屠宰场分离大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7药敏试验及耐药基因分析

为了解2018年-2019年从广东省内生猪屠宰场分离的19株大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7耐药情况,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定阿莫西林等16种抗菌药物对分离菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并用普通PCR法检测blaNDM-1等10种耐药基因。结果表明,19株大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7分离菌株对不同抗生素存在耐药差异,其中对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、青霉素、氯霉素和恩诺沙星的耐药率均为100%,对头孢哌酮的耐药率最低为5.26%,其余10种抗菌药物的耐药率位于31.58%～84.21%之间;mcr-1、tetM、floR和rmtB 4种耐药基因未检出,blaNDM-1等6种耐药基因检出率范围为5.26%～89.47%。生猪屠宰场大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7耐药且多重耐药严重,分离株携带丰富的耐药基因。     

宽裂解谱禽源沙门氏菌噬菌体的筛选及其裂解性能分析

为了筛选宽裂解谱禽源沙门氏菌噬菌体并分析其裂解性能,本试验首先对分离自不同年份、不同地区、不同宿主来源的238株禽源沙门氏菌(C01～C238株)进行药物敏感性检测和血清型鉴定,筛选出耐药率大于60.00%的抗生素;然后采用双层平板法测定50株沙门氏菌噬菌体(NP01～NP50)对238株禽源沙门氏菌的裂解谱并统计裂解率;最后选择裂解率最高的噬菌体,进一步统计其对筛选到的抗生素耐药的沙门氏菌菌株的裂解率及对不同分离年份、分离地区、宿主来源及血清型的沙门氏菌菌株的裂解率。结果表明：238株沙门氏菌对青霉素、阿莫西林、红霉素、利福平、复方新诺明的耐药率较高,均大于60.00%;其中对红霉素的耐药率最高,为88.24%;对头孢噻肟、氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、四环素的敏感率较高,为64.71%～86.13%。在238株被检沙门氏菌中,肠炎沙门氏菌有128株,鸡白痢沙门氏菌有95株,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌有6株,伤寒沙门氏菌有2株,甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌有1株,未定型沙门氏菌有6株。在50株沙门氏菌噬菌体中,有14株对238株沙门氏菌的裂解率在80.00%以上,有17株裂解率在20.00%以下;NP17的裂解率最...     

虎源大肠杆菌耐药性的检测与分析

对黑龙江省哈尔滨市东北虎林园虎源大肠杆菌进行分离培养,开展大肠杆菌耐药性调查。采用纸片扩散法测定各分离菌株对14种抗生素的敏感性,结果表明:虎源大肠杆菌各分离株对各抗生素的敏感性不同。对氨苄西林高度耐药,耐药率为100%;对四环素、复方新诺明的耐药率也均在80%以上;对氨曲南、阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾敏感率为70%以上。     

猪源大肠杆菌耐药性的检测与分析

为了对福建省龙岩地区猪源大肠杆菌进行分离培养,开展大肠杆菌耐药性调查,试验采用纸片扩散法测定了各分离菌株对23种抗生素的敏感性。结果表明:大肠杆菌分离菌株对四环素、多西环素高度耐药,耐药率为100%;对氨苄西林、氟苯尼考、氯霉素、复方新诺明、磺胺异恶唑的耐药率也均在90%以上;对美罗培南、阿米卡星敏感率在80%以上。说明福建省龙岩地区猪源大肠杆菌分离菌株对各抗生素的敏感性不同。     

奶牛乳房炎凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐药性分析

本研究对江苏部分奶牛场致隐性乳房炎病原进行流行病学调查,采样并进行细菌分离培养、革兰氏染色镜检、生化鉴定,共分离到35株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）。用常规药敏纸片法对CNS分离菌株的抗生素耐药情况进行分析,结果显示分离培养到的35株CNS对临床常用抗生素万古霉素、左氟沙星、克拉霉素、苯唑西林、诺氟沙星、氯霉素、环丙沙星、头孢噻肟、磷霉素和呋喃妥因等高度敏感,高敏率在60%～80%之间;而对青霉素G、复方新诺明和多黏菌素B有一定的耐药性,耐药率为70%～100%。分离菌株表现了较强的多重耐药性,耐20种药物的细菌有3株,耐15种药物的细菌有1株,耐14种药物的细菌有1株,62.9%的CNS分离菌株能耐5种以上抗生素,表明导致奶牛隐性乳房炎CNS菌株耐药情况不容小视。     

雁源大肠杆菌耐药性的检测与分析

对养殖场雁源大肠杆菌进行分离培养,开展耐药性调查。采用纸片扩散法测定各分离菌株对20种抗生素的敏感性。结果表明:雁源大肠杆菌各分离株对各抗生素的敏感性不同。对氨苄西林、四环素、氯霉素和复方新诺明的耐药率均在80%以上,对头孢他啶、阿米卡星和亚胺培南敏感率均在70%以上。     

健康食源性动物大肠杆菌的耐药性分析

为了解健康食品源动物大肠杆菌的耐药状况,从3个规模猪场、2个鸡场分别采集58份肛门拭子、50份泄殖腔拭子,分离率100%。采用琼脂稀释法,测定了大肠杆菌分离株对14种抗生素的MIC值。结果表明,分离株对四环素最为耐药,耐药率达96.55%;其次是氨苄西林、链霉素、氯霉素、氟苯尼考、新霉素、环丙沙星,耐药率分别为71.92%、59.85%、52.09%、50.99%、43.84%、37.81%;分离株对头孢西林、头孢他啶、阿米卡星、安普霉素、多黏菌素较为敏感。研究表明,健康动物体内的大肠杆菌对临床常用的一些抗生素有较高的耐药性,临床治疗时应合理选药,可不同抗生素交叉用药、协同用药,已达更好的治疗效果。     

猪链球菌耐药现状分析及防控

近年来,随着猪场抗生素的大量、不合理使用,导致猪群细菌性病原的耐药性非常严重。文章以临床发病猪分离到的53株链球菌为研究对象,通过纸片法对其进行了20种临床常用抗生素的耐药性分析。结果表明,猪链球菌对常用抗生素耐药率高,耐药情况复杂,特别是对四环素、链霉素、卡那霉素和林可霉素的耐药率均在80%以上,而脑膜炎型链球菌必用的磺胺类药物的耐药率达到73.58%。针对链球菌耐药严重的情况下,建议猪场进行疫苗免疫,选用敏感抗生素用于治疗。     

鸭沙门菌耐药性及耐药基因的检测与分析

为检测徐州地区鸭沙门菌耐药表型与耐药基因的分布情况,通过对不同来源分离的56株鸭沙门菌,用Kirby-Bauer(K-B)法测定对20种抗菌药物的耐药性,并设计19对引物,对6大类耐药基因进行检测。抗生素耐药性试验结果表明,分离的沙门菌对20种抗生素具有不同的耐药率和多重耐药现象,单一抗生素以链霉素耐药率(98.2%)最高,其次是氨苄青霉素(94.6%),耐药表型主要为AStAC、ANStOCSx和AAKDOCSx。检测的19种耐药基因中,blaTEM-1、aad A1、aad A2、aph(3′)-Ⅱa、tetA、gyrA、Sul2、drfⅫ基因的检出率超过50%以上,没有检测到tetC基因,其中aadA1基因检出率(91.1%)最高,其次是blaTEM-1基因(83.9%),抗生素耐药基因检测与耐药表型基本相符。     

猪链球菌广西分离株耐药性分析

采用药敏纸片扩散法对32株猪链球菌广西分离株进行12种临床常用抗生素耐药性试验分析,结果表明:广西区内猪链菌分离株耐药性非常普遍,而且耐药谱广,所有分离株对阿莫西林均具有耐药性,耐药率为100%;对强力霉素、壮观霉素、林可霉素、罗红霉素具有高度耐药性,耐药率分别为96%、89%、89%、84%,分离株对3种以上抗生素都具有耐药性,其中有3株对试验的12种抗生素都具有耐药性,表现为多重耐药性(M DR)。     

Isolation and characterization of nine bacteriophages that lyse O149 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

The goal of this study was to isolate and characterize phages that might be used in prevention and treatment of porcine post-weaning diarrhea due to O149 enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Serotype O149:H10:F4 was especially targeted because this is the dominant ETEC serotype. Mixtures of 10 strains of O149:H10:F4 ETEC and of 10 O149:H43:F4 ETEC were used as hosts for isolation of phages in sewage from 38 Ontario pig farms. Six phages (GJ1-GJ6) that lysed O149:H10:F4 ETEC and three (GJ7-GJ9) that lysed O149:H43:F4 ETEC were isolated. All phages produced large, clear plaques. All nine phages had necks and contractile tails and therefore belonged to the Myoviridae. Their estimated genome sizes were 48.3-50.7kb and their restriction enzyme fragments suggested that they were closely related. Phages GJ1-GJ6 lysed 99-100% of 85 O149:H10:F4 ETEC, 0-12% of 42 O149:H43:F4 ETEC, 3-35% of 37 non-O149 porcine ETEC, and 6-68% of the 72 strains of the ECOR collection. Phages GJ7-GJ9 lysed 86-98% of the O149:H43:F4 ETEC, 2-53% of the O149:H10:F4 ETEC, and 24-41% of the non-O149 porcine ETEC. Titres of the nine phages were unaffected by exposure for 16h to pH 5-9. Among phages GJ1-GJ6, resistance of O149:H10:F4 ETEC to one phage was generally not accompanied by resistance to other phages. It is concluded that the nine phages are suitable candidates for prophylaxis and therapy of porcine post-weaning diarrhea due to O149 ETEC.     

鸡致病性大肠杆菌菌毛分型的初步研究

以鸡致病性大肠杆菌F1菌毛特异性单抗1F4－1、2C3、3H3和F11菌毛特异性单抗FA1、FB11作为检测试剂，将111株已知O抗原的鸡致病性大肠杆菌经MD液体培养基连续传代培养后，通过直接玻板凝集法对各菌毛进行初步分型。结果发现F1、F11菌毛与O78、O1及O2三种优势O抗原型菌株之间存在较为明显的相关性，即致病性大肠杆菌主要集中在上。F1、F11菌毛在这三种O抗原型上的总检出率分别为95．6％、75．4％及73．3％。另外，在所检测的111株鸡致病性大肠杆菌中，只表达F1菌毛的大肠杆菌占菌杆总数的33．3％。只表达F11菌毛的大肠杆菌占菌株总数的8．1％，两者都表达的占菌株总数的36％，F1、F11菌毛的总检出率为78．3％。     

The characterisation of E. coli O157:H7 isolates from cattle faeces and feedlot environment using PFGE

The objectives of this study were to investigate the diversity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates obtained over a 3-month period from a cattle feedlot in order to assess the relationship between environmental and faecal isolates and to determine the pattern of transmission of E. coli O157:H7 between groups of cattle. Faecal samples were obtained from cattle housed in four adjacent feedlot pens at monthly intervals, with environmental pen samples collected simultaneously. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates obtained were examined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect eaeA, ehxA, stx1 and stx2 genes and antibiotic sensitivity profiling. Ten isolates were subjected to acid shock to imitate conditions in the acidic cattle abomasum and assess the effect on PFGE profiles. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 69 faecal samples and 26 environmental samples. All isolates (n=95) carried the genes for eaeA, ehxA and stx2 and were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. The PFGE profiles of all isolates differed by no more than two bands and clustered within 80% similarity following dendrogram analysis. Acid shock had no effect on the subsequent PFGE patterns. A total of 8.7% (6/69) of cattle were shedding E. coli O157:H7 in the first month with faecal shedding increasing to 52% (36/69) by the third month of the study. A single isolate of E. coli O157:H7 may be passed rapidly through cattle pens, with the environment acting as a significant reservoir for transmission. PFGE is a useful tool for tracking the direct and indirect transmission of E. coli O157:H7 isolates on the farm.     

Pre-harvest factors influencing the acid resistance of Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7

The effects of pH, acetate, propionate, or butyrate concentration, and diet on acid resistance of fecal Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7 were determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The pH tested was from 4.0 to 8.0, and the VFA concentrations tested were 0 to 100 mM. The E. coli O157:H7 used was strain 505B. In an in vivo study, cattle were fed a grain-based diet, then either not switched or switched to a grain-based diet with 3% added calcium carbonate or two fiber-based diets (soybean hulls or hay). Acid resistance was expressed as viability after acid-shock at pH 2.0 for 1 h and 4 h for fecal E. coli and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Enumeration methods used were multitube fermentation, agar plate, and petri-film methods. The E. coli O157:H7 was not found in continuous culture inocula or in vivo samples. The viability of fecal E. coli decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as the culture pH increased, and viability of E. coli O157:H7 was highest (P < 0.01) when cultivated at pH 6.0. The viability of fecal E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 showed quadratic responses (P < 0.05) as acetate and butyrate concentrations increased at pH 7.2, with maximal acid resistance at 20 and 12 mM, respectively. As propionate concentration increased, the acid resistance was not different (P > 0.05) for fecal E. coli. Acid resistance of E. coli was induced by acetate and butyrate, even though the environmental pH was near neutral. Similar results were measured in the in vivo study, where viability after acid shock was more dependent on VFA concentration than on pH. Increasing the dietary calcium carbonate concentration also increased (P < 0.05) acid resistance of fecal E. coli. Results from these studies demonstrated that culture pH and VFA affect acid resistance of E. coli.     

Escherichia coli O157:H7 in healthy dairy cows

Faecal samples were taken from 371 cows originating from 55 dairy farms and slaughtered at one slaughterhouse; tonsils were taken from 215 of these animals. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 was found in the faeces of only two animals and was not found in any tonsils. The farm supplying the first positive cow detected at the slaughterhouse was visited 3 months later and 160 animals (80 cows and 80 heifers) were tested by rectal swabs; E. coli 0157:H7 was not isolated.     

Identification of virulence attributes of gastrointestinal Escherichia coli isolates of veterinary significance

The pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli recovered from the intestinal tract of animals fall into categories called enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic and necrotoxigenic. The other two categories, enteroinvasive and enteroaggregative, have not been reported in animals. The pathogenicity of these strains is determined by the presence of certain genes that encode adhesins and toxins, are generally organized in large blocks in chromosomes, large plasmids or phages, and are often transmitted horizontally between strains. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the virulence attributes that determine the pathogenic potential of E. coli strains and the methods available to assess the virulence of the strains. We also discuss the clinical symptoms, the gross and histological lesions, and the molecular diagnostic methods our laboratories have implemented for detecting pathogenic strains of E. coli that are isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of animals.     

Testing of a Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay for selective detection of E. Coli O157 from ground beef samples

The aim of this study was to evaluate a Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay (CLIA) developed for the detection of E. coli O157:H7, using different E. coli O157 serotypes. The sensitivity and specificity of the kit were determined from the tenfold dilutions of the 24-hour broth cultures of the test strains. According to the results obtained in this trial, the sensitivity of the kit is 10(3)-10(4) cells ml-1, and it is specific for E. coli O157. Twenty-five g ground raw beef samples were prepared and inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 at different CFU g-1. The samples were incubated in 225 ml of modified E. coli broth with novobiocin (mEC + n) at 42 degrees C for 4 h and the immunoassays were performed following the instructions of the manufacturer. According to the results obtained by the CLIA test 10(1)-10(2) E. coli O157 g-1 can be detected from the sample. So this kit seems to be suitable for screening the samples before selective cultivation of E. coli O157:H7.     

Effect of feeding the ionophores monensin and laidlomycin propionate and the antimicrobial bambermycin to sheep experimentally infected with E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium

Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella are widely recognized as important agents of foodborne disease with worldwide distribution. The use of ionophores in feeding growing ruminants is widespread in the United States and has attracted recent interest due to the apparent temporal relationship between initial ionophore use and the increase in human E. coli O157:H7 cases. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of short-term feeding of ionophores on fecal shedding, intestinal concentrations, and antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium in growing lambs. Sixteen lambs were used in each experiment, four lambs per treatment group: monensin, laidlomycin propionate, bambermycin, and a control treatment. Lambs were fed a grain and hay (50:50) diet with their respective ionophore for 12 d before experimental inoculation with E. coli O157:H7 or S. typhimurium. Animals were maintained on their respective diets an additional 12 d, and fecal shedding of inoculated pathogens was monitored daily. Lambs were killed and tissues and contents were sampled from the rumen, cecum, and rectum. No differences (P > 0.05) in fecal shedding of Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 were observed due to treatment. Occurrence of Salmonella or E. coli in luminal contents and tissue samples from the rumen, cecum, and rectum did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. Feeding monensin decreased (P < 0.05) the incidence of scours in sheep infected with Salmonella compared with the other treatments. No differences in antimicrobial susceptibility were found in any of Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Results from these studies indicate that short-term ionophore feeding had very limited effects on E. coli and Salmonella shedding or on antimicrobial susceptibility in experimentally infected lambs.     

The effects of water supplementation with vitamin E and sodium salicylate (Uni-Sol) on the resistance of turkeys to Escherichia coli respiratory infection

The objective of this study was to determine the prophylactic efficacy of two commercial products, soluble vitamin E and soluble sodium salicylate (Uni-Sol), in an Escherichia coli respiratory challenge. The drinking water of male turkey poults was nonsupplemented or supplemented with either vitamin E or Uni-Sol or a combination of both at dosages recommended by the manufacturer. There were 110 birds in each of the four treatments, housed in four floor pens per treatment. At 5 wk of age, birds in half of the pens were challenged with an air sac inoculation of approximately 50 colony-forming units of E. coli. Water treatment commenced 5 days before challenge and continued for 2 wk after challenge, when birds were necropsied. All water treatments prevented the decrease in body weight due to E. coli challenge; however, either vitamin E or Uni-Sol alone, but not the combination of the two, decreased body weight in nonchallenged controls. Either vitamin E or Uni-Sol treatment alone, but not the combination of the two, significantly decreased mortality and air sacculitis scores of challenged birds, and all treatments decreased the isolation rates of E. coli from the liver. All treatments protected liver, spleen, and bursa weights (relative to body weight) from the effects of E. coli challenge, and Uni-Sol alone or vitamin E with Uni-Sol protected relative heart weights from the effect of challenge. Uni-Sol treatment alone increased the main effect mean total leukocyte counts and the number and percent of lymphocytes. Uni-Sol in combination with vitamin E increased the number of lymphocytes of challenged birds. Uni-Sol alone decreased the main effect mean heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L) ratio, whereas vitamin E alone increased the H/L ratio of challenged birds. These results indicate that treatment of turkey poults with vitamin E or Uni-Sol prior to and during the stressful events that can lead to colisepticema may decrease disease incidence and mortality.     

Effect of antibodies to type 1 fimbriae on clearance of fimbriated Escherichia coli from the bloodstream of turkeys

Young turkeys (n = 20) were inoculated IV with fimbriated, virulent Escherichia coli ECl (O78:K80: H9:F1). Blood samples were collected for bacterial quantitation at postinoculation minutes (PIM) 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. Immediately after the PIM 30 sampling, the turkeys were allotted into 4 groups (5 turkeys/group) and were injected IV with 1 of the following antisera: group 1, antibodies to F1 fimbriae (AF); group 2, antibodies to E coli O78 antigen (AO); group 3, antibodies to live, fimbriated (F1+) homologous E coli (ALEC); or group 4, normal turkey serum (NTS) collected from a healthy turkey. Compared with NTS, ALEC and AO caused a significant reduction in blood-borne E coli, whereas AF did not reduce bacterial numbers. In addition, 2 groups of 10 turkeys were inoculated IV with live, F1+ or nonfimbriated (F1-) E coli ECl. Numbers of viable bacteria were determined in blood samples and liver specimens collected 2 minutes after inoculation. Compared with F1- bacteria, significantly more F1+ bacteria were found in liver specimens and significantly fewer F1+ bacteria were found in blood samples. Results indicated that antibodies to F1 fimbriae do not enhance clearance of F1+ E coli from the bloodstream of turkeys probably because F1+ bacteria are selectively cleared by the liver, even without antibody.