中药复方防治禽霍乱的效果试验

应用中草药复方水煎液防治禽霍乱，体外抑菌试验表明该中药复方对Ｃ４８－１禽霍乱巴氏杆菌的最低抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ）为６４０倍，同时对Ｃ７９－６２鸡白痢沙门氏杆菌和大肠埃希氏菌４４６７６（Ｏ７８：Ｋ８０）有较好的抑菌作用，ＭＩＣＩ分别为６４０倍和３２０倍；对人工感染禽霍乱病鸡的治疗保护率达１００％，以人工感染禽霍乱病鸡的预防保护率达８３．３３％，比现行氢氧化铝菌苗的保护率高３３．３３％，与菌苗合用能显著提     

复方止霍液的研制及其防治禽霍乱的效果试验

选用十几味中草药组成复方，研制成每１ｍＬ含主生药０．５ｇ的注射和口服兼用型防治禽霍乱中药制剂复方止霍液。该药对禽霍乱Ｃ４８－１强毒株体外抑菌圈直径为１９．５ｍｍ；对人工感染禽的保护率接近１００％；对禽霍乱鸡、鸭、鹅自然病例的治愈率分别达９５．５％、９６．１％和９２．４％，显著高于青霉素、土霉的治愈率；对人工感染和自然下的鸡霍乱具有１个月的短预防效果，预防保护率分别达９０．０％和８１．５％。     

禽霍乱疫苗的研究进展

禽霍乱是由禽源多杀性巴氏杆菌（Pasteurellamul－tocida，PM）引起家禽和野禽的一种急性接触性传染病，该病病程短促，死亡率高，对养禽业造成极大的危害。虽然抗菌药物能迅速控制本病，但停药后极易复发，因此疫苗的应用仍十分必要。目前禽霍乱疫苗有弱毒疫苗、灭活疫苗和新型疫苗。１弱毒疫苗禽霍乱弱毒疫苗是利用自然弱毒株或经人工培养致弱的菌株研制而成。其优点为免疫力产生快，３～５天即可产生坚强免疫力；免疫原性好；近期平均保护率较高可达６０％～９０％；免疫谱较广；生产成本低。不足之处是免疫期短，约３个月；安全性较差…     

毒菌净防治禽霍乱的研究

通过体外抑菌试验表明，霉菌净对巴氏杆菌有较强的抑菌作用。毒菌净防治禽霍乱效果显著，预防保护率为９８．３３％，治愈率为９６．６７％－９７．６６％，优于四环素，乱菌净，喹乙醇等抗菌药物。     

湖南省禽病发生动态与防制探讨

与养禽业发达的省市相比，我省的养禽业发展比较缓慢，禽病是其中的重要制约因素。了解禽病发生动态和有关的防病治病知识，可以有效保护养禽业的健康发展。l禽病发生动态1．1病毒病占主导地位病毒性疾病以鸡新城疫为主，细菌性疾病以禽霍乱为主，寄生虫病以球虫病为主，新城疫、霍乱、球虫这三种病是危害我省养禽业的主要疫病。但病毒性疾病危害最严重，我站接检的禽病病例中，70％以上确诊为新城疫（ND）或ND与其它病混合感染。除ND外，鸡马立克氏病（MD），鸡传染性法氏囊病（IBD），传染性支气管炎（IB），鸭病毒性肝炎等也危害严…     

禽霍乱蜂胶灭活苗对鸭的田间试验和区域试验

应用禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗对鸭进行田间免疫试验和扩大区域试验证实，该苗安全性能良好，对鸭的生产性能无明显影响，紧急免疫能在３－５天内控制疫情。田间试验用１．０ｍｌ，１．５ｍｌ剂量免疫的鸭，禽霍乱死亡率分别为１．８１％，０．８８％，出现发病死亡的时间前者比后者早。     

禽病灵对禽霍乱的药效试验

禽病灵对禽霍乱的药效试验高丽松（广东教育学院生物系，广州５１０３０３）为了控制和治疗禽霍乱，常用的药物有磺胺类、喹乙醇、抗生素以及免疫注射灭活菌苗、弱毒菌苗等。喹乙醇治疗虽然疗效较佳，但中毒量与治疗量十分接近，稍有不慎，即会发生中毒；抗生素对本病虽有...     

禽霍乱的综合防治

禽霍乱是由多杀性巴氏杆菌引起的一种接触传播的烈性传染病，鸡、鸭、鹅和野食野马都可以感染．预防灾霍乱必须采取综合措施．这是因为：一、禽霍乱的发病和流行表现突然性禽霍乱是由禽型多杀性巴氏杆菌引起的．这种细菌很容易发生变异．在自然界经常出现弱毒菌株。它们可在家禽体内与宿生长期共存而不致病，但有时却因客观条件的改变使毒力迅速增强，造成为霍乱在某一地区的爆发流行．所以本病为内源性感染的疾病，平时应防止克类遭受逆境，如禽舍潮湿、禽群拥挤、饲料突变、寄生虫病、长途运输、感冒、搬迁、并群以及日粮中蛋白质严重不足…     

中西医结合治疗禽霍乱

禽霍乱又称禽巴氏杆菌病,是由多杀性巴氏杆菌引起的多种家禽的急性败血性传染病,以全身出血性变化和肝脏多发性坏死为特征。近10年笔者采用中西医结合方法治疗禽霍乱共12546例,治愈率91．5％,效果理想,现介绍如下。     

禽霍乱组织灭活油佐剂苗的研制

选用分离自急性禽霍乱病鸭的多杀巴氏杆菌，通过鸡（鸭）胚培养，制备组织灭活油佐剂苗。免疫接种后７－９天可产生免疫力，用同型或异型强毒禽多杀巴氏杆菌攻击，其保护率均在８０％以上，保护期不少于４个月，疫苗保存期为半年。     

禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗对鸡鸭鹅的现场免疫应用效果

对鸡、鸭、鹅健康群和禽霍乱发病群现场应用禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗，结果表明，该疫苗安全可靠，不影响开产日龄和产蛋；保护率高，４个月内保护率为９８．７％～１００％，６个月内保护率为８５％～９５％，６个月以上保护率为６０％～８０％；对禽霍乱暴发群配合内服药物，可于５～７ｄ内迅速控制和扑灭疫情，且不复发     

Fowl cholera: influence of Bordetella avium on vaccinal immunity of turkeys to Pasteurella multocida

Turkeys exposed to Bordetella avium were vaccinated against fowl cholera with live Pasteurella multocida vaccine. Previous exposure to B. avium resulted in impairment of systemic immunity conferred by the vaccine: 86% of the vaccinated turkeys exposed to B. avium at 1 day old developed lesions or died of fowl cholera after challenge at 15 weeks old with virulent P. multocida. Of vaccinated turkeys not previously exposed to B. avium, only 26% had lesions or died of fowl cholera.     

乳化-溶剂挥发法制备禽霍乱乙基纤维素微胶囊疫苗

为制备禽霍乱乙基纤维素微胶囊疫苗,笔者采用乳化 溶剂挥发法制备禽霍乱乙基纤维素微胶囊,对制得的微胶囊外形、粒径分布、包封率及缓释性能等进行了研究。该方法制成的微胶囊呈球形,外观圆整,流动性好,粒径分布范围为10～80 μm,包封率70％以上,体外释放72 h的释药率为39.72%。该方法重复性好,简单易行,体外释药试验结果表明,所得的微胶囊疫苗有明显的缓释作用。     

Possible genetic variation in resistance of turkeys to erysipelas and fowl cholera

Natural disease outbreaks of erysipelas and fowl cholera occurred in several lines of turkeys maintained for genetic studies. There were line differences in mortality during both outbreaks, suggesting that there is genetic variation in resistance to these diseases. A line developed by selection for increased egg production had a higher mortality rate from fowl cholera than did the randombred control line from which it was developed. Both the egg line and its control line had a lower mortality rate in the erysipelas outbreak than did a line selected for increased growth rate. Both diseases induced high mortality in a line selected for increased growth.     

Fowl cholera immunity induced by various vaccines in broiler minibreeder chickens determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Broiler minibreeder hens were vaccinated for protection against fowl cholera at 12 and 21 weeks of age using several vaccination schemes, which included a live Pasteurella multocida (CU strain) vaccine, two commercial polyvalent fowl cholera oil-based bacterins, and two experimentally prepared polyvalent oil-based bacterins. Some treatment groups received only live or killed vaccines, whereas others received a live vaccine at 12 weeks followed by a killed product at 21 weeks. At 42 weeks of age, all birds that received the live CU vaccine twice or once followed by a bacterin survived challenge. Birds that received killed vaccines only were significantly less protected but still showed a respectable survival rate of 86%. All unvaccinated controls died within 72 hr after challenge. At 72 weeks of age, overall protection was lower than that at 42 weeks, regardless of vaccination treatment. Antibody titers were usually higher in birds that received bacterins than in those receiving live vaccines, yet overall protection was still greater in those birds that received the live cholera vaccine twice.     

Serologic associations between fowl cholera and other diseases.

As part of a case-control study designed to identify fowl cholera risk factors, 2087 blood samples were collected from 71 California meat-turkey flocks. Samples were tested for antibodies to three mycoplasmas and four viruses pathogenic for turkeys. Flocks that had antibodies to Newcastle disease virus and/or Mycoplasma meleagridis had an increased risk of having an outbreak of fowl cholera. This information should prove useful for fowl cholera control programs in meat turkeys.     

Case control study of fowl cholera in meat turkeys in California from August 1985 through July 1986 [corrected

From Aug 1985 through July 1986, 720 meat turkey flocks on 160 California premises were monitored and outbreaks of fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida) were investigated. Data from 43 outbreak (case) flocks were compared with data from 43 nonoutbreak (control) flocks. Outbreak flocks, compared with control flocks, were more likely to be located on premises with higher maximal bird capacity and history of fowl cholera outbreaks. The overall impression was that flocks in larger, newer, more intensively managed premises were at greater risk of fowl cholera outbreaks than were other flocks.     

Molecular epidemiology of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys.

Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys during an outbreak of fowl cholera was characterized by serotype and heterogeneity of genes encoding rRNA (ribotype) to investigate the epidemiology of the organism. Isolates were collected between October 1985 and July 1986. The M9 or Clemson University fowl cholera vaccine-like strain was detected in 17% of the flocks with fowl cholera. One particular strain, isolated only from breeder flocks, was recovered from 7 of the 10 breeder flocks examined in this study. Intracompany transmission appeared to be common, implying a failure in biosecurity. Circumstantial evidence indicated that in the field; the incubation period of P multocida in a turkey flock may be between 2 to 7 weeks. Wildlife did not appear to be an important reservoir of P multocida for turkeys during this study period. Ribotyping results tended to discount several of the possible interflock transmissions, as suggested by examination of serotyping results alone; however, serotyping in combination with ribotyping proved helpful in understanding the epidemiology of P multocida in turkeys.     

Protectivity conferred by immunization with intranasal recombinant outer membrane protein H from Pasteurella multocida serovar A:1 in chickens

Recombinant outer membrane protein H (rOmpH) is a potential fowl cholera vaccine candidate. The present study was aimed at developing rOmpH formulations for intranasal administration. The rOmpH was purified and formulated with either Escherichia coli enterotoxin B (LTB) or CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) as an adjuvant. Antibody responses in chickens intranasally immunized with rOmpH in combination with 2 different adjuvants were significantly increased (P<0.05) post immunization. Chicken survival rates showed that rOmpH formulated with ODN and LTB elicited 90% and 70% protection, respectively. Our findings indicated that rOmpH formulated with ODN elicited protection better than that formulated with LTB. Therefore, the vaccines formulations in the present study can be considered new intranasal vaccine formulations for fowl cholera in chickens.     

Relationship of increased fowl cholera outbreaks in turkeys with high environmental temperatures.

The relationship of an increase in fowl cholera outbreaks in turkeys with an increase in environmental temperatures during June, July, August, and September between 1959 and 1992 was analyzed. High environmental temperatures were found to be influential in the development of fowl cholera in turkeys. When the average monthly maximum environmental temperatures for 5 mo of July and 7 mo of August during the 13 yr between 1967 and 1979 were above 30.5 C, there was a significantly (P < 0.05) higher number of fowl cholera outbreaks in turkeys for each month than during the same months when the average maximum temperatures were below 30.5 C. To test the hypothesis that an increase in fowl cholera outbreaks was preceded by an increase in temperature, the pre- and postoutbreak temperatures for 46 selected outbreak clusters occurring between 1959 and 1992 were averaged. Both the average maximum and minimum temperatures for the latter 9 days of the preoutbreak period were highly significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those of the average cluster outbreak day and the following four postoutbreak days. Also, for the nine individual days of the latter pre-outbreak period, the daily average maximum temperature was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for 3 days and partially significantly (P < 0.10) higher for 3 days than that of the average cluster outbreak day, and the daily average minimum temperature was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for 2 days and partially significantly (P < 0.10) higher for 1 day than that for the average cluster outbreak day.