大麦RIL群体籽粒功能成分含量的遗传分析

为选育出高功能成分含量的大麦新品种,以紫光芒裸二棱×Schooner构建的包含193个株系的RIL群体为材料,在玉溪和白邑2个生态点种植,对总黄酮、生物碱、γ-氨基丁酸和抗性淀粉含量进行测定及遗传分析。结果表明,不同生态条件下,大麦RIL群体籽粒4个被测功能成分的含量差异较大,群体间呈现广泛的遗传变异;总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉含量均呈正态分布,表现为连续变异,由多基因控制;γ-氨基丁酸含量呈偏态分布,受主效基因控制。生态环境对大麦RIL群体籽粒4个被测功能成分含量的影响较大,低海拔高温气候有利于该群体总黄酮、γ-氨基丁酸及抗性淀粉含量的提升,高海拔冷寒气候有助于生物碱含量的增加。     

大麦籽粒淀粉含量的主基因+多基因遗传模型分析

为了解大麦籽粒淀粉含量的遗传规律,以Noso Nijo×泰兴9425杂种F1花药培养的191个DH系及其亲本为材料,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析大麦籽粒淀粉含量的遗传规律。结果表明,2010和2012年大麦直链淀粉含量分别符合两对连锁抑制作用主基因模型(B-2-9)和两对连锁互补作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(E-2-7),支链淀粉含量分别符合两对抑制作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(E-1-9)和两对连锁显性-上位性作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(E-2-4),支/直比均符合两对抑制作用主基因模型(B-1-9),总淀粉含量均符合三对等比例加性作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(G-2)。     

不同时间割苗对再生大麦生物产量和籽粒功能成分的影响

为寻求功能大麦优质高效生产技术,选用3个优质大麦品种为试验材料,研究了不同时间割苗对再生大麦农艺性状和生物产量及籽粒γ-氨基丁酸、总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉含量的影响。结果表明,延迟割苗提高了干麦苗产量,但显著影响了再生麦的农艺和产量性状。除旗叶宽和茎粗外,割苗降低了再生麦的株高、节间总长度、旗叶长和穗长,显著降低了有效穗数、结实率、千粒重、秸秆产量和籽粒产量。再生麦的秸秆与籽粒产量以1叶1心和3叶1心两个阶段割苗最高,5叶1心期割苗最低,但5叶1心期割苗的干麦苗产量最高。在3叶1心前割苗,再生麦的籽粒功能成分(γ-氨基丁酸、总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉)含量较高。     

土壤、灌水和施氮对大麦农艺和产量性状及不同粒位籽粒功能成分的影响

为寻求功能大麦优质高效生产技术,以3个大麦品种为材料,采用四因素三水平正交试验设计,研究了不同土壤类型下灌水和施氮处理对大麦农艺和产量性状及粒位γ氨基丁酸、总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉的影响。结果表明：(1)水氮运筹显著影响大麦农艺和产量性状及功能成分含量,且施氮效应大于灌水效应,在高氮水平下,水、氮互作效应较大。(2) 在一定灌水阀值范围下,随施氮量增加,籽粒γ氨基丁酸、总黄酮、生物碱和抗性淀粉含量呈上升趋势。不同粒位籽粒千粒重与功能成分含量的变化趋势基本一致,穗中部籽粒高于穗上、下部籽粒,穗上、下部籽粒的差异相对较小。(3)通过优化,云啤2号以在淹育型水稻土上灌水0.9 kg·kg^-1土、施氮0.362 g·kg^-1土的处理为宜;S₅₀₀和V₄₃以在红壤性水稻土上分别灌水0.9 kg·kg^-1土和0.3 kg·kg^-1土、分别施氮0.246和0.362 g·kg^-1土处理为宜。     

大麦赤霉病新抗源盐96157抗性的遗传分析

为了研究大麦赤霉病抗性的遗传机制,应用植物数量性状主基因 多基因混合遗传模型对抗赤霉病大麦品种盐96157与感病品种浙97-23构建的六家系群体(P1、F1、P2、B1、B2、F2)的赤霉病抗性进行了多世代联合分析.结果表明,盐96157×浙97-23组合赤霉病抗性受两对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性-上位性多基因(E模型)控制,B1、B2和F2群体赤霉病抗性主基因的遗传率分别为44.67%、68.01%和83.87%,多基因遗传率为3.53%～20.23%,环境方差占总方差的10.26%～51.80%,说明大麦赤霉病抗性的表达受基因型和环境双重影响,主效基因的存在意味着可通过杂交育种将盐96157大麦的抗性基因向其他栽培品种中转移.     

水稻恢复系C224对条纹叶枯病的抗性遗传模型分析

应用植物数量性状"主基因+多基因混合遗传模型"方法分析了C224对条纹叶枯病抗性的遗传效应,并考查了C224与7个保持系组配的杂交组合对条纹叶枯病的抗性。结果表明,C224对条纹叶枯病的抗性遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因的混合遗传模型(E-1),两对主基因的加性效应分别为-12.47和-24.75,均呈负向显性,上位性和互作效应明显;主基因的遗传率为92.12%,多基因遗传率为2.74%,抗性遗传存在明显的主基因效应。在C224与7个保持系组配的杂交组合中,有5个组合对条纹叶枯病的抗性达到高抗或中抗水平。     

烤烟淀粉含量的配合力与遗传分析

为了解烤烟烤后中部烟叶淀粉含量的遗传规律,选用K326、NC89、翠碧一号和红花大金元等4个品种,按完全双列杂交设计,采用Griffing方法Ⅰ进行配合力分析,并应用植物数量性状"主基因+多基因"混合遗传模型对K326×红花大金元组合P1、P2、F1和F2等4个世代群体进行遗传分析。结果表明:烤烟烤后中部叶淀粉含量的遗传主要受细胞核效应的影响,一般配合力方差和特殊配合力方差达极显著水平,一般配合力方差大于特殊配合力方差,翠碧一号的一般配合力表现为较高的正向效应,K326的一般配合力表现为较高的负向效应;K326×红花大金元组合烤后中部叶淀粉含量的遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型(E-1),主基因遗传率(h_(mg)~2)为49.53%。     

苦瓜白粉病抗性的主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析

通过统计苦瓜白粉病的病情指数,研究白粉病抗性的遗传规律。采用主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析法对抗病品系04-17-3和感病品系25-1杂交组合的P1、P2、F1、F2、B1和B2共6个世代群体抗白粉病遗传进行研究。结果表明：苦瓜对白粉病的抗性遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型（E-1）,抗病对感病为不完全隐性;2对主基因的加性效应值均为-12.00;2对主基因分别具有正向部分显性和正向超显性作用,加性效应值均大于其显性效应值,上位性效应值（i+jab+jba+l）为负值。从遗传率上看,回交世代和F2的主基因的值分别为55.14％、43.56％和95.22％,多基因的值分别为16.10％、26.57％和0,环境变异在4.78％~29.87％间。主基因和多基因共同决定了苦瓜对白粉病的抗性,以主基因遗传为主,同时还受到环境变异的部分影响。在白粉病抗性育种过程中,应注意利用加性效应,选用白粉病抗性基因较多的材料作为亲本,并在早代进行选择,尤其是F2代主基因选择效率最高。     

大麦籽粒中γ 氨基丁酸、总黄酮和生物碱含量在发芽过程中的变化

为了解大麦发芽过程中功能成分的变化,用分光光度计测定了28份大麦籽粒发芽前(无菌水浸泡24h,记作发芽0d)及发芽1～9d的γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、总黄酮和生物碱的含量差异,结果表明:(1)大麦籽粒中的GABA和生物碱含量均为发芽0d高于发芽1～2d,而明显低于发芽3～9d的相应含量;发芽前后GABA累积最大均值是最小均值的2.1倍,生物碱累积最大均值是最小均值的11.6倍。(2)大麦籽粒发芽前总黄酮含量最高,发芽后相对较低;而发芽4～8d期间的GABA和生物碱含量相对较高。(3)不同大麦品系间籽粒GABA和生物碱含量在发芽4～6d差异明显,且达到峰值的频率较高;籽粒总黄酮含量在发芽8～9d差异明显,发芽前总黄酮含量达到峰值的频率最高。     

甘蓝型油菜主要脂肪酸的主基因+多基因遗传分析

以低芥酸油菜品系APL01与高芥酸品种M083杂交所获得的6个基本世代（P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2）为材料，利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对油菜主要脂肪酸进行遗传分析，结果表明：棕榈酸和廿碳烯酸均由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制，棕榈酸的主基因以显性效应为主，加性效应较小，廿碳烯酸的主基因加性效应与显性效应并重。硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸均由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制，硬脂酸的主基因以加性效应为主，显性效应较小，主基因的遗传率为75.00%~92.45%，多基因的遗传率较小；控制油酸的2对主基因的加性效应值分别为14.38和9.92，显性效应值分别为-2.24和-0.44，上位性效应以加加上位为主，主基因的遗传率较大，为81.93%~92.68%，多基因的遗传率较小；控制亚油酸及亚麻酸的主基因加性效应均大于显性效应，上位性效应中以加加上位和显显上位为主。芥酸由2对加性-显性主基因控制，加性效应为-12.27和-8.83，显性效应值较小，分别为0.35和1.69，无上位性效应，也无多基因存在，主基因的遗传率较大，为92.54%~96.72%。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.