作物杂种优势群的研究及在水稻杂种优势中的应用

遗传差异是杂种优势形成的基础。因此将亲本按遗传差异分群就有可能配出强优势的组合。目前,作物杂种优势群已在玉米、小麦上有了一些研究,水稻方面也开始了优势生态型的研究。本文简述了几种以遗传差异为标准和杂种优势群的构建方法,如根据系谱关系、形态形状、分子标记等来评价亲本间的遗传差异,并认为分子标记是一种更有效的工具,水稻生产迫切要求在杂种优势利用途径上有所突破,水稻优势生态型值得进一步研究。     

利用叶绿体基因组SSR标记揭示薏苡属种质资源的遗传多样性

从分子水平研究国内外薏苡属种质资源的遗传多样性差异,为薏苡属种质资源的保护、发掘和利用提供依据。从38对cpSSR引物中筛选出33对多态性引物,对93份薏苡属资源的遗传多样性、群体结构和亲缘关系进行了比较分析。33对cp SSR共扩增出153个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数目3～8个,平均4. 64个,Nei's多样性指数(H)和Shannon's信息指数(I)平均为0. 368 8和0. 720 2,种质资源的遗传多样性丰富。野生和栽培类群之间遗传分化不明显,北方早熟生态型、长江中下游中熟生态型和南方晚熟生态型类群之间的遗传距离相对较近、一致度高,但是与国外类型的遗传差异大。小珠薏苡种和窄果薏苡种独立分支,表现出明显的分化差异;台湾薏苡变种、念珠薏苡变种、薏苡变种和薏米变种4个类群之间的遗传差异较小;种质遗传距离与地理距离不存在绝对相关性,而不同类群之间可能存在基因渐渗现象。     

黄瓜数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势关系的研究

探讨数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势的关系,为黄瓜新品种的选育提供理论依据。选择5份黄瓜自交系材料作为母本,6份黄瓜自交系材料作为父本,按半双列杂交法配制出29个杂交组合,对11份黄瓜自交系材料的7个数量性状进行杂种优势分析和聚类分析,并研究数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势的关系。研究结果表明,各数量性状均有不同程度的正向杂种优势,其中株高、结瓜数和单株产量的杂种优势最为明显,而单果重、主蔓20节内雌花数、果实长和果实粗的杂种优势比较微弱。11份黄瓜自交系被分为3大类群,地理远近与遗传距离之间并不存在必然的联系。结瓜数的中亲优势指数和杂种优势指数、果实长和果实粗的中亲优势指数及单株产量的超亲优势指数与亲本遗传距离之间存在显著的相关关系,而株高、单株产量的中亲优势指数和杂种优势指数与亲本遗传距离之间存在极显著的相关关系,大部分数量性状的杂种优势都随着遗传距离的增大而增大。在进行黄瓜种质资源评价时,不能以地理关系作为唯一标准;在进行黄瓜杂交育种时,可根据育种目标,适当选择较大的遗传距离来获得杂种优势。     

分子标记在油菜遗传多样性和杂种优势预测中的应用

<正>20世纪80年代以来,分子标记技术的发展为亲本的选配提供了新的技术平台,可从DNA水平了解亲本间的遗传差异。利用分子标记遗传距离来预测杂种优势的关键在于选择能表现表型多样性的标记类型和筛选与杂种优势性状相关的引物组合,这样才能保证得到的遗传差异是与杂种优势相关的遗传差异,从而保证对杂种优势预测的准确性。目前,RFLP、SSR、RAPD和AFLP等分子标记技术已广泛用于水稻、玉米、小麦、棉花和大豆等     

作物杂种优势遗传基础研究进展

杂种优势是生物界的一种普遍现象,可以大幅度提高作物产量和改良作物品质,具有巨大的商用价值。杂种优势遗传基础的研究一直是近百年来遗传和育种学家研究的热点和难点问题。笔者综述了杂种优势遗传基础的两个经典假说－显性假说和超显性假说的基本观点、不足之处。同时概括了利用分子生物学手段解释杂种优势遗传基础的一些新的学术见解,如：上位性效应与杂种优势、基因网络系统与杂种优势、遗传平衡与杂种优势、活性基因效应与杂种优势、遗传差异与杂种优势、QTL效应与杂种优势、基因表达调控与杂种优势,并列举了部分学说的分子证据。以期使人们能够了解杂种优势遗传基础的发展历程和最新研究动态。     

农作物杂种优势机理研究及展望

农作物杂种优势的大规模应用是20世纪作物育种的一项重大突破,回顾近一个世纪以来杂种优势机理研究,概括起来有3次方法和指导思想上的进步带动了3次新的发展。1遗传差异与杂种优势的相关基于对基因型杂合性与杂种优势关系的认识,遗传育种学家对遗传差异与杂种优势……     

不结球白菜(Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino)种质资源SRAP遗传分化分析

利用SRAP分子标记分析了国内外64份不结球白菜种质资源的DNA遗传多样性和遗传分化。21对引物组合共检测出215个位点,其中112个为多态性位点,多态性比率达52.09%,平均每对引物组合产生10.24个位点和5.33个多态性位点。不结球白菜各类型中普通白菜的Nei’s基因多样性指数（0.1410）和遗传丰富度[(190) 88.37%]最高;各生态区域中江淮流域不结球白菜的Nei’s基因多样性指数（0.1451）和遗传丰富度[(185) 86.05%]最高;国内的Nei’s基因多样性指数(0.1293)和遗传丰富度[(188) 87.44%]分别高于国外。遗传变异估算表明,不结球白菜遗传分化系数58.22%,大部分变异存在于种群间;基因流为0.4031,说明群体间基因流动较少,遗传分化程度较高。以遗传相似系数0.872为截值,可把不结球球白菜分为Ⅵ个类群。     

大豆Soja亚属内种子大小的遗传差异及半野生类型分类归属

Soja亚属包括野生、半野生和栽培大豆三种类型,其中半野生型变异丰富,与野生和栽培大豆形态重叠。然而半野生大豆是属于野生种内还是栽培种的变异类型还存在争议。本研究使用421份包括两组野生大豆百粒重类型、三组半野生大豆百粒重类型和小粒秣食豆类型大豆地方品种对Soja亚属内进行了SSR标记的遗传多样性差异评价和对半野生大豆的分类地位归属问题进行了分析。结果显示,小粒组野生大豆(2.5g以下)和大粒组(2.5~3.0g)有明显的分化。大粒野生大豆和小粒半野生大豆(3.01~5.0g)遗传关系密切,百粒重5.01~10.0g和超过10.0g的半野生大豆组遗传关系密切。大粒野生大豆在遗传上与半野生大豆类型密切。从小粒野生大豆到大粒半野生大豆各类型的遗传分化与它们的百粒重大小有密切关联,即使与小粒秣食豆的百粒重相重叠甚至超过小粒秣食豆的半野生大豆都与小粒栽培大豆有显著的遗传差异。我们所获得的结果清楚地表明:半野生大豆属于野生种内的变异而非栽培种内变异。百粒重大小可以当作评价野生大豆物种内的遗传分化或进化程度的主要指标之一有其遗传上的理论依据。     

旱地杂种小麦优势测定及亲本组配模式研究

在旱作条件下,选用水旱两种生态型的小麦品种各4个,组成4×4不完全双列杂交,分折了8个主要农艺性状的超标优势和杂种优势,并对其遗传机制进行研究.结果表明水旱品种间杂交,其F1杂交优势普遍存在.F1杂种生态型是以千粒重为主,兼顾穗粒数,表现为重穗型.杂种F1产量性状变异受水地亲本影响大,旱地亲本对株高、穗下节长,单株穗数等与抗旱性密切的性状影响明显.水旱两种生态型品种杂交,易于实现抗旱与丰产的有机结合,是一种值得重视的抗旱育种杂交模式.     

含不同地区野生稻胞质的水稻雄性不育材料线粒体SSR标记分析

胞质雄性不育(CMS)基因的发现以及三系配套技术的成功使作物杂种优势得以广泛应用,目前不育胞质类型的单一在一定程度上限制了水稻杂种优势的利用。为了发掘新的不育胞质类型,本研究利用34个线粒体SSR标记对本课题组选育的19份胞质来源于不同地区普通野生稻的水稻CMS材料进行了遗传多样性分析,并以野败型的天丰A、红莲型的粤泰A、冈型的G46A和D型的D62A作为对照材料。结果显示,针对线粒体基因组,检测到的变异数范围1~5,Simpson多样性指数(Hi)范围0.15~0.58,平均遗传多样性指数0.079;在全基因组中检测到的等位变异数范围1~4,Simpson多样性指数(Hi)范围0.16~0.70,平均遗传多样性指数0.087。两种分析结果表现出较好的一致性:A37、A39和A3这三份不育材料分别在两个聚类结果中单独聚为一类,与其它不育材料(包括4份典型的不育系对照)遗传距离都较远,遗传差异最大,因此,推测这3份材料可能为新的不育胞质类型。同时,线粒体SSR标记R34可将这23份不育材料明显区分开来,对扩增片段测序对比发现R34扩增的片段与不育基因orf224有很高的同源性,因此,R34标记可作为鉴别胞质类型的分子标记。     

高粱亲本遗传距离与杂种优势相关性分析

为探明高粱亲本在DNA分子水平上的遗传距离值与杂种优势之间的相关关系,通过采用微卫星分子标记技术对11 份有代表性的高粱亲本材料进行遗传距离值测算,并组配了10 份杂交种进行株高、穗长、穗宽、茎粗、穗粒重、千粒重等性状的杂种优势测定。研究结果表明：11 份材料之间的遗传距离值为0.208~0.574,平均为0.431。相关分析结果显示,10 份杂交种中,穗粒重的杂种优势指数与相应亲本间的遗传距离值呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.830,其他性状相关系数均较小。但由于参试组合少,与亲本未能完全对应,因此亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势的相关性仍需进一步研究     

Relationship between heterosis and genetic distance based on morphological traits and AFLP markers in pepper

Genetic diversity is considered as one of the criteria for the selection of parents for hybrid breeding. The present study was undertaken to evaluate genetic divergence among seven pepper cultivars and to assess the relationship between heterosis and parental genetic distance. Twenty‐one F₁ hybrids and seven parents were evaluated for 15 morphological characters in a greenhouse and in the field. The parents were examined for DNA polymorphisms using six amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations. Cluster analysis using two genetic distance measures grouped the seven parents differently. Mid‐parent and high‐parent heterosis was observed for most characters. Most hybrids outperformed the parental lines for fruit yield, earliness and plant height. Morphological and AFLP‐based distance measurements were efficient enough to allocate pepper genotypes into heterotic groups. The correlations of morphological distances with mid‐parent heterosis were significant for days to flowering and maturity, suggesting earliness can be predicted from morphological distances of parental lines. However, the correlations of AFLP‐measured genetic distances with mid‐ and high‐parent heterosis were non‐significant for all characters, except for fruit diameter, and proved to be of no predictive value.     

Comparisons of genetic and morphological distance with heterosis between Medicago sativa subsp. sativa and subsp. falcata

Biomass yield heterosis has been shown to exist between Medicago sativasubsp. sativa and Medica gosativa subsp. falcata. The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of what morphological and genetic factors were most highly correlated with total biomass yield heterosis. We calculated genetic distances among nine sativa and five falcate genotypes based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) DNA markers. Genetic distance did not correlate with specific combining ability (SCA) or mid-parent heterosis. In contrast, a morphological distance matrix based on seventeen agronomic and forage quality traits was significantly correlated with heterosis; the agronomic traits of maturity, midseason regrowth, and autumn regrowth showed strong association with heterosis. Heterosis was also correlated with subspecies. We suggest that in many cases progeny heterosis can be accounted for by the interaction of genes controlling morphologically divergent traits between the parents. In other cases, progeny heterosis could also be due to divergence between the parents at particular genetic loci that do not control field-level phenotypic differences. Genetic distanceper se between parental genotypes, based on neutral molecular markers, however, does not reflect the potential of individual genotypes to produce heterosis in their progeny. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic distance and its association with heterosis in peas

Summary The relationship between the genetic distance of parents and both the heterosis of F₁ hybrids and the variance of F₅ lines was investigated in 72 crosses of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The genetic distance between each pair of parents was estimated, using isozyme (GDi), morphological (GDm) or quantitative (GDq) markers and finally a combination of isozyme and morphological markers (GDi+m). GDm was poorly correlated with the other measures of genetic distance, which in turn were strongly correlated with each other. Genetic distance was moderately correlated with the level of heterosis for yield over midparent in the F₁ generation, with the highest correlation obtained from GDi+m. GD was not significantly correlated with heterosis for yield over the better or best parent but it was significantly correlated with all three measures of heterosis for pods per plant and hundred seed weight. There was no correlation between genetic distance and the level of heterosis for yield and total dry matter in the F₂ generation, but GDi, GDi+m and GDq were predictive for the level of inbreeding depression in grain yield and total dry matter. When parents were high in genetic distance, crosses produced highly transgressive segregants for basal branches per plant, hundred seed weight, harvest index and onset of flowering. Genetic distance between parents was thus a useful measure for predicting a portion of hybrid performance and also of the variance of derived inbred lines. It was concluded that when choosing parents for a cross, consideration should be given to their genetic distance as well as their overall adaptation and their yield. There is considerable potential for optimising choice of parental combinations in the development of improved pea cultivars.     

亲本籼粳成分与两系杂交粳稻杂种优势的关系及遗传基础

以籼粳重组自交系(秋光×七山占,RILs)和粳型光温敏核不育系(GB028S)及其杂交F₁为材料,利用程氏指数法和分子标记法分析亲本的籼粳成分与杂种优势的关系及遗传基础。结果表明,采用程氏指数法和分子标记法在群体籼粳分类的结果上比较一致;RILs偏粳系数与F₁产量及其杂种优势均呈显著或极显著的二次曲线关系;F₁产量在偏粳系数0.55~0.70区间内出现高峰值,杂种优势在偏粳系数0.50~0.65区间内出现高峰值,即RILs偏粳系数为0.55~0.65时F₁有形成较高产量及杂种优势的潜力。Chr.8、Chr.11和Chr.12的籼粳成分与F₁产量及杂种优势关系密切,双亲的遗传距离与F₁产量和相关性状及杂种优势没有明显的关系。     

光子陆地棉种质资源主要性状的遗传评价

以102份光子陆地棉材料为母本,分别与遗传标准系TM-1杂交,获得102个F₁群体。采用随机区组设计,设置3个重复,对光子陆地棉材料主要性状进行遗传评价。结果表明,调查的11个性状表型差异均较大,材料间产量性状(株高、果枝数、铃数、铃重、衣分和子指)差异大于纤维品质性状(纤维长度、纤维强度、马克隆值、整齐度和伸长率),特别是衣分、铃数等性状差异更明显; 除果枝数、马克隆值、伸长率以外,光子亲本群体其他性状的平均值都小于F₁群体。而亲本群体所有性状的变异系数均大于F₁,不同光子材料的杂种优势有很大差别,中亲优势和超亲优势也有很大的差别,有些种质某些性状的中亲、超亲优势为负值,其后代性状表现劣势; 纤维品质性状的中亲、超亲优势与毛子程度均呈负相关,而产量性状的中亲、超亲优势与毛子程度均呈正相关,说明可利用光子材料杂种优势改良纤维品质,而其后代产量性状的杂种优势利用受到限制; SSR分子标记遗传相似系数与各个性状的中亲、超亲优势的相关都不显著,说明在光子材料的育种中,杂种优势是不能通过亲本之间的遗传背景相似程度来预测的。     

作物杂种优势的分子遗传研究进展

杂种优势是一种广泛存在的自然现象,其遗传机理一直为人们所关注,随着分子生物学的发展,推动了人们对杂种优势机理的进一步认识。本文从基因组的分子标记差异与杂种优势的关系,数量性状位点及基因表达与调控对杂种优势的影响等几方面进行了综述,并对芯片技术在杂种优势机理研究上的作用进行了展望。     

转双抗虫棉纯合系的杂种优势及其产量性状的配合力

采用NCⅡ设计，利用4个生产上推广应用的棉花品种与9个转两类抗虫基因（Cry1Ae和API）纯合系进行杂交组配，对36个组合的F1产量性状的杂种优势和配合力进行分析，结果表明：大多数组合的竞争优势明显，各产量性状均具有竞争优势，但子指的优势为负值；皮棉和子棉的产量均具有较大的竞争优势，两者分别为17．2％和7．9％，皮棉和子棉产量的竞争优势率分别达到86．1％和80．6％。产量性状的优势大小依次为衣分、铃重和单株铃数，分别为4．1％，2．1％和0．7％。对组合的配合力方差进行分析，结果显示：9个转基因抗虫棉纯合系各产量性状的一般配合力差异较大，4个母本中的两抗虫棉的皮棉和子棉的产量的一般配合力优于两非抗虫棉。对这些组合特殊配合力进行分析，发现有6个组合具有较高的特殊配合力。因这9个纯合系的受体均为冀合321，所以这种配合力的差异是由外源基因作用的差异造成。     

Relationship between phenotypic and genetic diversity of parental genotypes and the specific combining ability and heterosis effects in wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the genetic distances (GD) and phenotypic distances (PD) of parents and the specific combining ability (SCA) and heterosis effects. The experiment comprised 18 parental genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 76 F₂ hybrids, obtained after crossing in a line × tester scheme. Parents and hybrids were examined in a field experiment conducted in a block design with three replications. SCA as well as mid-parent heterosis effects were estimated for selected morphological and technological traits. PDs and GDs were investigated between pairs of parental genotypes. GD between parental genotypes was evaluated by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Heterosis was observed in all hybrids, and protein content exhibited the highest heterosis among the seven examined traits. The relationship between PD and GD as well as the SCA and mid-parent heterosis effects were evaluated using correlation coefficient. The correlation between PD, SCA and heterosis were low and not significant for the examined traits, whereas the correlation between SCA, heterosis and GDs were significant for protein content and rheological properties. The results indicate that GDs between parents can be used to predict performance of hybrids for selected technological traits.