茶树炭疽病菌拮抗链霉菌的筛选及其抑菌特性研究

茶炭疽病菌刺盘孢菌（Colletotrichum camelliae）是引起茶树炭疽病的重要致病菌,为获得对C.camelliae具有拮抗作用的链霉菌,采用稀释涂布法和平板对峙法从茶园生境中分离筛选出对其具有明显拮抗作用的链霉菌菌株,并结合形态学观察、生理生化特征和16 SrRNA基因序列分析对其进行种属鉴定;开展基于链霉菌菌株的抗菌谱测定、茶炭疽病菌菌丝生长抑制试验和孢子萌发抑制试验;通过菌丝生长速率法测定其无菌发酵滤液对茶炭疽病菌的抑菌活性及其抑菌活性稳定性,并测定其产胞外降解酶能力、抗菌物质合成基因、挥发性与非挥发性代谢物抑菌活性。结果表明,筛选获得一株对茶炭疽病菌C.camelliae具有良好抑菌效果的菌株XS-4,对茶炭疽病菌的平板抑制效果为76.42%;结合形态学观察、生理生化特征,以及16 SrRNA基因序列分析,将菌株XS-4鉴定为多产色链霉菌（Streptomyces polychromogenes）;菌株XS-4对其他8种植物病原菌均具有较好的抑菌效果,抗菌性能具有广谱性。扫描电镜结果表明,菌株XS-4能抑制茶炭疽病菌菌丝生长。孢子萌发抑制试验发现,拮抗菌XS-4发...     

一株花生白绢病菌拮抗细菌的筛选、鉴定及发酵液中活性物质稳定性研究

为筛选对花生白绢病菌(Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)具有高效拮抗活性的细菌菌株,采用平板对峙法和菌丝生长速率法对4株细菌进行抑菌活性的测定,并对筛选的高效拮抗菌株进行鉴定和活性物质稳定性研究。结果表明,菌株WS3-1对花生白绢病菌的抑制作用最强,其发酵滤液对病菌的抑菌率达95.04%。通过细菌形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA和gyrB序列分析,将菌株WS3-1鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。菌株WS3-1发酵液中活性物质在温度为40℃、60℃、80℃以及pH为8～10的条件下,抑菌活性稳定,抑菌率均在80%以上,同时活性物质具有较好的抗紫外线分解能力。以上结果说明解淀粉芽孢杆菌WS3-1是一株具有开发和应用潜力的花生白绢病生防菌株。     

内生拮抗细菌BEB2的分子鉴定及其对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制作用

利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法对细菌BEB2做进一步的分子鉴定,并研究不同温度、pH值和培养基下BEB2发酵液对香蕉枯萎病菌生长的抑制能力.以及应用BEB2对香蕉枯萎病进行防治测试.结果发现,香蕉内生拮抗细菌BEB2为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis);不同温度、pH值和培养基下的BEB2发酵液对香蕉枯萎病菌生长的抑制能力具显著差异,在King B2培养基上抑菌作用最强,最适抑菌温度为32℃,最适抑菌pH值为9.0.香蕉枯萎病盆栽防治实验结果发现,菌株接种离体叶片和植株均表现出一定的抑制活性,防治效果良好;该菌株连续20次转接培养,遗传稳定性高,抑菌谱较宽,具一定的生防应用价值.     

西湖龙井产区茶树炭疽菌分离鉴定及其植物源抑菌剂筛选

为筛选出对西湖龙井产区茶树炭疽病菌具有较好抑菌活性的植物提取物,对该地区的茶树炭疽病菌进行了分离鉴定,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了12种植物提取物的抑菌活性,进一步采用浓度梯度试验测定了3种抑菌活性较好的植物提取物的抑菌毒力。研究结果表明,引起西湖龙井产区茶树炭疽病的主要病原为山茶炭疽菌(Colletotrichum camelliae);在200 mg·L^-1时香荆芥酚、牛至精油和紫苏醛对该菌的抑菌活性较好,菌丝生长抑制率均在68%以上,有效中浓度(EC₅₀)分别为71.459、77.155、110.753 mg·L^-1。显微观察发现,在添加有效中浓度的香荆芥酚、牛至精油和紫苏醛的培养基上进行病原菌培养时,菌丝形态发生明显改变,呈现变形扭曲、皱缩干瘪等现象。综上所述,香荆芥酚、牛至精油和紫苏醛对山茶炭疽菌具有较强的抑菌活性,具有开发为植物源杀菌剂的应用潜力。     

西沙海绵共附生放线菌ITBB-ZK-a5的分离鉴定及抗菌活性研究

海洋放线菌因其所处环境特殊，在生理性状和遗传背景方面均具有独特的性质，因此海洋放线菌具有产生特殊代谢产物的巨大潜力。本研究以西沙海绵为研究对象，挖掘其具有抑菌活性的共附生放线菌资源。首先，利用平板分离法从海绵样品中分离纯化出一株活性放线菌菌株ITBB-ZK-a5，对其进行16S rRNA基因测序，结合构建的系统发育树和菌落形态特征，确定该菌株为链霉菌。其次，采用平板对峙法研究菌株ITBB-ZK-a5对植物病原真菌的抑菌广谱性和持效性。结果表明：该菌株对供试的16株病原真菌均有较好的抑菌活性，抑菌谱较广，且对峙14、30 d仍具有活性，抑菌持效性较好；为了进一步验证该菌株平板通过产生活性物质抑制病原菌生长，对菌落边缘的无菌琼脂块进行抑菌活性研究，结果表明抑菌率与菌落距离呈负相关，说明放线菌可能通过向平板中分泌活性物质以抑制病原菌的生长。该菌株连续转接5代后，仍具有较好的世代稳定性。再次，利用大米固体培养基对菌株ITBB-ZK-a5进行发酵，乙酸乙酯萃取浓缩得到提取物，通过滤纸片法对发酵粗提物进行光稳定性和热稳定性研究，结果表明，随着水浴温度升高和紫外照射时间的增加，菌株ITBB-ZK-a...     

昆虫病原线虫共生菌对小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌活性

为探索小麦根腐病和小麦赤霉病可持续控制的有效生防途径,以小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌作为供试真菌,评价了昆虫病原线虫共生菌及其毒素的抑菌活性,并对高毒力菌株抗逆性进行了初探。结果表明,供试的28个昆虫病原线虫共生菌发酵液和毒素均有一定的抑菌活性,其中,高毒力共生菌菌株SY5发酵液和毒素对小麦根腐病菌的抑菌率分别为56.05%和67.41%,对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌率分别为82.41%和83.32%;菌株SY5发酵液经50℃处理60 min及18 W紫外灯照射120 min后对小麦根腐病菌的抑菌率无明显变化,但对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌率有所下降;常温保存150 d,抑菌活性略有下降。说明共生菌菌株SY5对小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌抑菌活性显著,且具有一定的抗逆性,极具应用潜力。     

玉竹叶斑病病原菌拮抗菌株的筛选及其发酵条件的优化

采用平板培养法从玉竹根茎中分离得到的18株内生真菌,通过对峙培养法,筛选出部分菌株对于供试的5种病菌均有不同的抑制作用。其中菌株DP06对玉竹叶斑病病原菌具有较强拮抗性,并对其他几种病菌均有抑制效果,通过分子鉴定,鉴定该菌株为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)。通过Design-expert软件进行单因素方差分析,利用Box-behnken法进行响应面优化,确定了其最佳发酵条件为培养时间13.29d,温度24.55℃,转速120rpm,抑菌活性达到了82.25%。     

3种分子量的壳聚糖对香蕉枯萎病病原菌室内抑菌活性测定

以香蕉枯萎病病原菌的6个菌株为试验材料，测定3种不同分子量的壳聚糖对香蕉枯萎病病原菌的抑菌活性。结果表明，3种不同分子量的壳聚糖对香蕉枯萎病菌有一定的抑制作用，对香蕉枯萎病菌的菌落形态、菌丝生长和孢子萌发等均有一定的影响。高分子量的抑菌效果优于低分子量的抑菌效果，其中C-290k的抑制效果最好，浓度为1 000 mg/L时对R1-248菌株的抑菌率达90.27％。     

海南广藿香内生真菌分离鉴定及拮抗菌株筛选

本研究从海南广藿香的根、茎、叶和花等组织中分离获得61株内生真菌,采用显微形态观察和ITS序列分析鉴定为15个属,其中优势菌群为炭疽菌属（Colletotrichum）和干酪酵母菌属（Meyerozyma）。以澳洲坚果叶枯病菌（Pestalotiopsis microspora）、西瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum）和火龙果溃疡病菌（Neoscytalidium dimidiatum）为指示菌,采用平板对峙法进行拮抗菌株筛选,发现镰刀菌属（Fusarium）菌株PfuJ20、PfuG16和PfuG5对澳洲坚果叶枯病菌的抑制效果最好,棒孢属（Corynespora）菌株PfuH2对西瓜枯萎病菌抑菌效果较好。采用滤纸片扩散法进行各菌株对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等动植物病原细菌的抑菌作用评价,发现镰刀菌属PfuJ20、PfuG16对各细菌均有较强抑制效果,而链格孢属（Alternaria） PfuH1对金黄色葡萄球菌的生长抑制效果相对最强。结果表明,海南广藿香内生真菌具有一定的生物多样性,部分内生真菌菌株具有较强的抑菌活性。     

共生菌对两种玉米病虫害杀虫抑菌活性的测定

利用40株昆虫病原线虫共生菌菌株,以亚洲玉米螟和玉米小斑病菌作为供试昆虫和供试真菌,对其杀虫抑菌活性进行测定。结果表明,共生菌发酵液对两种病虫害均有一定的活性。其中菌株A24-2的杀虫抑菌活性最为明显,处理后120h对亚洲玉米螟的平均校正死亡率为44.25%,抑菌圈大小为15.00mm。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.