Microbial biomass and activity along a natural pH gradient in forest soils in a karst region of the upper Yangtze River,China

Mountain closure, considered an effective and economic measure for natural restoration of degraded forest ecosystems, has been widely carried out in the karst region of southwest China. The aim of this study was to evaluate microbial aspects of soil quality after mountain closure by analyzing soil microbial biomass, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, and relationships with basic chemical properties in Guizhou Province, a karst region of the upper Yangtze River. Soil quality was considered poor from the low levels of microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and microbial quotient (MBC/total C and MBN/total N), but high metabolic quotient (qCO₂). Soil pH, showing marked variation from 4.1 to 7.9 in this karst region, was proved to significantly affect soil microbial biomass and activity. Soil microbial biomass, microbial quotient, and soil basal respiration declined significantly with decreasing soil pH, while qCO₂ showed an apparently increasing, but not statistically significant, trend. The changes in microbial biomass and activity following the change in soil pH could possibly be because of a change in soil microbial composition, and more detailed research is necessary. Compared with soil pH, soil organic matter content was another, more important, factor that directly restricted microbial growth because of the serious loss as a result of disturbance. As a practical application based on microbial aspects, introduction of some N-fixing tree species may be an active and effective measure to improve soil fertility and thus to accelerate restoration of the forest ecosystem in the karst region.     

西藏色季拉山西坡不同海拔梯度表层土壤碳氮变化特性的研究

为探讨海拔梯度变化对表层土壤(0～20 cm)全量养分的影响,以西藏色季拉山西坡的高山灌丛(AS)、杜鹃林(RF)、急尖长苞冷杉林(AGSF1-6)和林芝云杉林(PLLF)为试验对象,研究了林地土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、易氧化态碳(ROC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)的变化特征.结果表明:在色季拉山西坡,高海拔植被类型具有较高的土壤活性有机碳含量和分配比例.表层土壤SOC随着海拔的升高而增大.SOC最大的是AS,为77.167 g·kg-1,PLLF最低为22.351 g·kg-1.表层土壤TN随着海拔的升高而增大.TN最大的是AS,为2.430g·kg-1,PLLF最低为0.830 g·kg-1.表层土壤C/N最大者为AGSF4,达到了43.57,最小者是PLLF为26.93.海拔和林分对土壤MBC和MBN含量具有显著的影响.随着海拔高度的降低,POC占TOC含量的比率从44.81％降至19.32％,ROC占TOC含量的比率从41.72％降至7.07％.不同林地POC和ROC含量与SOC含量具有正相关关系.土壤活性有机碳与土壤总有机碳显著相关,土壤易氧化有机碳与颗粒有机碳的相关性也比较显著(p＜0.05).     

Evolution of soil microbial biomass in restoration process of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in an eroded environment

Vegetation recovery is a key measure to improve ecosystems in the Loess Plateau in China. To understand the evolution of soil microorganisms in forest plantations in the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, the soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and physical and chemical properties of the soil of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations were studied. In this study, eight forest soils of different age classes were used to study the evolution of soil microbial biomass, while a farmland and a native forest community of Platycladus orientalis L. were chosen as controls. By measuring soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient, and physical and chemical properties, it can be concluded that soil quality was improved steadily after planting. Soil microbial biomass of C, N and P (SMBC, SMBN and SMBP) increased significantly after 10 to 15 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery. A relatively stable state of soil microbial biomass was maintained in near-mature or mature plantations. There was an increase of soil microbial biomass appearing at the end of the mature stage. After 50 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery, compared with those in farmland, the soil microbial biomass of C, N and P increased by 213%, 201% and 83% respectively, but only accounting for 51%, 55% and 61% of the increase in P. orientalis forest. Microbial soil respiration was enhanced in the early stages, and then weakened in the later stage after restoration, which was different from the change of soil organic carbon. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was significantly higher in the soils of the P. orientalis forest than that in farmland at the early restoration stage and then decreased rapidly. After 25 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery, qCO₂ in soils of the R. pseudoacacia forest was lower than that in the farmland soil, and reached a minimum after 50 years, which was close to that of the P. orientalis forest. A significant relationship was found among soil microbial biomass, qCO₂ and physical and chemical properties and restoration duration. Therefore, we conclude that it is possible to artificially improve the ecological environment and soil quality in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau; a long time, even more than 100 years, is needed to reach the climax of the present natural forest. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(3): 909–917 [译自: 生态学报]     

天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林对土壤微生物量的影响

在我国南方,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林是一种常见的管理措施。为研究森林利用方式转变对土壤微生物量的影响,我们在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站比较了天然次生阔叶林、第一代和第二代杉木人工林土壤理化性质和微生物量。杉木人工林土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和微生物量碳氮含量明显低于天然次生阔叶林。第一代、二代杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳仅为天然次生阔叶林的53%和46%,微生物氮为97%和79%。杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳占有机碳的比例也低于天然次生阔叶林土壤,但微生物量氮则相反,为杉木人工林高于天然次生阔叶林。因此可以得出,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林以及杉木林连栽引起了土壤生物学特性和土壤质量降低。图2表3参36。     

米槠人工林土壤微生物群落组成对凋落物输入的响应

全球气候变化显著影响森林凋落物数量,进而会对土壤微生物群落造成影响。本研究以亚热带米槠人工林为研究对象,探究不同凋落物量输入处理(凋落物去除、凋落物加倍、对照)下,森林土壤微生物群落组成的变化。结果表明:与去除凋落物相比,凋落物加倍后0~10 cm土壤铵态氮(NH4^+-N)、硝态氮(NO3^--N)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)含量分别显著增加了30.30%、49.66%、12.77%和13.90%。与对照相比,凋落物加倍与去除处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)含量分别显著增加和下降(P<0.05),但凋落物加倍与去除处理间无显著差异。凋落物加倍处理下土壤丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)、革兰氏阳性菌[G(+)]、革兰氏阴性菌[G(-)]、放线菌(ACT)、真菌(F)丰度和总磷脂脂肪酸(TPLFA)含量分别比去除凋落物处理的土壤高68.35%、63.35%、82.65%、69.02%、40.56%和65.85%,而土壤革兰氏阳性菌与阴性菌比值、真菌与细菌比值则分别降低11.64%和26.67%。冗余度分析表明,铵态氮是影响该人工林土壤微生物群落组成的最主要环境因子。可见凋落物输入量变化改变了土壤养分有效性,进而显著影响了土壤微生物群落组成,这对进一步深入探究全球气候变化对亚热带森林土壤养分循环的影响具有重要意义。     

Microbial biomass in subtropical forest soils： effect of conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation

Conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation is a common management practice in subtropical China. In this study, we compared soil physico-chemical properties, microbial biomass in one natural secondary broad-leaved forest and two C. lanceolata plantation sites to estimate the effects of forest conversion on soil microbial biomass at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forestry Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Concentrations of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, NH4^＋-N and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were much lower under C. lanceolata plantations as compared to natural secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil microbial biomass C in the first and second rotation of C. lanceolata plantations was only 53%, 46% of that in natural secondary broad-leaved forest, and microbial biomass N was 97% and 79%, respectively. The contribution of microbial biomass C to soil organic C was also lower in the plantation sites. However, the contribution of microbial N to total nitrogen and NH4^＋-N was greater in the C. lanceolata plantation sites. Therefore, conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to C. lanceolata plantation and continuous planting of C. lanceolata led to the decline in soil microbial biomass and the degradation of forest soil in subtropical China.     

模拟氮沉降对长白山兴安落叶松林土壤有机碳库的短期影响

以净月潭国家森林公园兴安落叶松林为研究对象,以NH4NO3为原料模拟4个强度的氮沉降,分析土壤总有机碳(TOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)的动态变化。研究结果表明:低氮沉降量(L,50 kg N yr^-1 ha^-1)提高了TOC、ROC、DOC和MBC浓度,但除MBC外均未达到显著性水平;中氮沉降量(M,100 kg N yr^-1 ha^-1)提高了TOC和DOC浓度,降低了ROC和MBC浓度;高氮沉降量(H,150 kg N yr^-1 ha^-1)提高了ROC和MBC浓度,降低了TOC和DOC浓度。     

间伐对侧柏人工林土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的影响

以徐州侧柏人工林为对象,研究了在弱度间伐（LIT,20％）、轻中度间伐（MIT1,40％）、中度间伐（MIT2,60％）和强度间伐（HIT,80％）下,林下土壤微生物生物量碳、氮在土壤表层（0 ～ 10 cm）和亚表层（10～20 cm）的变化.结果表明：不同间伐强度下,微生物生物量碳、氮含量均随着土层加深而减少.随着间伐强度增加,微生物生物量碳、氮总体变化趋势为先增加后降低,其中微生物生物量碳表现为MITl＞ LIT＞ HIT＞ MIT2,均与对照CK有显著差异（P＜0.05）;微生物生物量氮表现为MIT2＞ MITl＞ LIT＞ HIT,各处理间均表现出显著差异（P＜0.05）.间伐也使土壤微生物熵增加,尤以MIT2达到最大（2.63％）.研究表明,侧柏人工林经过2 a间伐,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量增加,在一定程度上使土壤碳库和氮库短期内出现不稳定趋势.     

Seasonal variation of soil respiration rates in a secondary forest and agroforestry systems

Agroforestry systems are widely practiced in tropical forests to recover degraded and deforested areas and also to balance the global carbon budget. However, our understanding of difference in soil respiration rates between agroforestry and natural forest systems is very limited. This study compared the seasonal variations in soil respiration rates in relation to fine root biomass, microbial biomass, and soil organic carbon between a secondary forest and two agroforestry systems dominated by Gmelina arborea and Dipterocarps in the Philippines during the dry and the wet seasons. The secondary forest had significantly higher (p < 0.05) soil respiration rate, fine root biomass and soil organic matter than the agroforestry systems in the dry season. However, in the wet season, soil respiration and soil organic matter in the G. arborea dominated agroforestry system were as high as in the secondary forest. Whereas soil respiration was generally higher in the wet than in the dry season, there were no differences in fine root biomass, microbial biomass and soil organic matter between the two seasons. Soil respiration rate correlated positively and significantly with fine root biomass, microbial biomass, and soil organic C in all three sites. The results of this study indicate, to some degree, that different land use management practices have different effects on fine root biomass, microbial biomass and soil organic C which may affect soil respiration as well. Therefore, when introducing agroforestry system, a proper choice of species and management techniques which are similar to natural forest is recommended.     

川滇高山栎林土壤氮素和微生物量碳氮随海拔变化的特征

川滇高山栎林是川西亚高山地区地带性的灌丛群落,具有重要的生态水文功能。本文在川西巴郎山东南坡沿海拔梯度(2 551、3 091、3 549 m),研究了川滇高山栎林表土层(0 15 cm)和亚表土层(15 30 cm)的土壤微生物量碳氮、有机碳(TOC)和氮素含量的分布特征及其相互关系。结果表明:海拔3 549 m和3 091 m处两土层土壤TOC及其储量、总氮(TN)、水解氮含量无显著性差异,其含量均显著高于海拔2 551 m处;海拔3 091 m处表土层与亚表土层的铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量显著比3 549 m的高,但与2 551 m处的NH4+-N含量差异不显著;在3个海拔梯度,土壤层硝态氮(NO3--N)含量差异不显著;3个海拔梯度的总无机氮含量在表土层差异不显著,而亚表土层无机氮含量在海拔3 091 m和3 549 m处差异显著;表土层微生物量碳含量变化与有机碳含量变化特征一致,亚表土层土壤微生物量碳含量在3个海拔梯度差异显著;表土层土壤微生物量氮含量在海拔3 091 m处最高,但3个海拔梯度的差异不显著,亚表土层土壤微生物量氮含量随海拔梯度降低而减少,但差异不显著。相关分析表明:水解氮、TOC、TN和土壤微生物量氮含量之间极显著相关(P<0.01);土壤微生物量碳与水解氮、TOC和TN显著正相关(P<0.05);pH值与水解氮、TOC和土壤微生物量氮显著正相关;NH4+-N与pH值极显著负相关。     

Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics linked to Piliostigma species in ferugino-tropical soils in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, West Africa

In the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, Piliostigma reticulatum (DC) Hochst and Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach) are precursor species of fallow land colonization and they are used by rural villagers. The present study aimed to assess the contribution of Piliostigma species to soil quality improvement. We quantified organic carbon, total nitrogen, soil microbial biomass, soil basal respiration and metabolic quotient from soil samples taken under and outside Piliostigma canopies. We used one-way ANOVA to test for differences in the above parameters between locations (beneath and outside Piliostigma canopies). We recorded increased total organic carbon under Piliostigma from 31%-105% and in total nitrogen from 23%-66%. Microbial biomass was13%-266% higher beneath canopies as compared to outside canopies. Basal respiration was also higher beneath canopies. The chemical elements varied by class of soil texture. Metabolic quotient (qCO2 ) was significantly correlated to clay (r=0.80) and silt (r=0.79) content. Piliostigma stands produced abundant litter due to their leaf biomass. Thus, they contribute to improved total organic carbon and total nitrogen content in the different phytogeographic zones and improve soil fertility     

Effects of different vegetation restoration models on soil microbial biomass in eroded hilly Loess Plateau, China

Vegetation restoration is a key measure to improve the eco-environment in Loess Plateau, China. In order to find the effect of soil microbial biomass under different vegetation restoration models in this region, six trial sites located in Zhifanggou watershed were selected in this study. Results showed that soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and physical and chemical properties increased apparently. After 30 years of vegetation restoration, soil microbial biomass C, N, P (SMBC, SMBN, SMBP) and microbial respiration, increased by 109.01%–144.22%, 34.17%–117.09%, 31.79%–79.94% and 26.78%–87.59% respectively, as compared with the farmland. However, metabolic quotient declined dramatically by 57.45%–77.49%. Effects of different models of vegetation restoration are different on improving the properties of soil. In general, mixed stands of Pinus tabulaeformis-Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudoacacia-A. fruticosa had the most remarkable effect, followed by R. pseudoacacia and Caragana korshinkii, fallow land and P. tabulaeformis was the lowest. Restoration of mixed forest had greater effective than pure forest in eroded Hilly Loess Plateau. The significant relationships were observed among SMBC, SMBP, microbial respiration, and physical and chemical properties of soil. It was concluded that microbial biomass can be used as indicators of soil quality. __________ Translated from Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(1): 20–27 [译自: 自然资源学报]     

毛竹林集约经营过程中土壤活性有机碳库的演变

为了探讨不同集约经营历史毛竹林的土壤有机碳库演变规律,在浙江省安吉县分别采集了集约经营5、10、20和40年的毛竹林土壤样品,与粗放经营毛竹林进行比较.结果表明:毛竹林集约经营的前5年里,土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳、水溶性碳和矿化态碳含量均明显下降(P＜0.05);土壤总有机碳持续下降至20年后趋于稳定,土壤水溶碳、矿化态碳含量集约经营5年后一直到第40年无明显变化;随着集约经营措施的实施,土壤活性有机碳占总有机碳的比例变化不大(除矿化态碳在0～5年以及微生物量碳在10～20年明显下降外).集约经营20年后,土壤总有机碳下降了34.70%,微生物量碳下降了49.35%.相关分析表明,各活性碳之间显著或极显著相关.比较不同经营类型的毛竹林发现,集约经营并未改变土壤各类碳含量的剖面特征.集约经营会导致土壤碳的大量损失,并使土壤生物学性质明显下降.     

不同森林植被下土壤微生物量碳和易氧化态碳的比较

土壤碳库平衡是土壤肥力保持的重要内容[1].不同森林类型,由于其凋落物数量、类组及分解行为不同,因而形成的土壤碳库大小与特征将存在较大差别.常绿阔叶林、马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamp.)林、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.)Hook.)林和毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis(Carr.)H.de Lehaie)林是我国亚热带最主要的4种森林类型.     

Effects of elevated nitrogen deposition on soil microbial biomass carbon in major subtropical forests of southern China

2003

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Soluble organic nitrogen in forest soils of northeast China

Soluble organic nitrogen (SON) is recognized as a sensitive indicator of soil nitrogen status. The present work was conducted in the temperate forests of northeast China where soils are typically characterized by high organic matter and high organic nitrogen content, and soil sampling was made in early spring just after the freeze-thaw period. The water extracted SON pools in the organic layer of forest soils were measured within the range from 156.0 mg·kg-1 to 292.6 mg·kg-1, a similar magnitude of salt solution extracted SON pools reported in literatures. However, the water soluble SON pools in 0-15 cm mineral soils in present study were much higher (3-10 times) than any other reports, ranging from 58.6 mg·kg-1 to 125.2 mg·kg-1. Water soluble SON varied markedly among the soils under different forests and at different sites. The SON in water extracts were positively and significantly correlated to soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents, but negatively correlated to microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN). The reasons of the abnormally large SON pools and the negative correlations between SON and MBN in the 0-15cm mineral soils in this study were specially discussed.     

寒温带森林根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量生长季内动态变化

【目的】研究寒温带森林根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量的动态变化,为揭示森林土壤碳氮养分利用机制和碳氮循环提供参考,为研究区森林保护与合理经营提供科学依据。【方法】以我国寒温带针阔混交林为研究对象,选择主要组成树种樟子松、兴安落叶松、白桦和山杨,采用抖落法采集根际和非根际土壤样品,对土壤微生物量碳氮含量动态特征进行研究,探讨不同树种根际土壤微生物量碳氮的富集程度、差异性和生长季变化以及其对土壤营养库的贡献率。【结果】不同树种根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量月际变化差异显著,根际土壤微生物量碳含量波动范围为114.14~451.05 mg ·kg -1 ,氮含量波动范围为40.38~185.00 mg ·kg -1 。根际土壤微生物量碳富集率依次为樟子松(87.99%)>白桦(78.22%)>兴安落叶松(73.14%)>山杨(56.96%),微生物量氮富集率依次为山杨(81.50%)>白桦(77.63%)>樟子松(76.42%)>兴安落叶松(51.40%)。土壤微生物量碳氮比为1.42~5.24,樟子松、兴安落叶松、白桦、山杨根际和非根际土壤微生物量碳氮比生长季变幅分别为1.42~5.24、1.57~3.79、1.67~4.55、1.55~2.59和1.79~3.53,其均值分别为2.64、2.63、2.81、2.11和2.36。根际微生物量碳对土壤有机碳库的贡献率为0.83%~0.95%,微生物量氮对土壤有机氮库的贡献率为3.63%~5.08%。【结论】寒温带针阔混交林主要树种生长季根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量均显著高于非根际,根际效应显著;在生长季末期,针叶树种根际效应相比阔叶树种更为强烈;针叶树种根际土壤微生物量对土壤结构和功能的影响高于阔叶树种。     

华北土石山区刺槐和栓皮栎人工林土壤微生物数量和微生物量碳、氮研究

正截止到2014年,全国水土流失面积已高达294.91万km2,占国土总面积的30.72%[1-2]。水土流失造成生态环境脆弱,植被破坏促使水土流失加剧是区域环境恶化的主要原因之一[3]。众多研究表明,植被恢复可有效地减少水土流失,是遏制生态环境恶化、改善脆弱生态系统的有效措施[4-6]。在森林生态系统中,土壤微生物对土地利用的变化、管理措施、耕作和肥力水平等外界条件的变化十分敏感,     

The effect of thinning on microbial biomass C, N and basal respiration in black pine forest soils in Mudurnu, Turkey

Reducing the canopy cover (e.g., forest thinning) is one of the most commonly employed forest silvicultural treatments. Trees are partially removed from a forest in order to manage tree competition, thus favoring the remaining and often the most valuable trees. The properties of the soil are affected by forest thinning as a result of changes in key microclimatic conditions, microbial communities and biomass, root density, nutrient budgets and organic matter turnover. The aim of this study was to determine the soil microbial biomass C, N and respiration (basal respiration) in a black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana) forest in the Mudurnu district of Bolu Province (Western Black Sea Region, Turkey). Whereas forest thinning was found to cause increases in the soil temperature, microbial biomass C and N and organic C, it was found to decrease the soil moisture, basal respiration and metabolic quotient (qCO₂). As expected, soil organic C exhibited a strong impact on soil microbial biomass C, N and basal respiration. It was concluded that the influence of forest thinning on the microbial biomass and soil respiration was the combined result of changing microclimatic conditions and soil properties, such as forest litter, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH and soil organic matter.     

红锥4种林型土壤理化性质及微生物量差异分析

【目的】研究广西国有高峰林场不同红锥人工林对土壤理化性质及微生物生物量的影响,旨在为该区红锥人工林合理经营和持续生产发展提供科学依据。【方法】以红锥纯林、红锥+湿地松混交林、红锥+米老排混交林、红锥+火力楠混交林4种红锥林型人工林0~60 cm土层为研究对象,分析4种红锥林型的土壤理化性质和微生物生物量差异以及变化规律。【结果】4种林型3个土层(0~20、20~40、40~60 cm)间土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、容重(ρb)、含水率(θg)以及微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)均差异显著,且随着土层深度的增加,4种林型的SOC、TN、全磷(TP)、θg均表现为逐渐降低,ρb表现为逐渐增大。0~60 cm土层4种林型间SOC、TN、TP、θg、pH值、ρb均差异极显著。其中红锥+米老排混交林土壤SOC、TN、TP、θg和MBC、MBN均最大,pH值和ρb最小;红锥纯林土壤SOC、TN、TP和MBC、MBN均最小,pH值和ρb最大。相关分析表明,MBC与SOC、TP呈显著正相关,与ρb呈显著负相关;MBN与SOC、TN、TP呈显著正相关,与ρb呈显著负相关;SOC、TN、TP与ρb呈显著负相关。【结论】红锥混交林能够有效提高土壤养分,改善土壤质地,且红锥阔叶混交林较红锥针阔混交林的效果更佳。