杨树与栅锈菌互作的组织病理学研究

用整叶组织透明染色法对亲和性、非亲和性杨树品种与落叶松-杨栅锈菌（Melampsora larici-popu-lina Kleb）相互作用的组织病理学进行了系统的观察。夏孢子接种6h后开始萌发，12h后芽管侵入气孔，此的在寄主细胞内形成吸器。芽管常形成树杈状或根状分枝，一个芽管分别侵入两个气孔或几个芽管同时侵入一个气孔。杨树与栅锈菌相互识别 中的抗锈性的表达主要发生在接种24h后，即气孔下囊形成阶段。表现为夏孢子萌发初期受抑，气孔下囊形成较迟、数量较少、初生侵染菌丝的长度受抑，吸器出现迟、数量少以及寄主叶肉细胞坏死等，但不同组合间在发生时间和程度上有较大差异。接种12h后，感病品种的叶肉细胞中出现吸器，36h后抗病性组合中出现吸器。随着菌丝的增多，抗病品种中的吸器数量、菌落面积小于感病品种、多于近免疫品种。低反应型品种中菌落线性生长受抑和吸器形成的减少均发生在叶肉细胞坏死之后，尚未发现高感品种出现叶肉细胞坏死现象。     

脉冲磁场对葡萄座腔菌生长及侵染的影响

利用脉冲磁场研究在固定脉冲前沿宽度10ms条件下,不同脉冲时间对葡萄座腔菌生长及侵染的影响。结果表明:短时间内的脉冲磁场处理即可有效抑制葡萄座腔菌的生长及侵染能力,处理时间越长,抑制作用越强。当脉冲处理45min时,菌落生长48h的抑菌率为54.11%,接种葡萄座腔菌的毛白杨愈伤组织72h后的褐化指数仅为26.89%。当脉冲处理60min时,抑菌效果最好,菌落全部死亡。扫描电镜观察结果可知:与对照相比,脉冲磁场处理的葡萄座腔菌的菌丝粗细不均,表面皱缩;菌丝体之间相互粘连,部分菌丝分枝、干瘪。透射电镜观察可知:脉冲处理后菌丝的细胞壁变薄,细胞内部组成紊乱、降解,细胞结构破坏严重,胞内空腔增多;同时毛白杨愈伤组织的细胞结构受到葡萄座腔菌不同程度的破坏,细胞壁变形、解体,中胶层分解,质膜断裂,质壁分离;细胞器分解沉积于细胞壁附近,细胞内菌丝降解,管腔空化。脉冲磁场对葡萄座腔菌的生长及侵染具有较强的抑制作用,可改变菌丝超微结构。     

黄金梨小孢子败育的解剖学观察

利用石蜡切片法观察了黄金梨花药发育和花粉发育过程中细胞形态变化特点。结果表明，开花时黄金梨花药干瘪，花粉粒极少，每个花药中只有30粒左右花粉，表现出雄性不育的空囊花药；导致花粉败育的主要原因可能是绒毡层细胞在花粉母细胞时期出现畸形，提早解体，致使绝大多数小孢子母细胞不能正常发育；从3月20日开始，绒毡层细胞逐渐解体，花药开始出现空腔，随着时间推移，空腔逐渐加大，到4月1日基本变成空囊花药。花粉粒中没有细胞核，花粉粒细胞壁开始破裂。     

青枯菌侵染桉树幼根的组织病理学研究

接种青枯菌后不同时间切取桉树幼根根表、根横切面和纵切面进行制样，扫描电镜观察其组织病理学变化。结果显示：接种0．5h后即有少量病菌存在于根表细胞间隙和导管间隙，但寄主表皮细胞和维管束结构基本完好；接种2h，表皮细胞壁被破坏，细胞瓦解；接种24h，表皮细胞间出现较大裂隙．在横切面和纵切面上可观察到大量细菌聚集并结为白色絮状物．导管破裂并被堵塞；此时植株外观上也开始出现萎蔫症状。     

木霉菌对杨树树皮溃疡病菌拮抗作用的研究

应用哈茨木霉（Trichodema harziaunm)T88菌株和深绿木霉（T.atroviride)T95菌株分别与杨树烂皮病菌（Cytospora chrysosperma)和杨树水泡溃疡病菌（Dothiorella gregaria)进行了平皿对峙培养和载片对峙培养；并研究了两种木霉菌产生的挥发性代谢物对病原菌菌落的影响和其非挥发性代谢物对菌丝干重的影响；分别在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察了两种木霉菌的重寄生现象。结果表明：对峙培养中木霉菌T88和T95对两种病原菌均有明显的抑制作用。两种木霉菌均能产生挥发性代谢物质并不同程度地抑制病菌菌落的生长，在密闭条件下T95的抑制率最高达到80．30％。两种木霉菌产生的非挥发性代谢物质可以强烈抑制病原菌的生长、明显降低其菌丝干重，并具有热稳定性。在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下，可以观察到木霉菌的菌丝在病原菌的菌丝上平行或波浪式生长，并在其上产生钩状分枝、吸器或附着胞吸附于病原菌的菌丝上，或穿透病原菌的菌丝生长，或使病原菌的菌丝细胞生质浓缩和菌丝断裂。     

山东新记录—大叶黄杨白粉病

大叶黄杨白粉病为山东新记录病害，主要危害寄主的叶片和新梢，病部覆厚白粉层，扭曲畸形，病菌以菌丝在病组织越冬，一年内５－７月及９－１０月出现两次发病高峰；孢子靠风雨传播，直接穿透侵入寄主，潜育期５－８天，孢子萌发高峰期为（置于生化培养箱后）７２小时，寿命短（最多３－５天），萌发最适温度为２０℃，最适宜对湿度１００％，蔗糖液，寄主叶汁及光照促进孢子萌发；室内毒力测定结果，７０％托布津１５００７８倍液，     

NaCl胁迫对5个树种叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

通过对5个树种受不同浓度NaCl胁迫后叶肉细胞超微结构的研究,以揭示其耐盐性。结果表明(:1)0.3%盐胁迫下5个树种叶绿体数目均有所减少,细胞内出现降解物。黄连木、木栓榆、厚叶榆的叶肉厚度增加,榉树、醉翁榆叶肉厚度变薄。榉树发生质壁分离,膜系统紊乱;醉翁榆细胞核边缘模糊,细胞质中出现膜状结构;厚叶榆、木栓榆细胞壁变形;黄连木细胞质膜内陷,细胞核膜边缘模糊。(2)在各自致死盐浓度胁迫下,榉树和醉翁榆细胞物质严重降解,叶绿体明显减少,膜系统增加,细胞质壁分离,细胞核、线粒体降解;厚叶榆、木栓榆细胞内降解物增多,细胞核、蛋白体和线粒体均降解,叶绿体变形,液泡破裂。黄连木叶细胞质壁分离,线粒体、叶绿体解体,细胞中出现大量泡状结构和膜片层。     

鸢尾种间杂交不亲和性原因的研究

运用常规胚胎学的研究方法，在人工授粉条件下用明视显微镜，荧光显微镜和扫描显微镜观察了鸢尾属内3个亚属间杂交组合不亲和性的障碍。结果表明茑尾种间杂交的障碍包括花粉管在柱头上的异常行为，柱头乳突细胞和花粉管的胼胝质以应，以及胚囊的解体等。种间传粉的不亲和程度，因不同组合而有差异。     

杨树与栅锈菌互作过程中光合、蒸腾作用变化研究

利用LI-6400便携式光合仪对受落叶松-杨栅锈菌 Melampsora larici-populina Kleb.侵染后的杨树寄主的光合、蒸腾作用进行了动态监测.通过对不同抗性的杨树寄主在不同接种时间段的光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)以及蒸腾速率(Tp)活体监测后发现,在受到栅锈菌侵染后,抗病品种和感病品种的净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度均随接种时间的延长而逐渐下降.其中抗病品种内下降的幅度要比感病品种小.蒸腾速率在寄主受侵后开始逐渐下降直到开始产孢,但是在产孢后蒸腾速率就开始持续上升并超过健康寄主,并在产孢高峰达到最大值.气孔导度在接种后迅速增加,在产孢前后又开始大幅度的下降.这4个基本生理指标变化说明,栅锈菌侵染寄主后对寄主的光合、蒸腾作用均有影响,而且在亲合性组合中影响显著.     

外担子菌属真菌的研究综述

本文对外担子菌属（Ｅｘｏｂａｓｉｄｉｕｍ）真菌的寄主植物及其症状、寄生性及致病机理、形态学、生活史、寄主与病原关系的超显微构造、培养性状、生理学性质及分子生物学,特别是在分类学等方面的研究状况做了综述。外担子菌属的真菌在亚洲、北美、欧洲及大洋洲都有分布,世界记载约有５０种,引起５科木本植物的细胞增生性和肥大性病害,其症状类型多,这可能与植物激素含量的变化有关;该菌的生活史还不太清楚;其担孢子和分生孢子萌发后,芽管可以从气孔、伤口侵入或者从表皮直接侵入寄主叶组织,菌丝存在于寄主细胞间隙,产生吸器状构造;本属菌的分类依据因研究者不同而异;近年对本属菌的ＤＮＡ碱基ＧＣ含量以及２８ＳｒＤＮＡＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ的研究结果体现了本属菌的系统分类学的发展趋势。     

球孢白僵菌侵染光肩星天牛幼虫的扫描电镜及组织病理观察

应用扫描电镜和组织切片法研究球孢白僵菌侵染光肩星天牛幼虫体壁的过程以及寄主中肠发生的病理变化.结果表明:接菌后48h,芽管平均长度达到3.08μm时即可侵入幼虫体表.随着侵染时间延长,芽管伸长形成菌丝,逐渐萌发生成新的分生孢子,在后期菌丝间出现丝状物和网状结构,这2种现象在国内外未见报道.分生孢子多数以芽管方式侵入表皮,也可以产生附着胞再侵染.组织切片显示:侵染3天的幼虫腹部体腔中脂肪体组织变得模糊,细胞核不明显,马氏管出现空泡并变形.中肠围食膜被分解消失,肠壁肌肉层向内皱褶,排列紊乱,出现破裂,肠腔内变浑浊.     

松材线虫病病原与致病机理研究进展

松树是我国重要的造林树种,而松材线虫病是松树的一种毁灭性病害。近年试验表明,松材线虫病病原是松材线虫与伴生细菌。组织病理学研究看出,树脂道泌脂细胞最先受到线虫侵袭,薄壁细胞的死亡是寄主最初的组织病理学反应。松苗皮层薄壁细胞发生程序性死亡,表现出核染色质浓缩,核变形,降解,解体等细胞凋亡。纤维素酶作为松材线虫的致病物质参与早期寄主发病过程.线虫伴生细菌产生活性毒素。管胞空穴化造成输水堵塞致使受害松树死亡。松材线虫携带的细菌在致病过程中起到至关重要作用。可以认为,松材线虫病是由松材线虫和伴生细菌共同侵染引起的复合侵染病害。     

枣成熟期果皮解剖结构特性研究

笔者采用石蜡切片法结合电镜扫描分析法,从果实白熟期到果实成熟期,对壶瓶枣果皮细胞解剖结构的变化进行了观察。结果表明：随着枣果的逐渐成熟,果皮细胞层数和细胞大小均由大变小,果皮表面蜡质层随着果实的成熟龟裂变多并加深;果皮细胞内大部分细胞器消失,内含物降解,细胞木栓化和空泡化现象严重,但细胞壁仍然保留。     

Effects of host plant hybridization on resistance to willow leaf rust caused by Melampsora sp.

Patterns of resistance to willow leaf rust caused by Melampsora sp. were measured on Salix eriocephala, Salix sericea, and their interspecific hybrids in natural field populations in 1991–94 and on potted plants in common garden experiments in 1994 and 1995. Testing was carried out to establish if the resistance of hybrids was intermediate between pure parental species (additive), equal to one of the parents (dominant), lower than both parents (susceptible), higher than both parents (resistant), or not different than either parent (null hypothesis). Support was generally found for hybrid susceptibility in the field and common garden experiments, with the null hypothesis of no difference having some support. The results from the common garden study suggest that the susceptibility of hybrids seen in the field is due to genetic differences. Hybridization between these species of willows results in increased susceptibility to this pathogen. The variation among years in the relative susceptibility of hybrid and parental willows may be due to environmental effects on the willows or to shifts in the abundance of Melampsora races.     

Evaluation of Schizophyllum commune Fr. potential for biodegradation of lignin: A light microscopic analysis

Lignin biodegradation potential of Schizophyllum commune Fr. is studied by using sound wood blocks of Ailanthus excelsa, Azadirachta indica, Tectona grandis, Eucalyptus sp. and Leucaena leucocephala. Initially, in vitro wood decay test showed minor weight loss, but it became rapid after one month. After 120 days of incubation, weight loss was minimum in T. grandis (24.05%) whereas it was maximum in A. excelsa (34.44%). Treated test blocks were characterised by enlargement of pits on ray cell wall, formation of additional boreholes in rays, separation of fibres and cell wall thinning and formation of ‘U’-shape notches. Fungal hyphae moved through the xylem cell lumen, and intercellular spaces formed in response to separation of fibres. Hyphae traverse in adjacent cell through the cell wall pits or by making additional boreholes. In all the species studied, xylem fibres and parenchyma (axial and ray) cells were more susceptible while vessels were resistant to fungal attack. In advanced stage of decay, fibres and axial parenchyma lost their rigidity while vessel walls showed uneven thinning. In the tension wood, G-fibres remained unaffected initially but loosening and separation of gelatinous layer facilitated fungal action and showed similar pattern of cell wall deterioration. Among the wood of different species studied, Tectona was more resistant whereas Ailanthus was more susceptible to fungal attack.     

Relative susceptibility of Salix clones to chrysomelid beetles: evidence from the Stott willow collection at Ness

Willow species and hybrids growing in the Stott willow collection at Ness, UK, differed markedly in their susceptibility to leaf damage by insects, predominantly chrysomelid beetles, with the rank order of susceptibility remaining relatively constant over 2 years. Some species displayed a wide range of variation in susceptibility amongst clones; others very little. The range of susceptibilities of hybrids tended to mirror those of the parent species, with the hybrid usually sustaining leaf damage levels intermediate between those of the parents. Leaf damage in most species was higher on the lower leaf surface up to mid-season, beyond which leaf perforation damage became prevalent. Damage levels did not appear related to leaf toughness. Apparent levels of leaf damage were lower in October versus July/August samples across nearly all species. Heavy leaf damage in one year did not appear to induce the production of leaves that were more resistant to insect attack in the following year.     

油樟油细胞和粘液细胞发育的超微结构

利用超薄切片法和透射电镜研究油樟油细胞和粘液细胞发育过程。依据油细胞3层细胞壁的发育将其分为4个阶段。阶段1：仅有初生纤维素壁层，又可分为原始细胞和细胞液泡化二时期。质体内具白色小泡和黑色嗜饿滴，细胞质中有黑色或灰色的嗜饿物质，以及嗜饿物质与液泡的融合。阶段2：栓质化壁层的形成。片层状的栓质叠加在初生纤维素壁内侧。阶段3：内纤维素壁层的形成。较厚而结构松散的内纤维素壁层逐步形成，并叠加在栓质化壁层的内侧，大液泡成为充满嗜饿油脂的油囊。阶段4：油细胞成熟及细胞质解体。杯形构造由内纤维素壁层向细胞腔内突起形成，油囊由液泡包被连接到杯形构造中。解体的细胞质变得电子不透明或呈杂乱状态。粘液细胞发育方式有两种：一种是由内纤维素形成以后的油细胞发育而来，其细胞质中不断产生以同心圆或螺旋线方式排列的多膜结构，并充满整个细胞腔，最后多膜结构解体而成为丝状或颗粒状的粘液；另一种是由已完全成熟的油细胞发育而来，其油囊中的油呈不均匀的状态，并产生局部降解点，逐步扩大，最后油完全降解成颗粒成或丝状的粘液。     

银合欢根瘤细胞的超微结构

银合欢是热带豆科固氮树种,已引起世界各国的普遍重视。我国大陆沿海亚热带地区已有60—70年的引种史。在过去引种栽培的基础上,80年代由国际固氮树种协会(NFTA)和麦威夷大学提供我们一批新银合欢种籽。厦门引种栽培的银合欢,与在其它热带地区有同样表现,速生快长、结果荚早、种籽成熟弹出,就地萌发丛生,压倒附近的其它植物。它的根系生长十分发达。幼苗期就结瘤很多,根瘤直径2.5—15mm,呈现不同形状的复式分叉瘤。测出固氮活性8.069—12.207βmC_2H_4·g~(-1)鲜瘤·时~(-1)。另外植株各部分蛋白质含量丰富,其中还含有一种特殊的氨基酸,与其固氮细胞累积转运有着密切关系。本文仅介绍银合欢根瘤细胞结构变化特征,和与其它豆科根瘤的比较进行了讨论。     

Proactive intervention to sustain high-elevation pine ecosystems threatened by white pine blister rust

Only recently have efforts begun to address how management might prepare currently healthy forests to affect the outcome of invasion by established non-native pests. Cronartium ribicola, the fungus that causes the disease white pine blister rust (WPBR), is among the introductions into North America where containment and eradication have failed; the disease continues to spread. Ecosystem function is impaired by high rust-caused mortality in mature five-needle white pine forests. This paper evaluates five proactive management options to mitigate the development of impacts caused by white pine blister rust in threatened remote high-elevation five-needle pine ecosystems of western North America. They are: reducing pest populations; managing forest composition; improving host vigor; introducing resistant stock with artificial regeneration; and diversifying age class structure to affect the natural selection process for resistance. Proactive intervention to manage and facilitate evolutionary change in the host species may sustain host populations and ecosystem function during pathogen naturalization.