林下植被生物量研究进展

从林下植被生物量的收获方法、估算模型、参数选择等方面, 系统总结了30年来林下植被生物量的研究现状、热点问题及发展趋势。目前, 林下植被生物量获取方法除占主导地位的传统全收获法外, 平均木法、相对生长法、数量化法、非破坏性法等也得到逐步的完善和应用。生物量估算模型的广泛运用, 使得林下生物量的估算范围、精度及实用性大大提升。林下植被生物量除与上层乔木有重要关系外, 森林经营措施对其影响也不容忽视, 研究林下植被生物量时应考虑与上层乔木及经营措施的关系。     

基于森林清查资料的乔木林生物量估算方法的比较

利用广东、江西、贵州、陕西、吉林和北京6省市第六、第七次森林资源连续清查的资料,应用IPCC法、转换因子连续函数法和加权生物量回归模型法,从计算原理过程、方法特点、模型的可验证和可重复性以及2期生物量增长的稳定性等方面对3种估算乔木林生物量的方法进行比较。结果表明:对于总生物量,可变BEF2的IPCC法估算结果偏大,固定BEF2的IPCC法估算结果偏小,转换因子连续函数法和加权生物量回归模型法的估算结果较为适宜;对于转换因子,同一树种在不同的区域间,加权生物量回归模型法最为稳定;各个树种7次清查的转换因子,IPCC法和加权生物量回归模型法比较稳定,转换因子连续函数法波动较大;对于2期生物量增长率,可变BEF2的IPCC法和固定BEF2的IPCC法结果接近,比较稳定,转换因子连续函数法波动很大。     

6种地形校正方法对雷竹林地上生物量遥感估算的影响

结合野外调查数据和Landsat 5 TM影像,分析6种地形校正方法(Teillet -回归,Cosine,C,SCS,SCS+C和Minnaert)对雷竹林地上生物量遥感估算的影响.结果表明:1)除Cosine和SCS方法存在校正过度现象,其余4种地形校正方法均具有良好的校正效果;2)6种地形校正方法均可提高TM4,TM5与地上生物量的相关性,且RVI,NDVI和SAVI这3种植被指数与生物量之间的相关性也得到改善;3)与原始影像相比,6种地形校正后的遥感数据都能不同程度地提高雷竹林生物量估算精度,以Teillet -回归校正后所建雷竹林地上部分生物量估算模型精度最高,相关系数从0.441提高到0.687,RMSE降低17％左右;4)尽管Cosine校正最大程度地提高了TM4,TM5与地上生物量的相关关系,但Cosine方法存在校正过度问题,Cosine校正后雷竹林地上生物量遥感估算模型精度反而略低于Teillet -回归校正;5)虽然地形校正可提高植被指数与雷竹林地上生物量之间的相关性,但所选5种植被指数均未入选雷竹林地上生物量遥感估算模型的变量,这与雷竹林较高的密度有关.     

林地生物量遥感估算模型进展及在竹林碳汇移植前景

从林地生物量的估算方法、遥感估算模型的分类、遥感经验估算模型和遥感经验估算模型的可移植性方面概述了森林碳汇研究中的生物量估算研究进展,分析了在竹林碳汇研究中移植前景。     

立木含碳量估算方法比较

【目的】研究立木各分项生物量、含碳量的分配及含碳率的变化规律,探索如何构建其生物量和含碳量可加性模型,并分析5种立木含碳量估算方法(立木含碳量模型法、各分项平均含碳率法、立木加权平均含碳率法、通用含碳率法Ⅰ和通用含碳率法Ⅱ)的预测精度,为全国性生物量和碳储量监测提供可靠的理论与技术知识。【方法】以小黑杨人工林为例,采用聚合型可加性模型建立其生物量、含碳量模型,模型参数估计采用非线性似乎不相关回归模型方法,利用"刀切法"对建立的立木生物量、含碳量模型进行评价。将样木和5种立木含碳量估算方法分别作为区组和处理,利用SAS POC GLM程序进行方差分析。【结果】建立的小黑杨人工林可加性生物量和含碳量模型拟合效果均较好,调整后其确定系数(Ra2)均大于0. 80,平均相对误差(MRE)为-2%～2%,平均相对误差绝对值(MARE)均小于30%,所有模型的预测精度均在85%以上。5种立木含碳量估算方法评价结果表明,立木含碳量模型法和立木加权平均含碳率法具有一定优势,利用通用含碳率0. 45和0. 50估算立木含碳量可能会产生较大误差。【结论】为了使模型参数估计更有效,建立的生物量、含碳量模型应当考虑立木总生物量、含碳量及各分项生物量、含碳量的可加性。本研究建立的立木生物量和含碳量模型可对黑龙江省西部平原小黑杨人工林生物量、含碳量进行很好估算。     

基于最小尺度的浙江省毛竹生物量精确估算

以浙江省为例,提出基于最小尺度的区域生物量估算新方法,包含3方面内容:1)利用二元Weibull生存函数推导二元Weibull分布函数,并用二元Weibull分布函数估算浙江省各径阶、各龄级毛竹的总株数;2)利用已有毛竹胸径、年龄二元单株生物量模型f(D,A),计算各径阶、各龄级毛竹的生物量;3)利用公式MT=∑m i=5 ∑n j=1 kijf(Di,Aj) 实现区域尺度生物量的精确估算.用该方法估算得浙江省毛竹总生物量为1.471 6×1010kg.     

生物量的遥感估算方法及影响因素

论述了森林生物量的概念和发展历史,介绍了常规森林生物量的研究方法,并进一步分析了广泛应用于生物量估算的遥感模型以及它们的影响因素。     

基于GLAS数据的森林生物量估算研究进展

森林生物量是森林生态系统监测的一个重要指标。GLAS波形信息与森林冠层高度、生物量有较强的相关性,在森林冠层高度、生物量等参数估算中具有广阔的应用前景。本文简要介绍了GLAS激光雷达系统及其特点,重点总结归纳了应用GLAS进行森林冠层高度、生物量估算原理及方法,并对森林冠层高度、生物量估算模型作了介绍。     

基于3-PG模型的长白落叶松生物量生长预测

【目的】基于3-PG模型预测长白落叶松生物量生长变化,为长白落叶松林分生长规律研究提供依据。【方法】以5块长白落叶松密度试验林连续28年监测数据和24块长白落叶松固定样地3期调查数据为基础,结合各组分(叶、干和根)生物量计算公式,获得每块样地不同调查时间的密度、胸径、蓄积和各组分生物量。根据密度试验林数据校正模型生理参数,结合立地参数和气象参数,通过参数率定、迭代拟合与敏感性分析方法确定长白落叶松3-PG模型的生理参数。采用决定系数(R~2)、平均误差(ME)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、平均相对误差(MRE)和均方根误差(RMSE)评价模型预测能力。选取冠层量子效率(alpha)和初级生物量分配到根的最小值(pRn)进行敏感性分析,并预测肥力等级(FR)为0.2、0.4和0.6时长白落叶松生物量生长变化趋势。【结果】1) 3-PG模型预测值与实测值之间R~2在0.77以上;除叶干生物量比为25.6%外,其他各指标的MRE绝对值均在10.97%以内,预测结果较可靠; 2) alpha和pRn具有较高敏感性,是模型的关键参数; 3)模型预测不同FR下的长白落叶松生物量变化符合树木生长机理过程,且各组分生物量随FR增加而增加。【结论】基于地面数据的参数率定后,3-PG模型能够很好模拟长白落叶松生物量生长变化,可作为一种有效的森林经营预测工具。对于长白落叶松3-PG模型,冠层量子效率(alpha)和初级生物量分配到根的最小值(pRn)是影响预测结果的关键参数。     

西藏自治区森林碳密度及分布规律研究

利用森林资源连续清查实测样地及样木数据,结合相对树高曲线,构建生物量-蓄积量模型,解决了模型与各类森林资源调查数据的衔接问题,可应用于西藏自治区森林资源连续清查的目测与遥感样地生物量估算及森林资源规划设计调查小班生物量估算等。根据计算的森林资源连续清查各样地生物量密度,结合树种面积数据及含碳率,估算全区森林碳密度,并初步探讨了森林碳库地带性分布规律。     

一个新的通用性相对生长生物量模型

针对West等(1997;1999)提出的理论生物量模型与经验模型存在显著差异的问题,对应用最广的一元生物量模型M=aDb的2个参数进行专题研究。首先,基于几何学的观点推导出参数b的理论值为7/3(≈2.33),与大量已有研究结果的对比表明,该理论参数值能够很好地描述地上生物量与胸径之间的平均相对生长关系;然后,利用包含1441株样木的5组立木生物量数据对新提出的通用性理论模型进行验证;最后,分析参数a与木材密度ρ之间的相关性,并建立二者之间的线性回归模型。新的模型既简单明了,又能反映不同树种之间的生物量差异,可为建立用于区域性和国家级森林生物量估计的通用性生物量模型提供可行途径。     

Species-specific allometric equations for improving aboveground biomass estimates of dry deciduous woodland ecosystems

Allometric equations are important for quantifying biomass and carbon storage in terrestrial forest ecosystems.However,equations for dry deciduous woodland ecosystems,an important carbon sink in the lowland areas of Ethiopia have not as yet been developed.This study attempts to develop and evaluate species-specific allometric equations for predicting aboveground biomass(AGB)of dominant woody species based on data from destructive sampling for Combretum collinum,Combretum molle,Combretum harotomannianum,Terminalia laxiflora and mixed-species.Diameter at breast height ranged from 5 to 30 cm.Two empirical equations were developed using DBH(Eq.1)and height(Eq.2).Equation 2 gave better AGB estimations than Eq.1.The inclusion of both DBH and H were the best estimate biometric variables for AGB.Further,the equations were evaluated and compared with common generic allometric equations.The result showed that our allometric equations are appropriate for estimating AGB.The development and application of empirical species-specific allometric equations is crucial to improve biomass and carbon stock estimation for dry woodland ecosystems.     

Allometric equations for accurate estimation of above-ground biomass in logged-over tropical rainforests in Sarawak, Malaysia

Although allometric equations can be used to accurately estimate biomass and/or carbon stock in forest ecosystems, few have been developed for logged-over tropical rainforests in Southeast Asia. We developed allometric relationships between tree size variables (stem diameter at breast height (dbh) and tree height) and leaf, branch, stem and total above-ground biomass in two logged-over tropical rainforests with different soil conditions in Sarawak, Malaysia. The study sites were originally classified as mainly lowland dipterocarp forest and have been selectively logged in the past 20 years. In total, 30 individuals from 27 species were harvested to measure above-ground parts. The correlation coefficients for the allometric relationships obtained for total above-ground biomass as a function of dbh had high values (0.99), although the relationships for leaf biomass had a relatively low coefficient (0.83). We also found relatively high coefficients for allometric relationships between tree height and plant-part biomass, ranging from 0.82 to 0.97. Moreover, there were no differences for allometric equations of total above-ground biomass between study sites. A comparison of equations of above-ground biomass in various previously reported tropical rainforests and pan-tropic general equations imply that our allometric equations differ largely from the equations for tropical primary forests, early successional secondary forest, and even for the general models. Therefore, choosing the biomass estimation models for above-ground biomass in the logged-over forests of Southeast Asia requires careful consideration of their suitability.     

Estimating biomass of white spruce seedlings with vertical photo imagery

Estimation of individual tree seedling biomass isrequired in a variety of forest management andresearch applications such as assessment of netprimary productivity and carbon sequestrationpotential of forest stands, understory forest fuelinventories, and development of silviculturalguidelines to promote the growth of desired treespecies. Photo imagery is a promising non-destructivemethod for estimating the aboveground biomass of treeseedlings. This method was tested using naturallyregenerated white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench)Voss) seedlings growing in the understory of a mixedconifer shelterwood in central Ontario. In the fall of1997, 45 seedlings were sampled from plots exposed toone of three mechanical release treatments (earlyspring release, mid summer release, and no release(control)) in 1994. Each seedling was photographed inthe field to measure the vertical projected area(silhouette area) of the aboveground portion of theseedling. Seedlings were harvested, basal diameter andtotal height measured, and biomass (dry mass) offoliage, branches, main stem and total abovegroundplant tissue determined. Regression analysis revealeda strong relationship between both silhouette area andbasal diameter, and seedling biomass. Coefficients ofdetermination for regression equations usingsilhouette area were equal to 0.892, 0.918, 0.926, and0.937 for the main stem, branches, foliage, and totalaboveground biomass, respectively. Respectivecoefficients of determination for regression equationsusing basal diameter were 0.960, 0.945, 0.953, and0.977. Silhouette area-based equations for totalaboveground and foliar biomass differed significantly(P < 0.005) among release treatments. Nosignificant differences among treatments were observedbetween silhouette area-based equations for biomass ofbranches and main stem (P > 0.05), or betweenbasal diameter-biomass (allometric) equations for allcomponents (P > 0.1). The method was thentested by validating the biomass equations using anindependent data set from 35 white spruce seedlingsfrom the same site and cohort, but exposed todifferent treatments and microenvironmentalconditions. For each seedling, biomass components werepredicted using silhouette area-based and allometricequations, and a relative error of predictioncalculated. The mean relative error for silhouettearea-based predictions varied among biomass componentsfrom –20.25% to –3.21%, with standard deviation ofthe error ranging from 23.04% to 33.44%. The meanrelative error for allometric equations ranged from–2.46% to –21.75%, with standard deviations of23.34% to 32.61%. These results suggest that: (1)photo imagery can be used as an alternative to moretraditional allometric methods of biomass estimation,and (2) general (developed for a broad range ofgrowing conditions) equations derived by either methodare preferable to those specifically calibrated for agiven growing environment.     

Biomass component equations for Latin American species and groups of species

? Studies dealing with the estimation of biomass, site productivity and the contribution of forests to the global carbon balance require the use of allometric equations. There have been a great number of equations developed to estimate biomass components of trees and shrubs in various ecosystems. However, there are less literature compilations that address the calculations of biomass components.

? I report a total of 229 sets of allometric equations to estimate biomass components for 102 species in 72 different forest communities of arid, semi-arid, subtropical, tropical and temperate Latin-American ecosystems.

? The selection of the appropriate allometric model is a key element in the accurate estimation of biomass, stand productivity, carbon stocks and fluxes, and as a consequence, it is important to apply special effort to the selection and estimation of biomass equations.

? I also discuss statistical methods of parameter estimation and recommend the dissection of two conventional allometric equations when biomass studies are conducted on a wide range of diameters. In order to use nondestructive procedures of biomass estimation such as the fractal theory, the null hypothesis that the mean slope b value is equal to 2.67 was rejected for Latin American biomass species.

? This information is critical for the establishment of environmental projects that aim to estimate conventional parameters (i.e., productivity, habitat quality and fuel wood) as well as environmental features (i.e., stocks and fluxes of carbon and nitrogen).

     

合成孔径雷达数据估测森林生物量研究综述

合成孔径雷达（SAR）技术以其独特的成像机理及其全天候全天时成像能力,在森林生物量估测方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。首先对森林生物量SAR估算机理和方法进行介绍,然后分析主要的影响因素,最后指出今后的发展趋势。     

3种异速生长方程对生物量建模的对比分析

利用5个树种的1 055株样木的生物量实测数据,对3种常用的异速生长方程的建模效果进行比较分析。结果表明,二元生物量模型M=aDbHc的拟合效果通常要好于一元生物量模型M=aDb;基于组合变量的常用二元模型M=a(D2H)b并不适合于各类生物量的估计,仅对树干生物量和干材生物量的估计是有效的,对其它生物量的估计其效果还不如一元模型;建立树冠、树枝和树叶生物量模型时,采用组合变量D3/H可能是合适的。     

福建酸竹地上生物量积累分配特征及其异速生长关系

为摸清福建酸竹生物量积累与分配特征,测定了1~4年生福建酸竹的秆、枝、叶生物量,分析了立竹地上构件生物积累与分配特征及其相对生长关系。结果表明,不同年龄福建酸竹构件含水率、生物量及其分配比例与相对生长关系差异明显。随立竹年龄增加,秆、枝、叶含水率明显下降,而其生物量及总生物量则显著增加;秆生物分配比例及异速生长指数总体下降,而枝、叶生物量分配比例及其异速生长指数总体升高。综合分析表明,福建酸竹丰产林经营宜多留养2年生、3年生立竹,适量留养4年生立竹。     

Allometric models for estimation of aboveground biomass of Gmelina arborea Roxb. in pulpwood plantations of Bangladesh

Gmelina arborea Roxb. is a fast-growing, deciduous tree species native to Bangladesh. It has been widely planted since 1992 for commercial production of pulpwood in hilly areas of Bangladesh. The purpose of this study was to derive well-fitting allometric models for estimation of aboveground biomass, and carbon and nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) stocks in G. arborea to ensure sustainable production and management of this species. Eight linear models with 64 regression equations were tested for estimation of aboveground biomass, carbon and nutrient stocks in different parts (leaves, branches, bark and stem) of the plant. The best-fitting allometric models were selected in accordance with various relevant statistical criteria.     

Comparison of allometric equations and biomass expansion factors for six evergreen broad-leaved trees in subtropical forests in southern Korea

This study was conducted to compare the allometric equations and biomass expansion factors (BEFs) of six dominant evergreen broad-leaved trees (Camellia japonica L, Castanopsis sieboldii Hatus, Quercus acuta Thunb, Q. glauca Thunb, Machilus thunbergii S. et Z., and Neolitsea sericea Koidz) in subtropical forests. A total of 86 trees were destructively sampled to quantify the aboveground biomass of each tree component (i.e., leaves, branches, and stem). Species-specific or generalized allometric equations and species-dependent BEFs were developed for each tree component of the six broad-leaved forest trees. Species-specific allometric equations were significant (P < 0.05), with the diameter at breast height (DBH) accounting for 68–99% of the variation, whereas generalized allometric equations explained 64–96% of the variation. The values of stem density ranged broadly from 0.49 g cm^?3 for C. sieboldii to 0.79 g cm^?3 for Q. glauca, with a mean value of 0.68 g cm^?3. The BEFs were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for C. sieboldii (1.25) than for M. thunbergii (2.02). Stem density and aboveground BEFs had a significant negative relationship with tree ages. The results indicate that species-specific allometric equations and species-dependent BEFs are applicable for obtaining accurate biomass estimates of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests.