民不愿意移民到城镇。因此,有必要及时完善“退牧还草”工程及草原生态保护奖励机制并使其与生态移民工程相结合,以实现西藏羌塘牧区生态、社会与经济的共赢局面。 相似文献
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川西北高寒牧区免耕种草技术研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文针对川西北高寒草地生态极其脆弱的特点和畜牧业中长期存在的"春乏"矛盾,结合西部大开发、加强生态环境保护和草地畜牧业的可持续发展,研究提出了免耕种草配套技术,为牧区分户经营条件下建立打贮草基地,开展基地改良和生态保护提供了一项实用技术. 相似文献
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《中国畜牧兽医文摘》2016,(7)
<正>塔城地区属于半干旱地区,生态环境十分脆弱,加之长期以来人们乱垦、乱挖、乱占天然草地,使草原植被遭到严重破坏,致使大范围的生态环境日趋恶化。随着"一带一路"的提出和天然草原退牧还草工程及草原生态保护补助奖励机制政策的实施,塔城地区草畜矛盾日益凸显,为保护草原生态,缓解当前乃至今后一段时期草场放牧压力,实现草原畜牧业的可持续发展,实施人工草地置换天然草场已是势在必行,人工草地和天然草场改良 相似文献
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甘肃省退牧还草工程实施绩效、存在问题和对策 总被引:21,自引:11,他引:10
国家实施退牧还草工程旨在遏制草原退化,实地调研结果表明,退牧还草工程不但初步取得了较为显著的生态、社会、经济效益,而且促进了畜牧业生产结构、牧区生产和生活方式的改变,提高了牧民的收入.但存在实施区域不平衡、配套资金落实难、后续产业开发滞后三大问题.针对上述问题,提出了以下措施:1)加强对退牧还草生态、社会效益的宣传,大力推行基本草原保护、草畜平衡、禁牧休牧和划区轮牧"三项基本制度";2)增加退牧还草工程配套项目建设;3)降低地方配套资金比例;4)后续产业的开发务必围绕草原环境的可持续利用;5)加大配套工程建设力度,确保退牧还草效果的巩固;6)提高饲料粮补助和变现标准;7)增加退牧还草项目建设内容;8)建立生态补偿机制;9)安排实施已垦草原退耕还草项目;10)加大牧民定居点建设力度,促进生产生活方式转变;11)争取实施草原湿地保护项目;12)加强草原监理和草原防火体系建设. 相似文献
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贵州省黔西南州气候温和,雨量充沛,草地面积大,牧草资源丰富,发展草地生态畜牧业具有得天独厚的条件.在实施西部大开发战略中,黔西南州委、州政府把退耕还林还草,保护建设生态环境,调整农村产业结构,增加农民收入,发展草地生态畜牧业作为重点项目来实施.十年来,得到了国家有关部、办、委的支持和贵州省委、省政府及相关部门的高度重视,全州上下共同努力,人工草场、改良草地面积逐年扩大,草地植被有了较快的恢复,水土流失得到了遏制,生态环境治理成效显著,种草养羊农户经济效益突出,草地生态畜牧业建设发生了翻天覆地的变化. 相似文献
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Nesma I. El-naseery Asmaa A. A. Mohammed Ahmed Awad Abuel-Atta Wael A. M. Ghonimi 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2021,50(5):788-800
The oesophagus is a muscular tube comprised of cervical and thoracic regions. Several studies have clarified the histological structure of the oesophagus. However, its histoarchitecture in relation to variable dietary habits of each species is still unclear. In the current study, 21 pigeons, cattle egrets and ducks, n = 7, each was used. Macroscopically, the oesophagus of cattle egrets either the cervical or thoracic parts was the longest among the pigeons and ducks. Histologically, the oesophagus comprised of four distinct tunicae: mucosa, propria submucosa, musculosa and adventitia or serosa. A great structural variation in these layers among the three investigated species was recorded. In the cervical oesophagus of pigeons, the superficial squamous cells showed perinuclear halo zone, the propria submucosa was characteristically lacked any gland. Moreover, its musculosa was very thick. On the other hand, the intraepithelial glands were characteristically distributed along the whole length of the cattle egret’s oesophagus. Interestingly, the cervical esophagus of the ducks showed submucosal associated lymphatic tissue; diffuse and nodular Ultrastructurally, the oesophageal glands showed secretory granules of variable electron densities, electron - lucent in the pigeons and ducks and electron - dense in the cattle egrets. 相似文献
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B Gjerde 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1984,25(3):403-410
Skeletal muscle of 5 wild reindeer was examined for sarcocysts and used for experimental infection of 6 foxes. Skeletal and cardiac muscle of another reindeer were only examined for sarcocysts. The skeletal muscle of all animals was infected with Sarcocystis sp.. In 2 of the animals cysts of S. hardangeri were also present. The single heart examined contained only cysts of S. grueneri.Four foxes given skeletal muscle containing apparently only cysts of Sarcocystis sp., started shedding Sarcocystis sporocysts, measuring on average 13.6×9.8 µm, after a prepatent period of 10–12 days. Two foxes given skeletal muscle containing cysts of both Sarcocystis sp. and S. hardangeri shed similar sporocysts, measuring on average 13.5×9.7 µm, after a prepatent period of 10–12 days.Based on the results from the present and previous investigations, Sarcocystis sp. is considered to have foxes (Vulpes vulpes and Alopex lagopus) and dogs (Ganis familiaris) as definitive hosts, becoming the second species of Sarcocystis with a known reindeer/Canidae life cycle. The name Sarcocystis tarandivulpes n. sp. is proposed as a replacement name for Sarcocystis sp. Gjerde, 1984 from skeletal muscle of reindeer. 相似文献
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B Gjerde 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1984,25(2):195-204
Fresh preparations of micro-isolated sarcocysts from skeletal and cardiac muscle of 12 reindeer were examined by light microscopy. On the basis of cyst structure and cyst wall structure 4 Sarcocystis spp. could be differentiated. New names have been proposed for 2 previously unnamed Sarcocystis spp. of reindeer, and S. grueneri has been redefined.S. rangiferi n. sp. had macroscopic cysts in skeletal muscle measuring 2106×403 µm. The cyst wall protrusions were finger-like and measured 13.2×6.7 µm. The cysts were surrounded by a layer of fibrillar material.S. tarandi n. sp. had micro- to macroscopic cysts primarily in skeletal muscle, but a few cysts were found in the heart of one animal. In skeletal muscle the cysts measured 999×75µm; in the heart the cysts were shorter and wider. The cyst wall protrusions were fingerlike and measured 9.2×2.2 µm.S. grueneri had micro- to macroscopic cysts in cardiac muscle measuring 581×137 µm. The cyst wall was thin and relatively smooth with no visible protrusions.Sarcocystis sp. had micro- to macroscopic, slender cysts in skeletal muscle measuring 916×64 µm. The cyst wall had tightly packed, short, knob-like protrusions. The cysts of this species were previously classified as cysts of S. grueneri. 相似文献
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肉鸡业曾经是我国畜牧业中产业化经营程度最高、出口创汇最多、带动行业最广的产业.但近年来,肉鸡产品出口出现了大幅滑坡,我国已逐步退出了肉鸡产品贸易强国的行列.本文利用近十多年的国别贸易数据实证分析了我国肉鸡产品的出口市场结构、市场份额及产品特征,并结合肉鸡产品主要贸易国的需求状况,探讨影响我国肉鸡产品出口的制约性因素. 相似文献
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草地畜牧业对晴隆县农业产业结构的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
草地畜牧业不仅对生态恢复具有重要影响,而且对区域经济发展具有积极作用.本研究以贵州省晴隆县为研究对象,分析草地畜牧业对晴隆县土地利用,种植业,畜牧业和农、林、牧业产值的影响.结果表明,种草养畜后耕地减少和养羊产业的发展,促进了晴隆县农业产业结构的有效调整.一是促进土地利用结构由坡耕地向栽培草地合理转变;二是种植业压粮扩... 相似文献
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海狸鼠消化管显微及亚显微结构 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
应用光镜、电镜和组织化学技术,对 10 只成年海狸鼠消化管的食管、胃底、小肠和大肠壁的显微和亚显微结构进行了研究。结果显示,在 H E 染色,海狸鼠食管粘膜上皮细胞角化程度较高,胃底腺壁细胞的数量几乎与主细胞的相等或稍多,小肠肠腺底部含有大量潘氏细胞; Schiff 氏染色,胃粘膜的上皮细胞、胃底腺的颈粘液细胞、十二指肠腺的粘液细胞、肠腺的潘氏细胞和杯状细胞均为阳性; M assonfontana 氨银法染色,在胃底腺和肠腺内均见有银亲合细胞。扫描电镜下,胃粘膜表面见有较多胃小凹,小肠上皮细胞的微绒毛形成许多指状突起。透射电镜观察,胃底部壁细胞中线粒体、滑面内质网、细胞内小管发达,小肠上皮细胞的微绒毛密集排列,细胞间见有连接复合体结构,胃底腺和肠腺内见有散在分布的内分泌细胞。 相似文献
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为了探究叶片表面结构和解剖结构与白粉病的抗性的关系,以3个草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)品种为试验材料,接种禾布氏白粉病菌(Erysiphe graminis DC.ex Merat)进行病情调查,采用扫描电镜法和石蜡切片法相结合,测定叶片的气孔、乳突、表面结构和解剖结构等指标。结果表明:不同草地早熟禾品种的发病率、病情指数和对白粉病的抗性存在差异,抗性划分为:‘午夜2号’表现为中抗(Moderate disease resistance,MR),‘四季青’表现为中感(Moderate susceptibility,MS),‘超级哥来德’表现为极感(Easy susceptibility,ES);不同草地早熟禾品种气孔长度、气孔长宽比与白粉病抗性均呈负相关;乳突密度、乳突宽度、叶片上下表皮厚度三者与白粉病抗性均呈正相关;草地早熟禾抗病品种叶片上下表皮厚度大,且表皮上分布的乳突密而大,是抗性品种具备的防御白粉病菌侵染的结构。 相似文献