平邑甜茶幼苗与葱混作对苹果连作土壤环境的影响

盆栽条件下研究了葱(Allium fistulosum L.)与平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)混作对苹果连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生长和生理的影响。结果表明:与连作土对照相比,平邑甜茶与葱混作能促进幼苗株高、地径、鲜样质量、干样质量的增长(分别为对照的1.42倍、1.67倍、3.63倍和2.99倍);提高了平邑甜茶幼苗的根系呼吸速率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性(分别为对照的1.58倍、2.74倍、2.41倍和6.79倍);显著提高土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,均表现为混作石灰氮溴甲烷连作土;同时混作土壤中细菌数量为连作对照的2.44倍,放线菌数量为连作土对照的1.79倍,而真菌数量较连作土对照减少了69.4%,土壤中细菌/真菌比值表现为溴甲烷混作石灰氮连作土;提高了土壤真菌的丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数,降低了优势度指数;土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量明显减少。平邑甜茶幼苗与葱混作,可以减少连作土壤中真菌数量,提高细菌数量,减轻苹果的连作障碍。     

棉隆熏蒸加短期轮作葱对平邑甜茶幼苗生长及其生理的影响

以盆栽平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,连续2年研究了老龄苹果园土壤经棉隆熏蒸后轮作一茬葱对再植平邑甜茶植株生理特征的影响,为其减轻苹果连作障碍提供理论依据。结果表明：老龄苹果园土壤轮作葱、棉隆熏蒸、棉隆熏蒸后短期轮作葱均能显著促进连作土壤再植平邑甜茶幼苗的生长,其中以棉隆熏蒸后短期轮作葱处理效果最佳。与棉隆熏蒸相比,棉隆熏蒸加短期轮作葱处理的平邑甜茶株高、地径、鲜质量、干质量、根系呼吸速率在2016年7月分别提高了34.5%、19.5%、30.0%、22.6%、21.3%,2017年7月,上述指标分别提高了29.9%、28.4%、35.0%、34.4%、26.5%;棉隆熏蒸后短期轮作葱还显著降低了根系及叶片中MDA含量,提高了根系抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性,两者联用处理的平邑甜茶幼苗净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Gi）等较棉隆熏蒸也有显著提高。因此,棉隆熏蒸后短期轮作葱能有效防控苹果连作障碍。     

西北黄土高原地区苹果连作障碍与土壤真菌群落结构的相关性分析

采用构建真菌克隆文库和T-RFLP相结合的方法,研究了甘肃、陕西和山西省20个地区再植苹果园土壤中的真菌群落结构特征,同时还研究了平邑甜茶幼苗的生长与再植苹果园土壤中优势真菌属的相关性。结果表明,在真菌分类门的水平上,子囊菌门真菌是西北黄土高原地区苹果连作土壤中主要的真菌类型;在属的水平上,镰孢菌属、被孢霉属、毛壳菌属、隐球酵母菌属等是主要优势菌群。从果园地区分布来看,甘肃省的5个地区土壤真菌具有相对较高的多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数和相对较低的优势度指数。陕西富平,山西平陆,山西盐湖区的苹果连作障碍较严重,镰孢菌的丰度较高。从平邑甜茶幼苗生长受抑制量与土壤中优势真菌属的相关性来看,镰孢菌的丰度与苹果连作障碍的严重程度呈极显著性正相关（r = 0.585,P < 0.01）,而被孢霉属的丰度与其呈显著性负相关（r =–0.473,P < 0.05）。引起西北黄土高原地区苹果连作障碍的主要有害真菌类型是镰孢菌属。     

多菌灵与微生物有机肥复合对连作平邑甜茶幼苗及土壤的影响

为探索多菌灵与微生物有机肥对苹果连作障碍的缓解效果,以连作土盆栽平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,研究了多菌灵、微生物有机肥对平邑甜茶幼苗生长和土壤环境的影响。结果表明:与连作土对照相比,多菌灵和微生物有机肥复合施用可提高根系呼吸速率,促进根系生长,提高幼苗生物量,其中株高提高了38%,呼吸速率提高了36%;细菌/真菌值达到连作土对照的19.07倍;改变了土壤真菌群落结构,其中复合处理具有较高的优势度指数与较低的多样性、均匀度、丰富度指数;微生物有机肥、多菌灵与微生物有机肥复合施用对土壤酶有显著促进作用。因此,多菌灵与微生物有机肥复合施用可以更好地缓解苹果连作障碍。     

Productivity and quality of statice (Limonium sinuatum cv. Soiree Mix) and cockscomb (Celosia argentea cv. Chief Mix) under organic and inorganic fertilization regiments

Very little information is available on organic specialty cut flower production, especially fertilization requirements. In order to better understand organic fertilization requirements of two specialty cut flower crops, Limonium sinuatum and Celosia argentea, we initiated a field and greenhouse experiment to study the effect of compost (organic) and conventional (inorganic) fertilization treatments on the growth and productivity of these crops. Optimum yields in the field, expressed as fresh weight per plot, were achieved at compost applications of 98.8 t ha⁻¹ for both Limonium and Celosia. However, when number of stems, height of the stems, and the environmental impacts of such compost applications are considered we concluded that the optimal organic fertilizer amounts were 12.4 and 24.7 t ha⁻¹, for Limonium and Celosia, respectively. Limonium and Celosia plants in the greenhouse experiment were fertilized with 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg L⁻¹ nitrogen, combined with 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 mg L⁻¹ phosphorus. The generation of response surfaces for total weight per pot, number of stems per pot, average weight per stem, and average stem length were attempted for each species. The results showed that nitrogen did not significantly contribute to any of the models, except for Celosia average weight and length per stem models. Total weights per pot on the other hand showed both a linear and quadratic relationship over the range of phosphorus applications we tested. Maximum number of stems and total weight per pot were observed between 30 and 46 mg L⁻¹ P in both Limonium and Celosia. Our results suggest that organic fertilizer recommendations, in the form of animal manure composts should be based on phosphorus content of the compost rather than nitrogen content especially for soils high in initial phosphorous content.     

苹果连作障碍土壤微生物的研究进展

从土壤微生物的角度，概述了苹果连作障碍发生时病原菌对再植树体的影响，并结合当前化学/生物熏蒸、拮抗微生物施用、施肥措施调整、有机改良剂添加、抗重茬砧木选择、种植制度建立等手段，概述了上述措施在缓解连作障碍过程中影响和调控土壤微生物群落结构的研究进展，对未来苹果连作障碍机理的研究及防控技术的发展方向提出了展望。     

Bio-efficiency of compost extracts on the wet rot incidence,morphological and physiological growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [(L.) Moench])

An experiment was carried out to investigate the efficacy of rice straw and empty fruit bunch (EFB) of oil palm compost extracts either fortified or unfortified with Trichoderma harzianum on morpho-physiological growth and occurrence of Choanephora wet rot of okra. Treatments tested were water (control) (T1), rice straw (RST) compost extract (T2), Trichoderma-enriched RST compost extract (T3), empty fruit bunch of oil palm compost extract (T4), Trichoderma-enriched EFB compost extract (T5), aqueous suspension of Trichoderma (T6), and a fungicide Dithane M-45^® (2 g l⁻¹ of water) (T7). The experimental results revealed significant variations amongst the treatments in respect of morphological characters, e.g. shoot length, tap root length, number of leaves per plant, and leaf area. The shoot and tap root length, number of leaves per plant, leaf area were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in Trichoderma-enriched RST compost extracts (T3) followed by Dithane M-45^® (T7), Trichoderma-enriched EFB extracts (T5), RST (T2), EFB (T4) and aqueous suspension of T. harzianum (T6) in both Choanephora inoculated and uninoculated (control) plots. Similarly, net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content were higher in plants receiving Trichoderma-enriched RST compost extracts (T3) with 76.2% reduction in Choanephora wet rot incidence when compared with rest of the treatments. These experimental results revealed that morpho-physiological characters of okra could be modified by the application of Trichoderma-enriched compost extracts. This suggests that use of Trichoderma-enriched compost extracts would be more beneficial in environmentally friendly okra cultivation and may be used as an alternative to inorganic fertilizers/fungicides to enhance plant growth and reduce disease incidence subsequently, resulting in higher yield.     

棉隆熏蒸加短期轮作葱显著减轻苹果连作障碍

在盆栽条件下,以苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,研究棉隆熏蒸老龄苹果园土壤并轮作一季葱,对土壤微生物环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响,以期为防控苹果连作障碍提供新技术。2015年5月进行4种试验处理,分别为老龄苹果园土壤对照,老龄苹果园土壤轮作葱,棉隆熏蒸老龄苹果园土壤,棉隆熏蒸老龄苹果园土壤后轮作葱,2016年5月各处理土壤统一定植平邑甜茶幼苗。结果表明：与对照相比,棉隆熏蒸后轮作葱处理的土壤真菌数量减少了73%,层出镰孢菌的基因拷贝数减少67%,细菌数减少19%,细菌/真菌比值增加了213%。T-RFLP图谱的主成分分析（PCA）、聚类分析结果显示,棉隆熏蒸后轮作葱明显改变了土壤真菌群落结构,且比单纯棉隆熏蒸处理提高了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性。棉隆熏蒸后轮作葱处理,平邑甜茶株高、茎粗、鲜质量和干质量分别为连作土对照的1.96倍、1.75倍、2.31倍和2.34倍,根长、根面积、根体积和根呼吸速率较连作土对照分别提高了155%、310%、294%和89%。可见,棉隆熏蒸后轮作葱处理,具有最高的细菌/真菌比值,并显著改变了土壤真菌群落结构,提高了土壤酶活性,促进了平邑甜茶幼苗的生长,防控连作障碍的效果优于单纯棉隆熏蒸,是减轻苹果连作障碍的有效措施。     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XC1的筛选、鉴定及其对苹果连作障碍的影响

从连作苹果园健康苹果树根际土壤中筛选出1株对苹果连作障碍镰孢属病原菌具有较强拮抗作用的细菌XC1,该菌对尖孢镰孢菌的抑菌率最高,达到79.83%。根据其形态、生理生化特征和基于16S rDNA、gyrA基因的系统发育分析,鉴定该菌为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)。目前菌株XC1已保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏号为CGMCC No.20057。苹果连作土盆栽试验表明,XC1菌肥处理能显著促进平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)幼苗的生长,其株高、地径、鲜质量和干质量分别比对照提高了54.8%、34.8%、121.1%和96.0%;显著提高连作土壤中的蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和中性磷酸酶的活性,分别为对照的1.57倍、2.71倍、1.21倍和1.79倍;显著减少连作土壤中真菌的数量,提高细菌和放线菌的数量,且对尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)有很好的抑制作用,尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数比对照降低了76.4%。这说明贝莱斯芽孢杆菌抑制连作障碍病原菌的效果明显,可改善土壤环境,促进平邑甜茶幼苗的生长,能在一定程度上减轻苹果连作障碍。     

硫磺对苹果连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响

以盆栽的试验方式，研究了在老龄苹果园土壤中添加不同量（0、0.1、0.3、0.5 g ? kg-1）的硫磺对土壤微生物环境及再植平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）幼苗的影响，为减轻苹果连作障碍提供理论依据。温室和露地盆栽结果显示：硫磺对改善连作土壤环境及促进平邑甜茶幼苗的生长具有良好的效果，但不同添加量促进效果不尽相同，其中以0.3 g ? kg-1的促进效果最为显著。与对照相比，0.3 g ? kg-1的硫磺处理浓度下平邑甜茶幼苗株高、地径、鲜质量、干质量分别增加了60.83%（26.03%，露地数据，下同）、26.78%（19.66%）、73.44%（62.15%）和93.32%（72.93%）；根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根系呼吸速率提高了1.47倍（1.82倍）、2.28倍（2.05倍）、2.05倍（2.74倍）、1.73倍（1.67倍）、2.12倍（1.98倍）。硫磺处理后叶片叶绿素含量、光合参数、土壤酶的活性均有不同程度提高。0.3 g ? kg-1硫磺处理具有最高的细菌与真菌比值、真菌的丰富度和多样性指数及最低的优势度指数。主成分分析发现，随硫磺添加量增加，土壤真菌群落与对照距离越来越远，但当添加量由0.3 g ? kg-1增加至0.5 g ? kg-1对改善连作土壤环境的效果不是特别明显。实时荧光定量结果表明，硫磺的添加可以显著降低串珠镰孢菌基因拷贝数。综上，0.3 g ? kg-1硫磺处理可较好地优化土壤环境，促进平邑甜茶幼苗的生长，可作为一种减轻苹果连作障碍的有效方法。     

根皮苷和串珠镰孢菌加重苹果连作土壤环境及其对平邑甜茶生长的抑制

以平邑甜茶幼苗（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）为试材,在盆栽条件下研究了串珠镰孢菌和根皮苷对幼苗生长及连作土壤微生物的影响,为阐明连作障碍的发生机理提供理论依据。结果表明：8月份串珠镰孢菌、根皮苷、串珠镰孢菌 + 根皮苷处理均不同程度降低了连作条件下‘平邑甜茶’幼苗的生物量,其中串珠镰孢菌 + 根皮苷处理的株高、地径、鲜质量、干质量降低最显著,分别为连作土对照的70.6%、77.4%、52.3%和43.7%;9月份各处理的生长量趋势与8月份一致。在8月和9月,不同处理对幼苗根系呼吸速率的抑制作用表现为：串珠镰孢菌 + 根皮苷 > 串珠镰孢菌 > 根皮苷 > 连作土对照。3个处理均不同程度地抑制了连作土壤中细菌的生长,促进了真菌的生长,改变了土壤真菌的群落结构。3个处理均不同程度地降低了连作土壤中脲酶、中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的活性;在8月,根皮苷、串珠镰孢菌、串珠镰孢菌 + 根皮苷处理后对土壤脲酶活性的抑制作用较显著,分别比对照降低14.8%、29.1%和53.4%。综上,串珠镰孢菌和根皮苷单独或组合处理均显著抑制了‘平邑甜茶’幼苗的生长,其中串珠镰孢菌 + 根皮苷处理最为显著,说明根皮苷和串珠镰孢菌共同作用加重了苹果连作障碍现象。     

苹果容器苗在连作土壤上的生长表现及其根区土壤环境特征

以苹果红露/M9-T337为试材,用小、中、大3种规格(上部直径分别为10、20和30 cm,底部直径为8、16和24 cm,高均为30 cm)容器育苗,将其连同基质一起移栽入25年老龄苹果园树穴中,以裸根苗为对照,分别在6个月和18个月后观察苗木生长和根区土壤环境特征.结果 表明:带基质的容器苗均不同程度地改善了连作...     

Specific Replant Diseases of Apple and Cherry and Their Control by Soil Fumigation

The characteristics of the disorders here termed "specific replant diseases”' are briefly described and an account is given of a three-year series of field studies. The test plants used were of apple (Malus pumila Mill.) and cherry (Prunus avium L.), each planted in cherry and apple land; the fumigants chloropicrin, chlorobromopropene, dazomet, dichloropropane-dichloro- propene, methyl bromide and methyl isothiocyanate, were applied at various rates prior to planting. All effected some improvement in plant growth, but chloropicrin proved outstanding, the growth of cherries being increased up to threefold by rates as low as 10 gallons per acre. Results obtained with apple were less clear-cut, probably because apple replant disease proved to be of little importance on the experimental fields used. Although these were primarily fumigant-screening trials, it can be deduced that tylenchid plant-parasitic nematodes do not cause either apple or cherry specific replant diseases.     

土壤熏蒸剂棉隆加海藻菌肥对苹果连作土微生物及平邑甜茶生长的影响

以生产上常用的苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,在苹果连作土盆栽条件下研究了棉隆（四氢化–3,5–二甲基–2H–1,3,5–噻二嗪–2–硫酮）熏蒸加海藻菌肥对幼苗生长以及土壤环境的影响。试验结果表明,与连作土对照相比,棉隆熏蒸、连作土 + 海藻菌肥对平邑甜茶幼苗的生长均有不同程度的促进作用,二者组合使用效果最为显著;棉隆、海藻菌肥、棉隆 + 海藻菌肥均提高了平邑甜茶幼苗根系CAT、POD、SOD活性,其中棉隆 + 海藻菌肥的效果最明显;棉隆 + 海藻菌肥提高了幼苗根系总长度、根表面积、根体积、根尖数;海藻菌肥显著增加了土壤中细菌与真菌的数量,棉隆 + 海藻菌肥增加了土壤中细菌数量以及土壤中细菌与真菌的比值。棉隆熏蒸 + 海藻菌肥能更有效地减轻苹果连作障碍。     

Improvement of soil properties using compost for optimum parsley production in sandy soils

In the warm and wet north Florida climate, growing Italian parsley (Petroselinum crispum [Mill.]) is gaining popularity with small producers as a short duration crop on sandy soil. Application of compost to agricultural land can benefit the low fertile sandy soils in Florida and subsequent crop production, while providing an outlet for recycling municipal solid wastes (MSW) and biosolids. A field study was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications to evaluate the effects of compost (75% MSW:25% biosolids) application in comparison to fertilizer, fertilizer + compost (50:50), and control treatments on: (a) parsley fresh weight (FW), (b) soil and plant tissue nutrient concentrations, and (c) soil bulk density and moisture retention in winter and spring seasons. Soil amended with fertilizer or compost + fertilizer doubled parsley FW from 15.02 Mg ha⁻¹ in the non-amended control plot to 30.75 and 32.67 Mg ha⁻¹ in soils that received fertilizer + compost or fertilizer alone, respectively. Significantly higher total soil carbon (C) levels of 2.16% and 1.95% and nitrogen (N) levels of 0.19% and 0.16% were recorded in compost and fertilizer + compost treatments, respectively. Addition of compost reduced soil bulk density significantly to 1.03 Mg m⁻³ and increased soil moisture retention in simulated drier conditions at 1500 kPa to 0.12 m³ m⁻³ in plots that received only compost at the end of winter growing season. Overall, addition of compost resulted in improvement of both physical and chemical properties as well as increased parsley yields.     

苹果连作障碍研究进展

苹果连作障碍是制约苹果产业可持续发展的重要因素。苹果连作障碍的起因多而复杂,一些可能的因素在不同地区甚至同一地区不同果园也会不同,给苹果连作障碍的防控带来较大困难。概述了引起苹果连作障碍的主要原因,以及防治苹果连作障碍的主要方法,结合本课题组近10年来的相关研究,主要从连作苹果园土壤微生物群落结构变化、化感自毒作用(酚酸类物质)、土壤理化性质劣变等方面介绍了苹果连作障碍机制的研究进展;并从合理轮作、间套作和混作、深翻客土、施用有机物料等农艺措施,化学熏蒸、物理消毒等土壤消毒措施,抗性砧木选育等抗性育种措施,颉颃细菌、颉颃真菌、颉颃植物等生物防控措施方面介绍了苹果连作障碍防控的研究进展。对今后苹果连作障碍机理的进一步研究及防控技术的发展方向提出了展望。     

草酸青霉A1菌株的鉴定及对苹果4种镰孢病菌的拮抗作用

从连作条件下的平邑甜茶健康根系分离得到1株内生真菌A1,通过形态学特征、培养特性观察鉴定该菌属于青霉属,将其ITS r DNA序列和β-tubulin序列与Gen Bank中已知标准菌株的ITS r DNA序列和β-tubulin序列进行比对,并利用MEGA5.05软件构建青霉菌A1菌株进化树。结果表明,青霉菌A1与草酸青霉Penicillium oxalicum(KF152942.1,KC344990.1)序列同源性最高,为100%,最终将青霉菌A1鉴定为草酸青霉A1。在马铃薯培养基(PDA)和玉米粉培养基上分别将内生真菌A1与尖孢镰孢菌、串珠镰孢菌、层出镰孢菌和腐皮镰孢菌进行对峙试验,结果在PDA培养基上对菌丝生长抑制率分别为42.0%、74.0%、47.0%和54.5%,拮抗系数达到Ⅱ级或Ⅰ级,在玉米粉培养基上菌丝生长抑制率分别为60.5%、82.2%、68.4%和53.4%,拮抗系数达到Ⅱ级或Ⅰ级,说明草酸青霉A1对4种苹果连作障碍病原镰孢属真菌具有较好的抑制作用。平邑甜茶盆栽试验结果表明,与连作土对照相比,A1菌肥显著促进了连作平邑甜茶幼苗鲜样质量、干样质量的增加,分别增加2.53倍和2.35倍,说明草酸青霉A1菌肥能在一定程度上减轻苹果连作障碍。使用实时荧光定量技术对土壤中的尖孢镰孢菌基因拷贝数进行检测,发现A1菌肥处理的土壤中尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数量大幅下降,说明草酸青霉菌A1可以抑制其生长。A1菌株可作为防控苹果连作障碍的拮抗菌进一步研究。     

辣椒废弃物与堆肥对根结线虫的抑制效果

以辣椒废弃物和堆肥为拮抗根结线虫的原料,通过生物急性毒性试验和盆栽试验研究了其对番茄根结线虫的影响。结果表明,在堆肥中添加辣椒废弃物后,其浸提液对根结线虫的校正死亡率从61.4%提高到90%以上,且在辣椒废弃物含量较低时就有较强的致死作用;盆栽试验结果表明,添加辣椒废弃物、堆肥与辣椒废弃物的混合物后,番茄的根结数量分别比不添加有机物料的对照降低78.9%和81.8%,且与对照差异显著;但对于土壤中线虫的数量,只有单独施用堆肥的处理表现出了抑制效果。     

Effects of different organic apple production systems on seasonal nutrient variations of soil and leaf

An organic apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard was established to study the interaction effects of ground cover management systems (GMS) and nutrient sources (NS) on soil and tree nutrients in the Southern U.S.A. GMS mulches as follows: green compost (GC), wood chips (WC), shredded paper (SP), and mow-and-blow (MB). Across GMS, one of three NS treatments was applied: commercial organic fertilizer (CF), poultry litter (PL), and no fertilizer (NF). GC-treated plots had greater soil solution nitrate concentrations in year 3. GC plots also maintained greater seasonal soil organic matter and macronutrient concentrations during 3 years compared with the other GMS. Seasonal foliar nutrient concentrations grown under GMS in year 3 tended to follow nutrient concentration patterns similar to those observed in conventional apple orchards. GC and WC trees had overall greater leaf area, dry weight, and total foliar nutrient contents in year 3 than the SP and MB trees.     

Sewage sludge and refuse composts as peat alternatives for conditioning impoverished soils: Effects on the growth response and mineral status of Petunia grandiflora

A glasshouse pot experiment is described comparing the growth reponse, nutritional , status and heavy metal content of Petunia grandiflora in an impoverished acid sandy soil amended with peat or composted sewage sludges and refuse. The composts consistently out-performed peat as soil améliorants because of greater nutrient availability. However, results indicated that rates of application of composts to soil should be adjusted according to the conductivity of the applied material and the salt tolerance characteristics of the plant species to be grown to avoid detrimental effects on plant growth. There were no phytotoxic effects on plant growth due to contamination of the composts with heavy metals irrespective of the level of incorporation into soil, indicating that proposed lower metal limits for composts compared with sewage sludge would be unnecessarily restrictive to compost use. Composted sewage sludges and refuse are shown to have considerable potential for use in the amenity and landscape industry for improving impoverished soils.