种植密度对制种玉米耗水量的影响及模型验证

为探究不同种植密度下制种玉米耗水规律及模型适用性,进行了制种玉米的田间小区试验。试验共设置6个种植密度,分别为6.75、8.25、9.75、11.25、12.75和14.25万株/hm~2,采用随机区组布置,每个处理3次重复,其中9.75万株/hm~2为当地种植密度,作为对照(CK)。试验对不同种植密度下的制种玉米的形态指标和耗水量进行了观测。结果表明,制种玉米的LAI随种植密度的增加而增加,株高随种植密度的增加没有显著变化;耗水量随种植密度的增加而增加;相比于双作物系数法、SIMDual K_c模型及引入K_d的双作物系数法而言,K_(density)法更适合用于估算西北旱区不同种植密度下制种玉米的K_c值。     

水氮耦合及种植密度对垄膜沟灌制种玉米产量和种子活力的调控效应

为了确定水氮耦合及种植密度对垄膜沟灌制种玉米产量及种子活力的影响,提出适宜高活力种子的最佳水氮耦合群体构建模式。2016-2017年,在甘肃省农业科学院张掖节水试验站进行了3因素3水平的正交试验,研究不同处理对种子发芽率、活力指数和玉米产量等指标的影响。结果表明,灌溉定额、施氮量和种植密度对制种玉米的产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和种子活力有显著影响。在灌溉量因素中,灌溉定额W2(4800 m³/hm²)产量比W1、W3分别增产14%、15%,发芽率、活力指数在W2水平下效果最佳,发芽率比低灌溉量和高灌溉量分别高2.22和0.27个百分点,活力指数高8.62%和41.52%;在施氮量因素中,施氮量N2(240 kg/hm²)产量较N1、N3分别高0.5%、5.3%,发芽率比低灌溉量和高灌溉量分别高3.61和2.88个百分点,活力指数高13.50%和19.60%;在种植密度因素中,密度D16(12.5万株/hm²)产量较其他两处理分别高28.8%、29.7%,水分利用效率高1.49~8.67个百分点。综合来看,本试验条件下,制种玉米产量和种子活力在W2N2D16处理下是最强的。采用水肥耦合(灌溉定额为4800 m³/hm²,施氮量(N)240 kg/hm²)及种植密度(密度12.50万株/hm²)的最优模式,可为提高制种玉米产量和种子活力提供技术指导。     

玉米种植密度对产量的影响试验分析

为分析种植密度对玉米产量的影响,以德美亚12号作为试验材料,在新疆农业科学院吐鲁番农业科学研究所试验基地按照50 000～100 000株/hm²设计了6个种植密度进行试验。在收获后测定果穗长度、玉米果穗径粗、玉米果穗行数、空秆率以及玉米产量等指标和试验数据,对比分析不同种植密度对玉米产量各构成因素以及产量的影响。经试验发现,随着玉米种植密度的增加,玉米产量主要构成因素以及产量呈现先增长后下降的变化趋势,种植密度为70 000株/hm²时产量最高。因此,在实际生产中将种植密度控制在70 000株/hm²左右,以便获得较高的玉米产量。     

灌水量、种植密度和行距对河西地区春玉米产量的影响

为确定河西地区膜下滴灌春玉米适宜的灌水量和配套栽培技术,2020年在中国农业大学石羊河流域农业与生态节水试验站开展大田试验,设置2个灌水量(W₁,W₂)、2个种植密度(D₁,D₂)和3种行距(L₁,L₂,L₃),共12个处理,3次重复.通过测定株高、叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质累积及分配等指标,研究灌水量、种植密度与行距对春玉米生长、产量和水肥利用效率的影响.结果表明,在相同灌水量下,处理D₂的株高和LAI显著高于D₁,增加种植密度提高了玉米群体干物质积累量、产量及水分利用效率(WUE).处理W₂D₂L₃的干物质累积量和产量最高,分别为96.45和17.72 t/hm²;处理W₁D₂L₃的水分利用效率最大,为3.57 kg/m³.灌水量与种植密度两者交互作用对产量及其构成因素的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05);灌水量、种植密度与和行距三者交互作用对收获指数的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05),对作物耗水量(ET)和WUE的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.01).灌水量、种植密度与行距均对河西地区春玉米群体结构、耗水量、产量及水分利用效率存在一定的调控效应:由大到小为种植密度、行距和灌水量.综合分析,“80%ET_c+10.0万株/hm²+宽窄行”为河西地区膜下滴灌春玉米适宜的灌水和种植模式.     

种植密度对滴灌马铃薯生长、产量的影响

为了了解耕培土滴灌条件下种植密度对马铃薯生长、产量以及水分利用效率的影响.试验共设密度分别为7.28×10⁴ 株/hm²(RS25),6.67×10⁴ 株/hm²(RS35),5.55×10⁴ 株/hm²(CK)3个处理.结果表明:随着种植密度的增加,株高、茎粗、干物质积累量以及商品薯率均有降低的趋势;产量、水分利用效率随种植密度的增加表现出先增大后减少,其中RS35处理产量和水分利用效率均表现最高,分别达到47 325 kg/hm²和12.05 kg/m³;在马铃薯品质方面,种植密度对马铃薯粗蛋白含量的影响不具有统计学意义;淀粉和维生素C随着密度的大幅增加而降低,其中RS25处理的淀粉较CK降低了5.57%,RS25处理的维生素C较CK降低了7.96%,同时RS35与CK处理不具有统计学意义.综上所述,种植密度为6.67×10⁴ 株/hm²的RS35处理马铃薯高产优质,且水分利用效率最高,为黑龙江地区滴灌马铃薯较为适宜的种植密度.     

不同灌溉制度对制种玉米产量和阶段耗水量的影响

通过田间试验研究了相同灌水定额(900 m³/hm²)条件下,不同灌水次数(0,2,3,4次)对制种玉米生育期土壤水分分布特征、耗水规律以及产量影响.结果表明,不同灌溉制度主要影响作物拔节后0~100 cm土壤水分分布.相同灌溉定额条件下,灌水时间影响制种玉米的穗行数、行粒数产量特征值.各处理耗水强度均呈“低、高、低”的变化趋势,峰值主要出现在制种玉米抽雄期-灌浆期.制种玉米各生育阶段对缺水的敏感程度由大到小依次为灌浆期、拔节期、苗期、乳熟期、抽雄期.在西北干旱半干旱地区,制种玉米苗期-拔节期、拔节期-抽雄期、抽雄期-灌浆期进行3次灌水,灌水定额为900 m³/hm²,灌溉定额为2 700 m³/hm²的灌溉制度具有明显的经济产量效益和节水效益.     

种植密度对夏玉米形态指标、耗水量及产量的影响

以郑单958夏玉米为试材,设种植密度52 500株/hm2、60 000株/hm2、675 000株/hm2和75 000株/hm2共4个处理,通过防雨棚下测坑试验,研究了不同种植密度对夏玉米形态指标、耗水量、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明:各密度群体LAI动态变化呈单峰曲线趋势,随密度增加峰值增大,处理间株高差异不明显;夏玉米全生育期耗水量随种植密度的增加而增加;棵间土壤蒸发量随种植密度的增加而减少;不同处理阶段耗水量和日耗水强度总体变化趋势一致,相差幅度不大;产量随种植密度增加而增加,产量构成因素则随种植密度增加呈现减少趋势。研究结果可为夏玉米节水高产栽培提供参考依据。     

两茬收割饲用甜高粱灌溉定额试验研究

为探索饲用甜高粱最佳灌溉定额和节水效果,设置了不同灌溉定额(2 400, 3 000, 3 600, 4 200, 4 800 m³/hm²)对两茬收割饲用甜高粱生长和生物产量的影响的田间试验.结果表明,甜高粱茎粗和株高的峰值分别出现在播后62 d和158 d.随灌溉定额增加甜高粱在形态上表现为株高增加、茎粗减小的趋势.在头茬收割(播后76 d)时,株高日增长率最大,为4.00~4.89 cm/d.两茬收割甜高粱鲜生物学产量为63.9~115.5 t/hm²,干生物学产量为12.7~21.4 t/hm²,全生育期耗水量为326.95~504.24 mm,鲜生物学产量WUE为15.53~24.63 kg/m³,干生物学产量WUE为3.89~4.51 kg/m³.灌溉定额为4 200 m³/hm²时,甜高粱总鲜、干生物量最大,灌溉定额为4 800 m³/hm²时,甜高粱总鲜、干生物量增幅不大.从节水和增加生物量角度而言,畦灌方式下的两茬收割饲用甜高粱全生育期灌水4次,灌水定额为1 050 m³/hm²,灌溉定额为4 200 m³/hm²的灌溉效果最佳.     

通辽玉米滴灌灌溉制度

为更加合理制定玉米滴灌灌溉制度,以我国“节水增粮行动”为背景, 于2016年在内蒙古通辽开展玉米滴灌灌溉制度试验研究.根据试验区34 a的降雨资料进行降雨频率分析,选取不同水文年型的代表年,结合玉米滴灌试验得到实际耗水规律,对比6种灌溉处理在各生育阶段的变化情况,测定了株高、叶面积指数、玉米产量等指标.结果表明:中水处理作物性状及产量较高,且水分利用效率最高,为最佳灌水处理;以中水处理作为滴灌灌溉制度的参考依据,通过气象数据计算参考蒸发蒸腾量ET₀.利用实际耗水量获取各生育阶段作物系数,结合代表年型的ET₀计算需水量.根据降雨量,得到不同水文年型滴灌灌溉制度:枯水年覆膜滴灌灌溉定额1 575 m³/hm²,无膜滴灌灌溉定额1 785 m³/hm²;平水年覆膜滴灌灌溉定额1 125 m³/hm²,无膜滴灌灌溉定额1 425 m³/hm²;丰水年覆膜滴灌灌溉定额600 m³/hm²,无膜滴灌灌溉定额900 m³/hm².     

浅谈新疆机采棉技术推广存在的问题及应把握的原则

<正>1机采棉技术推广现状随着新疆地方棉花机播面积的增加,机采面积也呈逐年上升趋势,201 1年全区地方棉花机播面积70.1万hm²,机采面积1.5万hm2,机采面积1.5万hm²,机采率2.1%;2012年机播面积73万hm2,机采率2.1%;2012年机播面积73万hm²,机采面积2.7万hm2,机采面积2.7万hm²,机采率3.6%;2013年机播面积102.6万hm2,机采率3.6%;2013年机播面积102.6万hm²,机采面积8.7万hm2,机采面积8.7万hm²,机采率8.5%。截止2012年底,全区地     

喷灌水肥与种植密度互作对水氮利用效率和冬小麦产量的影响

为研究豫北地区喷灌水肥一体化条件下不同种植密度和施氮频次对土壤水分、硝态氮含量及冬小麦产量的影响,开展田间试验.试验设置了2个种植密度(D1:187 kg/hm²、D2:262 kg/hm²)和3个施氮频次(F1:返青后追肥1次、F2:返青后追肥2次、F3:返青后追肥3次).试验结果表明:种植密度和施氮频次均显著影响冬小麦籽粒产量, 且两者间存在明显的互作效应.种植密度增大,冬小麦生育期0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量显著提高.主要生育期的根系生长层土壤含水量显著增加,其中孕穗期在100 cm土层深度的含水量D2较D1分别提高29.42%,3.10%和32.04%,灌浆期在80 cm土层深度的含水量D2较D1分别提高29.69%,27.52%和25.71%.当种植密度为262 kg/hm²,施氮频次为1次时,冬小麦产量较高,深层土层的土壤硝态氮当季残留较少.综合分析表明,该种植密度和施氮频次为当地冬小麦生育期的最优措施.     

Response of corn, grain sorghum, and sunflower to irrigation in the High Plains of Kansas

Groundwater is being mined in much of the irrigated area of the central and southern High Plains of the USA. Profits and risks inherent in irrigation management depend on the association between crop yield and level of water application. Research was conducted over a 14 year period (1974–1987) to establish the yield vs. water application relationships of corn, grain sorghum, and sunflower. The research was located near Tribune, Kansas, USA on a Ulysses silt loam soil. Plots were level-basins to which water was added individually through gated pipe. Irrigation studies of the three crops were located adjacent to each other. Irrigation treatments were arranged in completely randomized blocks with three replications. As total irrigation amount increased from 100 to 200, 200 to 300, and 300 to 400 mm, sunflower yield increased by 0.53 Mg ha⁻¹, 0.43 Mg ha⁻¹, and 0.37 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. Corn outyielded grain sorghum at total irrigation amounts of 345 mm and above. Yield increase over continuous dryland was greater in corn than in grain sorghum at total irrigation amounts above 206 mm. Therefore, if grain mass is the consideration, grain sorghum is a better choice than corn at less than 206 mm of irrigation, whereas corn is a better choice than grain sorghum at more than 206 mm of irrigation.     

Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions

A plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m⁻³. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.     

种植方式与灌水模式对糯玉米生长及产量的影响

为探寻种植方式与灌水模式对糯玉米生长及产量的影响,选择试验区域玉米生产中常用的3种种植方式[DM(全膜双垄宽窄行沟播)、C(全膜双垄等行距沟播)、CK(裸地平作)]和两种灌水模式{I₀[播种期(75%~85%)θ_f、苗期-拔节前期(65%~75%)θ_f、拔节后期-孕穗期(70%~80%)θ_f、孕穗期-开花期(70%~80%)θ_f]和I₁[播种期(75%~85%)θ_f、拔节后期-孕穗期(75%~85%)θ_f]}进行组合,对不同处理下糯玉米的株高、叶面积指数、籽粒产量及水分利用效率差异进行了研究。结果表明:相同灌水水平下,全膜双垄沟播能够使糯玉米的株高、叶面积指数、籽粒产量及水分利用效率显著提高;宽窄行种植对株高的提高作用不明显,对叶面积指数、籽粒产量及水分利用效率提升效果显著;I₀与I₁相比对糯玉米株高和叶面积指数提高明显,对产量和水分利用效率提升不明显。因此,全膜双垄宽窄行沟播是本研究条件下最适宜糯玉米生长的种植模式。     

Corn grain yield as influenced by timing of evapotranspiration deficits

Summary Field experiments were conducted at two sites with differing root zone water holding capacities. Corn grain yield was measured as a function of water management treatments. Stress development in given treatments was generally limited to one of three periods (planting-to-12-leaf, 12-leaf-to-blister-kernel, and blister-kernel-to-physiologic-maturity) during the growing season. Stress levels were defined as low (L), moderate (M) or severe (S) and were based on degree of soil water depletion and an allowable level of leaf xylem pressure depression in midafternoon.Yield vs seasonal ET exhibited linear relationships. Slope of an estimated upper bound function was 0.28 T/ha-cm of water use. Maximum seasonal grain yields were consistently produced with an L-L-L stress sequence allowing about 30–40% depletion of the root zone available water capacity (to 122 cm depth) between irrigations. A trickle irrigated treatment that maintained near zero soil water potential averaged about 4% more yield than the 30–40% depletion criteria, but this difference was not significant at P=0.05.Results, when normalized as relative yield (Y/Y_m) vs relative seasonal evapotranspiration (ET/ET_m), indicated an upper bound slope of 1.50% yield loss per 1% decline in seasonal ET from the ET_m level. When stress was concentrated in the 12 leaf to blister kernel period, the yield reduction slope was 2.60%.Average observed Y/Y_m ratios were 0.95 for M-L-L, 0.92 for S-L-L, 0.85 for L-M-L, 0.62 for L-S-L, 0.62 for L-S-L, 0.90 for L-L-M, and 0.69 L-L-S stress sequences.If water stress is limited to one growth period per season an upper bound yield attainment is likely if irrigations relieve stress before available root zone storage capacity is 90–95% depleted in the planting to 12 leaf period, 80–90% depleted in 12 leaf to blister kernel period or when a programmed depletion to 100% available water exhaustion near physiological maturity is achieved in the later grain fill period.Yield reduction of less than 5 % from potential levels appears likely in the climatic setting of this study when root zone available water depletions are limited to 60–70% in the early vegetative period (assumes near field capacity moisture at planting), 30–40% in the 12 leaf to blister kernel period, and 50–60% in the later grain fill period.This work was supported by North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Projects 1432 and 1435 and by funds provided by the U.S. Department of Interior, Water and Power Resources Service     

覆膜和种植密度对旱作春玉米产量和蒸散量的影响

为探究黄土高原旱作玉米的适宜种植密度,开展了玉米露地与覆膜6个种植密度的大田试验。结果表明:覆膜加速了玉米的生长和发育,表现在株高和叶面积指数的增加,生育期的提前,如抽穗期(即最大高度出现时)比露地种植提前了11 d。在玉米生长的中后期,露地玉米株高具有随密度增加而降低的趋势,而覆膜玉米则无显著差异。无论是覆膜还是露地种植,玉米叶面积指数都是随种植密度的增加而提高。玉米的蒸散量随种植密度的增加而增加,但覆膜种植降低了玉米对水分的消耗,在不同程度上缓解了因种植密度增加而导致的蒸散量增加与降水不足之间的矛盾。覆膜显著提高了玉米产量和水分利用效率,平均产量和水分利用效率较露地种植分别提高52.79%和60.55%。露地与覆膜种植产量和水分利用效率随种植密度的增加都呈现先增加后减小的趋势,但获得最高产量与水分利用效率对应的种植密度不同:露地种植在密度为52 500株/hm~2(D2)时获得最高产量和水分利用效率,而覆膜种植增大了单位面积土地可支撑的群体,最高产量和水分利用效率分别在密度为82 500株/hm~2(D4)和67 500株/hm~2(D3)时获得,但D3与D4下水分利用效率无显著差异,所以在试验气候年型下,黄土高原东部露地和覆膜种植的春玉米适宜密度分别为52 500株/hm~2和82 500株/hm~2。     

灌溉增氧技术对玉米产量和根系生长的影响

为了揭示灌溉、施肥和增氧三者耦合作用对玉米产量及根系生长的影响,以鲜食玉米“晶甜3号”为研究对象,选取灌溉量、液肥量、增氧量为影响因素,以玉米“晶甜3号”的产量及根系生长为评价指标进行正交试验研究。结果表明:对玉米产量影响大小顺序依次为灌溉量、增氧量和液肥量,对根干重影响大小顺序为增氧量、灌溉量和液肥量。运用Design-Exper10.0对数据完成方差分析和显著性检验,确定了最佳工艺参数组合:当灌溉量为3600m³/hm²、液肥量为650kg/hm²、增氧量为2000m³/hm²时,理论的玉米产量为9987kg/hm²,根干重为30.25g。试验结果与优化结果相符,满足玉米农艺性状要求。