华北平原旱作区农田害鼠化学防治技术的优化筛选研究

作者研究了不同投饵方式,不同灭鼠季节和不同杀鼠剂的农田灭鼠效果,并研究了溴代毒鼠磷和磷化锌不同浓度与不同投饵量对农田害鼠的灭杀率,筛选出了农田灭鼠优化技术:封锁带式投饵,0.5%溴代毒鼠磷小麦毒饵每堆投饵2克,全年中灭鼠适期为3—4月份。这套优化灭鼠技术较从前采用的灭鼠技术提高了灭效,而且大幅度降低了灭鼠成本。     

川西盆地农田化学灭鼠规范化技术研究

灭鼠时间,投饵量和投饵位置是决定灭鼠效果的关键因素。本文采用正交旋转组合设计试验对此作了较详细的研究,并据此把灭鼠时间、投饵量、投饵位置有机地结合起来,提出了“春季灭鼠、分片定量、定向投饵”的规范化配套技术。经几年多点100万亩以上的大而积示范证明,此项技术具有防治成本低、直接灭鼠效果高等优点。     

农田害鼠投饵防治适期的研究

防治农田害鼠适期投放毒饵既能有效地控制鼠害,又能提高灭鼠效益。作者1983— 1985年根据害鼠胃内食物构成季节变动及不同季节灭鼠对比试验结果等综合分析,得出了防治农田害鼠的投饵适期,经近几年大面积灭鼠验证效果良好,现将结果整理如下。一、害鼠胃内食物构成的季节变化野外的自然食物条件直接影响着害鼠对     

溴敌隆4种投饵方法灭鼠效果比较

我们于１９９４年引进灭鼠药溴敌隆,在试验研究的基础上制定了农田四埂旁封闭式投饵法。为明确该法与其他方法的灭鼠效果,科学地指导大面积灭鼠,１９９５年８月我们在昭通市进行了对比试验,结果表明农田四埂旁封闭式投饵法最为理想。１　试验区概况灭鼠试验区选在昭通市城郊农田,海拔１９４０ｍ,属山间小盆地,一年种植两季,灭鼠期种植玉米。农田鼠种齐氏姬鼠Ａｐｏｄｅｍｕｓｃｈｅｖｒｉｅｒｉ占７２－２％,其他为昭通绒鼠及黄胸鼠等。试验区按地形划为相等的３个大区域１５个小区,每小区面积为６－７ｈｍ２,区间挖塘放石灰作标…     

农田害鼠饵料适口性研究初报

农田害鼠饵料适口性研究初报阮治安，刘正道，佘永庆（浙江江宁县植保站，２１１１００）１材料与方法为探索药物灭鼠的对路配饵，更好的开展农村大面积灭鼠工作，作者自１９９２～１９９３年对农田害鼠的饵料适口性进行研究，采用圆形铁盘法投饵试验。铁盘直径２００ｍｍ...     

农田灭鼠毒饵投放方法的研究

在应用毒饵防治农田害鼠的工作中,人们常用棋盘式投饵,按10米投1行,5米投1堆全田毒饵覆盖;起到了一定的灭鼠效果,但用饵量大、费工、经济效益低。1983—1986年经作者研究表明封锁带式投饵较为理想。     

毒鼠磷使用技术的改进

毒鼠磷是农作物播种前灭鼠保种护苗的理想药剂。与敌鼠钠盐相比,它具有致死快,耗饵量小,二次中毒率更低等优点。但是,它的适口性很差,选择能力弱。1985年起,我们改进使用技术,使防治效果达到90％以上。不仅保证了水稻(特别是杂交水稻)育     

竹筒毒饵站农田灭鼠效果观察

取材方便,制作简单的竹筒毒饵站应用于农田药剂灭鼠的效果可达80%以上,并可降低投饵量,延长毒饵有效期,提高毒饵利用率,有效避免环境污染和非靶标动物误食,有较高的推广价值。     

地芬·硫酸钡饵剂对丽江农田害鼠的灭杀效果

地芬·硫酸钡属于非毒杀类的杀鼠剂,通过在云南丽江农田开展试验,调查了20.02%地芬·硫酸钡颗粒饵剂对农田害鼠的灭杀效果。结果表明,当地主要害鼠对该饵剂的平均取食率为67.7%,相对于小麦的摄食系数为1.07,该饵剂对当地9种害鼠均具一定灭杀效果,投饵15d后校正灭鼠率为68.13%,30 d后校正灭鼠率为76.94%。     

加强农田灭鼠工作确保农业生产安全

近年来 ,农村鼠害呈加重发生态势 ,农田鼠害面积不断增加 ,危害程度日趋严重 ,农作物产量损失较大。对农村居民身体健康和财产安全构成较大威胁。为了推广普及鼠害综合防治技术 ,有效防除农田鼠害 ,指导广大农民安全科学地使用杀鼠剂及化学农药 ,保障农业生产安全和食品、人身安全 ,最近省农业厅植保总站召开了“全省农田科学灭鼠工作会” ,会议要求 ,当前 ,正值秋冬季节 ,是开展农田灭鼠的有利时机 ,各级农业部门要立即行动起来 ,采取不同形式 ,全面开展农田灭鼠活动。组织开展好农田灭鼠活动 ,要特别做好以下三个方面的工作 :一是根据当地…     

3种抗凝血类杀鼠剂在喀什农区防治害鼠效果及对家禽的安全性评价

为确定适于防治南疆农区鼠害的抗凝血类杀鼠剂, 在喀什地区疏勒县采用夹捕法、食饵法、粉迹法评估了杀鼠醚、溴敌隆、溴鼠灵的防治效果, 并采用灌胃法给药测试3种杀鼠剂对家鸡Gallus domestiaus和鸽子Columba livia的安全性。结果表明, 连续投放毒饵10 d后, 与溴敌隆防治区相比, 杀鼠醚防治区的阳性粉块和无毒小麦取食量的下降幅度均无显著差异, 但无毒小麦取食量下降的农户比例更高;且防治后褐家鼠比例更低, 防治期间毒饵消耗量更高。连续单独投放溴敌隆30 d的灭鼠效果可达90.9%, 但10 d溴敌隆与20 d溴鼠灵联合防治防效仅为65.9%。灌胃法测试表明, 对当地家禽类的毒性从低到高依次为杀鼠醚、溴敌隆和溴鼠灵。因此, 建议优选毒性较低的杀鼠醚或溴敌隆用于南疆农区鼠害防治。     

Large-scale identification of rodenticide resistance in Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus in the Netherlands based on Vkorc1 codon 139 mutations

BACKGROUND

Resistance to rodenticides has been reported globally and poses a considerable problem for efficacy in pest control. The most-documented resistance to rodenticides in commensal rodents is associated with mutations in the Vkorc1 gene, in particular in codon 139. Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides has been reported in the Netherlands since 1989. A study from 2013 showed that 25% of 169 Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) had a mutation at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene. To gain insight in the current status of rodenticide resistance amongst R. norvegicus and house mice Mus musculus in the Netherlands, we tested these rodents for mutations in codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene. In addition, we collected data from pest controllers on their use of rodenticides and experience with rodenticide resistance.

RESULTS

A total of 1801 rodent samples were collected throughout the country consisting of 1404 R. norvegicus and 397 M. musculus. In total, 15% of R. norvegicus [95% confidence interval (CI): 13–17%] and 38% of M. musculus (95% CI: 33–43%) carried a genetic mutation at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates genetic mutations at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene in M. musculus in the Netherlands. Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides is present in R. norvegicus and M. musculus in multiple regions in the Netherlands. The results of this comprehensive study provide a baseline and facilitate trend analyses of Vkorc1 codon 139 mutations and evaluation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies as these are enrolled in the Netherlands. © 2022 The Dutch Pest and Wildlife. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

The need to implement the landscape of fear within rodent pest management strategies

Current reactive pest management methods have serious drawbacks such as the heavy reliance on chemicals, emerging genetic rodenticide resistance and high secondary exposure risks. Rodent control needs to be based on pest species ecology and ethology to facilitate the development of ecologically based rodent management (EBRM). An important aspect of EBRM is a strong understanding of rodent pest species ecology, behaviour and spatiotemporal factors. Gaining insight into the behaviour of pest species is a key aspect of EBRM. The landscape of fear (LOF) is a mapping of the spatial variation in the foraging cost arising from the risk of predation, and reflects the levels of fear a prey species perceives at different locations within its home range. In practice, the LOF maps habitat use as a result of perceived fear, which shows where bait or traps are most likely to be encountered and used by rodents. Several studies have linked perceived predation risk of foraging animals with quitting‐harvest rates or giving‐up densities (GUDs). GUDs have been used to reflect foraging behaviour strategies of predator avoidance, but to our knowledge very few papers have directly used GUDs in relation to pest management strategies. An opportunity for rodent control strategies lies in the integration of the LOF of rodents in EBRM methodologies. Rodent management could be more efficient and effective by concentrating on those areas where rodents perceive the least levels of predation risk. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

黄土高原甘肃鼢鼠、中华鼢鼠综合防治技术的研究

1986—1990年在陕西、山西两省进行了甘肃鼢鼠和中华鼢鼠综合防治的研究。在化学防治基础上,采取加强农田基本建设蓄积天然降水、作物轮作倒茬、使用化学除草剂铲除田间杂草等生态措施进行综合防治。结果表明,药物灭鼠可迅速将害鼠密度降至防治阈值(3.1只/公顷)以下,其他几项生态措施对害鼠种群数量恢复亦有一定抑制作用,避免了连年使用化学药物防治的弊端。     

Rodent Control in India

Eighteen species of rodents are pests in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal and human dwellings and rural and urban storage facilities in India. Their habitat, distribution, abundance and economic significance varies in different crops, seasons and geographical regions of the country. Of these, Bandicota bengalensis is the most predominant and widespread pest of agriculture in wet and irrigated soils and has also established in houses and godowns in metropolitan cities like Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. In dryland agriculture Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae are the predominant rodent pests. Some species like Rattus meltada, Mus musculus and M. booduga occur in both wet and dry lands. Species like R. nitidus in north-eastern hill region and Gerbillus gleadowi in the Indian desert are important locally. The common commensal pests are Rattus rattus and M. musculus throughout the country including the islands. R. rattus along with squirrels Funambulus palmarum and F. tristriatus are serious pests of plantation crops such as coconut and oil palm in the southern peninsula. F. pennanti is abundant in orchards and gardens in the north and central plains and sub-mountain regions. Analysis of the information available on the damage and economic losses caused by rodents in rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, pearl millet, sorghum, oil seed, legume and vegetable crop fields, horticulture and forestry, poultry farms, and rural and urban dwellings and storage facilities clearly shows that chronic damage ranging from 2% to 15% persists throughout the country and severe damage, sometimes even up to 100% loss of the field crop, is not rare. Several traditional and modern approaches and methods of rodent control are being used. The existing knowledge of the environmental, cultural, biological, mechanical and chemical methods of rodent control in India is reviewed. Considerable variations exist in the susceptibility of the pest species to different methods, particularly to rodenticides and trapping, their field applicability, efficacy and economics in different crops, seasons and geographical regions, behavioural responses of the pest species to these methods in different ecological conditions and their adoption by farmers in different regions of India. Environmental and cultural techniques, such as clean cultivation, proper soil tillage and crop scheduling, barriers, repellents and proofing which may reduce rodent harbourage, food sources and immigration have long lasting effects but are seldom adopted. However, their significance in relation to normal agricultural practices, intensification and diversification are discussed. Rodenticides, which provide an immediate solution to the rodent problem, form the major component of rodent control strategies in India. Poison baiting of rodents with zinc phosphide and burrow fumigation with aluminium phosphide are common in agricultural fields and recently Racumin (coumatetralyl) and bromadiolone have been introduced for the control of both agricultural and commensal rodent pests in India. Methods and timings of campaigns and successes and problems in implementation of rodent control are also reviewed.     

我国农业鼠害发生状况及防控技术进展

我国的农业鼠害发生十分严重,全国31个省（市、自治区）农区均有发生。每年农田鼠害发生面积2 000~4 000万hm2,造成的粮食损失可占总产量的5%~10%。草原鼠害发生也遍及青海等13个草原大省（自治区）,每年草原受灾面积达2 500~4 300万hm2左右,严重危害面积1 500~2 300万hm2。近年,我国农业鼠害防治工作取得了长足进步,成绩斐然。农田鼠害的防治可占到发生面积的50%~80%,农户鼠害的防治数占到发生总数的80%以上。草原鼠害防治面积占严重危害面积的1/3。鼠害监测预警体系的软硬件建设被不断推进。毒饵站技术,抗药性监测等技术措施被用来优化传统化学灭杀法,以减少其环境副作用。不育控制,TBS技术和生态管理等新型可持续鼠害管理技术的研究和试验推广也取得了丰硕成果。指导相关鼠害防治方法实践的国家标准、行业标准及优化策略等陆续推出。综合运用各种技术和方法来控制鼠害的能力得到了很大加强。     

农田鼠类数量统计方法的研究

目前统计大仓鼠Cricetulus triton、黑线仓鼠C.barabensis和黑线姬鼠Apodemus agrarius等地面活动的农田鼠类广泛采用夹捕法和查洞法,夹捕法又要求连续布夹三夜。本文对用一夜、连续二夜和三夜夹捕的统计结果作了对比研究,结果表明,三种夹捕方法的统计结果一致,呈极显著正相关。作者认为只用一夜捕鼠减少了工作量和样方去除效应,可在农田鼠情常规测报中代替连续三夜捕鼠法。查洞法的统计结果不能反映农田鼠类数量的季节变化,不宜在鼠情测报中使用。     

北京地区麦田害鼠分布与数量动态的初步研究

通过采用沟筒调查法对北京地区春季麦田害鼠发生分布数量动态的系统调查结果表明,农田害鼠在试验地的各个环境中均有分布,害鼠群落组成为大仓鼠+褐家鼠+黑线姬鼠+小家鼠,优势鼠种为大仓鼠.同时发现大仓鼠主要集中在农田中部,潮湿的地方黑线姬鼠数量高于其他生境.     

不育剂EP-1对内蒙古荒漠啮齿动物优势种群繁殖的影响

鼠类不育控制已成为我国草原鼠害有效控制的发展趋势.为明确不育剂对荒漠草原害鼠种群繁殖的控制作用,2011年在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区采用春季一次性投饵的方法,研究复合不育剂EP-1对子午沙鼠Meriones meridianus、三趾跳鼠Dipus sagitta和小毛足鼠Phodopus roborovskii3种啮齿动物优势种群的控制作用.结果显示,不育剂EP-1致使3种雄鼠的睾丸明显萎缩且下降率降低;春季子午沙鼠和三趾跳鼠的睾丸、附睾和精囊腺3项脏器系数均极显著低于对照区(P＜0.01),睾丸下降率均显著低于对照区(P＜0.05);小毛足鼠5月和10月睾丸脏器系数和4-10月睾丸下降率均显著低于对照区(P＜0.05),且持续时间较长.不育剂EP-1导致3种雌鼠子宫明显水肿、外壁变薄、体积变大、孕鼠平均胎仔数减少,4月子午沙鼠和三趾跳鼠的子宫脏器系数与宽度均显著高于对照区(P＜0.05),5月3种雌鼠的平均胎仔数均显著低于对照区(P＜0.05).表明不育剂EP-1对3种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群的繁殖起到了有效的控制作用.