梁平县犬肠道寄生虫的调查

2000年2月至10月对重庆市梁平县犬只进行了肠道寄生虫调查。共采集100只犬粪样，检出虫卵8种，其中线虫4种（犬弓首蛔虫、狮蛔虫、犬钩虫、犬鞭虫）；绦虫3种（犬复孔绦虫、泡状带绦虫、细粒棘球绦虫）；吸虫1种（抱茎棘隙吸虫）。检出优势种为犬弓首蛔虫、犬复孔绦虫、大钩虫，是驱虫的主要对象。     

南海市沙皮犬肠道寄生虫的调查

对广东省南海市的69只沙皮犬进行了肠道寄生虫调查。采用粪便检查法，检出虫卵9种，其中绦虫2种（细粒棘球绦虫和复孔绦虫）；线虫6种（犬弓首蛔虫、犬钩虫、狮蛔虫、巴西钩口线虫、犬鞭虫和犬胃线虫）；吸虫1种（抱茎隙吸虫）。检出优势种为犬复孔绦虫，犬钩虫，犬弓首蛔虫，是驱虫的主要对象。     

新型大环内酯类驱虫药——米尔贝肟

米尔贝肟是新型的半合成大环内酯类驱虫药物,是米尔贝霉素A3和A4的肟衍生物,对控制和预防大部分常见寄生虫疾病都有很好的效果。通常用来预防恶丝虫病,控制线虫、钩虫引发的犬、猫疾病及犬的鞭虫病。     

新型大环内酯类驱虫药——米尔贝肟

正米尔贝肟是新型的半合成大环内酯类驱虫药物,是米尔贝霉素A3和A4的肟衍生物,对控制和预防大部分常见寄生虫疾病都有很好的效果。通常用来预防恶丝虫病,控制线虫、钩虫引发的犬、猫疾病及犬的鞭虫病。由于米尔贝肟对体内外寄生虫均有很好的驱杀作用,并对阿维菌素类药物敏感的犬     

犬口服国产米尔贝肟片的相对生物利用度研究

本研究旨在建立犬血浆中米尔贝肟的LC-MS/MS检测方法,评价国产米尔贝肟片在犬体内的相对生物利用度。对12条比格犬采用开放、随机、交叉、单剂量给药,口服国产米尔贝肟片、进口米尔贝肟片。LC-MS/MS测定犬血浆中米尔贝肟的浓度,3p97药动学计算软件处理血浆药物-时间数据。该方法低浓度(5ng/mL)回收率高于85%,最低定量限为5ng/mL;健康犬口服进口和国产米尔贝肟片的药物动力学最佳数学模型均为一级吸收一室模型。本研究中建立的HPLC-MS/MS检测方法可用于口服给药后犬血浆中米尔贝肟含量的测定;口服国产米尔贝肟片与进口米尔贝肟片的相对生物利用度为99.07%。     

新型大环内酯类驱虫药——米尔贝肟

米尔贝肟是新型的半合成大环内酯类驱虫药物,是米尔贝霉素A3和A4的肟衍生物,对控制和预防大部分常见寄生虫疾病都有很好的效果.通常用来预防恶丝虫病,控制线虫、钩虫引发的犬、猫疾病及犬的鞭虫病.由于米尔贝肟对体内外寄生虫均有很好的驱杀作用,并对阿维菌素类药物敏感的犬毒性较小,其应用和研究越来越受到重视,但目前在国内应用较少.     

米尔贝肟

<正>米尔贝肟是目前防治犬猫体内外寄生虫的特效药,能特效防治心丝虫,高效防治钩虫、圆虫、鞭虫、蛔虫等体内寄生虫,以及毛囊虫、疥癣、虱、跳蚤等体外寄生虫。     

米尔贝肟片对犬血液学指标的影响

为了评价米尔贝肟片对犬的安全性,将24只本地健康杂种犬,随机分为4组,分别按0.5、1.5、2.5、5.0 mg/kg体重剂量(相当于临床推荐剂量的1、3、5、10倍)食喂米尔贝肟片,每组6只,连续给药3 d.在用药前及用药后1、3、7、14 d测定其体温、体重、血常规及肝肾功能指标.结果表明,与给药前相比,4种剂量的米尔贝肟片对犬血常规及肝肾功能指标无显著影响,且动物体温、体重及临床表现均正常.说明米尔贝肟片对犬可安全用药.     

米尔贝肟片对犬血液学指标和肝肾功能的影响

为了评价米尔贝肟片对犬的安全性,将24只本地健康杂种犬,随机分为4组,分别按0.5、1.5、2.5、5.0 mg/kg剂量（相当于临床推荐剂量的1、3、5、10倍）食喂米尔贝肟片,连续给药3d。在用药前（0 d）和用药后1、3、7、14 d测定其体温、体重、血常规及肝肾功能指标。结果表明,与给药前相比,4种剂量的米尔贝肟片对犬的血常规及肝肾功能指标无显著影响,且动物体温、体重及临床表现均正常。说明米尔贝肟片在试验剂量下对犬的血液学和肝肾功能没有影响。     

奥芬达唑干混悬剂对青海牧区藏犬肠道寄生虫的驱虫试验

为评价奥芬达唑干混悬剂对青海牧区藏犬肠道寄生虫的驱虫效果,选择牧户家中饲养的35只藏犬,设奥芬达唑干混悬剂5、10、15mg/kg体重剂量组,进行驱虫效果评价。结果表明:3个试验剂量对藏犬弓首蛔虫、犬钩口线虫、细粒棘球绦虫、泡状带绦虫和多头带绦虫的转阴率和减少率均达100.0%。奥芬达唑干混悬剂3个试验剂量驱除牧区藏犬蛔虫、钩虫、绦虫高效安全,推荐剂量在5mg/kg以上。     

Efficacy of moxidectin 6-month injectable and milbemycin oxime/lufenuron tablets against naturally acquired toxocara canis infections in dogs

The efficacy of moxidectin injection (ProHeart 6 Sustained Release Injectable for Dogs, Fort Dodge Animal Health) against naturally acquired infections of Toxocara canis was compared with that of milbemycin oxime/lufenuron tablets (Sentinel Flavor Tabs, Novartis Animal Health). Eighteen dogs with naturally acquired infections of T. canis were ranked by egg counts and randomly assigned to treatment with moxidectin (170 micro g/kg), milbemycin (500 micro g/kg)/lufenuron (10 mg/kg), or to an untreated control group (six dogs per treatment). Dogs were euthanized 7 days after treatment for recovery, identification, and enumeration of parasites by species. There was no apparent efficacy for moxidectin against T. canis. Conversely, milbemycin oxime/lufenuron was 91.5 % effective against naturally occurring infections of this canine parasite.     

Comparative effects of milbemycin oxime-based and febantel-pyrantel embonate-based anthelmintic tablets on Toxocara canis egg shedding in naturally infected pups

The effect of two treatment programmes on egg shedding in dogs naturally infected with Toxocara canis, one based on a milbemycin oxime-praziquantel-lufenuron combination (SENTINEL) Spectrum; Group 1) and the other based on a febantel-pyrantel embonate-praziquantel combination (DRONTAL) Plus; Group 2), was compared in a study involving 104 suckling pups from three different kennels. The animals in Group 1 were treated at a minimum milbemycin oxime dose of 0.5 mg/kg bw starting at 2 weeks of age and subsequently every 4 weeks until reaching 26 weeks of age. The animals in Group 2 were treated every 2 weeks from week 2 until week 12 of age and then once at week 26 at a minimum febantel and pyrantel embonate dose of 15.0 and 14.4 mg/kg bw, respectively. Toxocara egg counts were determined fortnightly starting at 2 weeks of age and continuing until 26 weeks of age for every pup. Any adverse drug event was recorded during the trial. Both treatment programmes significantly reduced the zoonotic Toxocara egg shedding and were well tolerated by the pups. The pups in Group 1 showed lower average faecal egg counts and were found more frequently shedding no eggs than the pups in Group 2.     

Anthelmintic efficacy of febantel combined with praziquantel in dogs

Ninety-four dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 groups (5 treated and 1 untreated control) for evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy. Three anthelmintic formulations were studied: a febantel paste, a praziquantel paste, and a combination paste containing both active ingredients. Treated dogs were dosed once daily for 3 days. The minimal effective dosages in combination were established as 10 mg of febantel and 1 mg of praziquantel/kg of body weight. At those dosages for the combination, 99.5% to 100% of the major nematodes and cestodes identified (ie, Ancylostoma caninum, Trichuris vulpis, Toxocara canis, Dipylidium caninum, and Taenia pisiformis) were eliminated. Febantel paste (10 mg/kg) alone was ineffective against cestodes (14.2% elimination of Dipylidium caninum) and praziquantel paste (1 mg/kg) alone was ineffective (0% to 2.4% elimination) against nematodes.     

Activity of ivermectin against canine intestinal helminths

The anthelmintic activity of ivermectin was tested in 98 dogs against adult ascarids (Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina), hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum, A braziliense), and whipworms (Trichuris vulpis), and against experimentally induced infections (4th-stage larvae) of T canis and A caninum. Dosage levels tested were single subcutaneous injections of 50, 100, 200, or 400 micrograms/kg of body weight with appropriate vehicle-treated controls. A minimum of 4 (usually 5) dogs were tested with each parasite and dosage level. The lowest dosage level, 50 micrograms/kg, and all higher dosage levels expelled greater than 99% of the adult forms of both species of hookworms and intestinal larval forms of A caninum, as determined by worm counts at necropsy. A dosage level of 100 micrograms/kg was required to expel greater than 99% of whipworms and 200 micrograms/kg was necessary to expel adult (91%) and larval (97%) stages of T canis. Ivermectin was only marginally effective (34.2%, 46.2%, 69.2%, and 53.8%) against Toxascaris leonina at 50, 100, 200, and 400 micrograms/kg, respectively, and had no effect against occasional infections with the tapeworms, Dipylidium caninum (14 dogs) and Taenia spp (3 dogs).     

Confirmation of the efficacy of a combination tablet of spinosad and milbemycin oxime against naturally acquired infections of canine intestinal nematode parasites

Four separate controlled and blinded studies were conducted to confirm the dose of spinosad and milbemycin oxime (MO) administered orally in combination to dogs for the treatment and control of naturally acquired infections of adult whipworm (Trichuris vulpis), hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) and ascarids (Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina). Dogs were allocated randomly based on pre-treatment quantitative nematode egg counts of each species of interest to one of two treatment groups of 10 or 11 animals each. In each study, spinosad and MO in combination, was given orally to dogs using the lower half (30-45 mg/kg spinosad; 0.5-0.75 mg/kg MO) of the US commercial dose band (30-60 mg/kg spinosad; 0.5-1.0mg/kg MO) of each active ingredient on Day 0 using a tablet formulation. A corresponding vehicle control group was treated similarly in each individual study. Dogs were necropsied post-treatment on Day 7/8. All nematodes in the intestinal tract collected at necropsy were identified and counted by species and stage. The spinosad and MO combination group demonstrated significantly different adult intestinal nematode efficacy in each individual study as compared to the vehicle control group. Efficacy values for whipworm, hookworm, T. canis and T. leonina were 100%, 99.8%, 100%, 93.3%, respectively. Minor non-serious adverse events were observed in a small number of control and treated dogs that were attributed primarily to the natural nematode infections. In summary, flavored spinosad and MO combination tablets administered orally to dogs were both safe and highly efficacious delivering >93% up to 100% adult intestinal nematode control in naturally infected dogs.     

Efficacy of nemadectin, a new broad-spectrum endectocide, against natural infections of canine gastrointestinal helminths

Nemadectin, a new broad-spectrum endectocide, was highly efficacious against natural infections of all the major canine gastrointestinal helminths. At single oral dosages of 0.2-0.4 mg kg-1 body weight (BW), a liquid formulation administered in gelatin capsules was 100% effective in eliminating natural infections of Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala. Tablets (267 mg) containing 4.6% nemadectin given at a rate of 1/3 tablet per 20 kg BW (0.2 mg nemadectin kg-1) were 100% active against T. canis, A. caninum and U. stenocephala. With both formulations, an increase in the dose rate to 0.6-0.8 mg kg-1 BW resulted in 99-100% elimination of Trichuris vulpis infections. No adverse reactions were observed in any of the treated dogs.     

Effects of milbemycin oxime on adult hookworms in dogs with naturally acquired infections

Previous work indicated that adult Ancylostoma caninum can be removed from experimentally infected dogs, using a formulation of milbemycin oxime at dosage of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight. To determine the efficacy of this treatment in dogs naturally infected with adult hookworms, 24 mixed-breed dogs with patent hookworm infections were purchased from an out-of-state vendor, and 6 male and 6 female dogs were assigned to either a control group or a group that would be treated. Dogs were treated 10 days after their arrival and were euthanatized 1 week after treatment. Beginning 3 days before treatment, fecal samples were collected daily from all dogs, and the number of Ancylostoma eggs per gram of dry weight of feces was determined from each sample. By 1 week after treatment, the mean number of eggs being passed by the treated dogs had dropped from 12,700 to 10 eggs/g of dried feces; there was no apparent change in fecal egg counts for dogs of the control group. At necropsy, the mean number of adult A caninum in dogs of the treated and control groups was 1.3 and 56, respectively; in these naturally infected dogs, efficacy of treatment was calculated to be 97.8%. The mean number of adult Trichuris vulpis recovered in dogs of the control and treated groups at necropsy was 24 and 0, respectively, which yielded treatment efficacy of 100%. Although Uncinaria stenocephala and Toxocara canis appeared also to be removed by use of this dosage, too few dogs were in the study to calculate meaningful efficacies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The efficacy of milbemycin oxime against pre-adult Spirocerca lupi in experimentally infected dogs

The aim of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of milbemycin oxime in preventing the oesophageal encapsulation of Spirocerca lupi, following the experimental infection of dogs. Two studies were conducted which involved a total of 21 purpose-bred Beagles. Each dog was infected with approximately 40, third stage infective S. lupi larvae. The larvae were dissected from scarabaeid beetles that had been collected from areas endemic for spirocercosis. In the first study, milbemycin oxime (minimum dose 0.5mg/kg body weight) was administered to seven dogs on day 30 post-infection. Seven other dogs served as untreated controls. In the second study, milbemycin oxime (also at a minimum dose of 0.5mg/kg body weight) was administered to four of seven infected dogs on day 28 post-infection. Treatment was repeated at 14- or 28-day intervals. All of the dogs, from both studies, were euthanized 168 or 169 days after infection. All S. lupi were recovered, and lesions in the thoracic aorta and oesophagus were described and quantified. A single treatment with milbemycin oxime was 79.8% effective in preventing the establishment of S. lupi in the oesophagus. This treatment significantly (p<0.05) reduced both the number of S. lupi within the oesophagus and the size of the oesophageal nodules. The efficacy of anthelmintic treatment was increased to 100% when repeat doses of milbemycin oxime were administered at 14- or 28-day intervals. These repeat treatments completely prevented the establishment of S. lupi within the oesophagus and thereby averted the development of oesophageal nodules. As expected, none of the treatment protocols reduced S. lupi related damage within the aorta because the administration of milbemycin oxime only began after the larvae had completed their first stage of migration.     

Effect of milbemycin oxime against Ancylostoma caninum in dogs with naturally acquired infection

Twenty-six mixed-breed (14 males, 12 females) dogs were used in a double-blind study to evaluate the effect of milbemycin oxime against naturally acquired infection with Ancylostoma caninum. Dogs were ranked and paired, on the basis of number of hookworm eggs/g of feces, and treatment was randomly assigned. Each dog was given either the study drug or placebo (1 tablet/11.4 kg [0.5 mg/kg] of body weight). Eggs per gram of feces enumeration was done on days 3 and 7 after treatment, and dogs were euthanatized on day 7. On day 3, 5 of the 13 dogs in the milbemycin-treated group had hookworm eggs in the feces (results of the McMaster test). In these dogs, mean number of eggs per gram of feces had decreased markedly (from 5,289 to 452) and, by day 7, was 114. At necropsy, 16 A caninum adults were recovered from 2 of the milbemycin-treated dogs. On day 3, 12 of the 13 dogs in the placebo-treated group had hookworm eggs in the feces. Mean number of eggs per gram of feces in these dogs decreased slightly (from 5,243 to 2,646), but did not decrease further by day 7. A mean number of 54.4 A caninum adults was recovered from 12 of the 13 placebo-treated dogs at necropsy. Milbemycin oxime had 97.8% efficacy against A caninum. Results also indicated that milbemycin oxime may be effective against Trichuris vulpis, but not against Dipylidium caninum.     

Evaluation of a beef-based chewable formulation of pyrantel pamoate against induced and natural infections of hookworms and ascarids in dogs.

Pyrantel pamoate, formulated in a beef-based chewable tablet, was evaluated for efficacy in dogs against induced and natural infections of Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala. Dose titration trials were conducted in Canada, the UK and Germany in dogs treated with pyrantel (as pamoate salt) at 0, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg kg-1 body weight. These studies showed that a dose rate of 2.5 mg kg-1, the efficacy of pyrantel against adult T. canis, T. leonina, U. stenocephala and A. caninum was 76.1, 85.6, 100 and 87.9%, respectively. Efficacy at 5 mg kg-1 against the same parasites was 94.2, 92.0, 93.5 and 93.8%, respectively, and at 10 mg kg-1 efficacy was 91.2, 97.6, 98.7 and 91.3%, respectively. No adverse effects due to treatment were seen in any of these trials.