博达(R)(PortaSCC(R))法测试奶牛隐性乳房炎试验初报

利用美国近年研究并应用于实践的博达(R)(PortaSCC(R))奶牛隐性乳房炎测试技术对太原某奶牛场的奶牛隐性乳房炎进行了监测,试验显示,博达(R)(PortaSCC(R))隐性乳房炎测试技术方法简便快捷、测定数据准确,具有较大推广应用价值;此奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎头阳性率为54.29%(57/105),乳区阳性率为26.03%(107/411):3胎及以上奶牛阳性率达到70.18%(40/57)并极显著高于1～2胎(35.42%,17/48)(P<0.01);奶牛个体混合乳样体细胞与个体乳区乳样体细胞平均数呈直线相关,差异极显著(r=0.7418,P<0.01).     

博达~(PortaSCC~)法测试奶牛隐性乳房炎试验初报

利用美国近年研究并应用于实践的博达(PortaSCC)奶牛隐性乳房炎测试技术对太原某奶牛场的奶牛隐性乳房炎进行了监测,试验显示,博达(PortaSCC)隐性乳房炎测试技术方法简便快捷、测定数据准确,具有较大推广应用价值;此奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎头阳性率为54.29%(57/105),乳区阳性率为26.03%(107/411);3胎及以上奶牛阳性率达到70.18%(40/57)并极显著高于1～2胎(35.42%,17/48)(P<0.01);奶牛个体混合乳样体细胞与个体乳区乳样体细胞平均数呈直线相关,差异极显著(r=0.7418,P<0.01)。     

博达(R)(PortaSCC(R))法测试奶牛隐性乳房炎试验报告

利用PortaSCC(R)奶牛隐性乳房炎测试技术对太原和朔州两地的奶牛隐性乳房炎进行了监测.结果显示,PortaSCC(R)隐性乳房炎测试技术方法简便快捷、测定数据准确,具有较大的应用价值;奶牛隐性乳房炎头阳性率为55.5%(111/2OO),乳区阳性率为26.34%(196/744);3胎及以上奶牛乳房炎阳性率达到70.18%(40/57)并显著高于1～2胎35.42%(17/48)(P＜O.01);奶牛个体混合乳样体细胞与个体乳区乳样体细胞平均数呈直线相关,差异极显著(r=0.7418,t＞t0.01,P＜O.01).     

博达（PortaSCC）法测试奶牛隐性乳房炎试验初报

利用美国近年研究并应用于实践的博达（P0rtaSCC）奶牛隐性乳房炎测试技术对太原某奶牛场的奶牛隐性乳房炎进行了监测，试验显示，博达（PortaSCC）隐性乳房炎测试技术方法简便快捷、测定数据准确，具有较大推广应用价值；此奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎头阳性率为54．29％（57／105），乳区阳性率为26．03％（107／411）；3胎及以上奶牛阳性率达到70．18％（40／57）并极显著高于1-2胎（35．42％，17／48）（P〈0．01）；奶牛个体混合乳样体细胞与个体乳区乳样体细胞平均数呈直线相关，差异极显著（r=0．7418，P〈0．01）。     

博达 （PortaSCC ）法测试奶牛隐性乳房炎试验报告

利用PortaSCC奶牛隐性乳房炎测试技术对太原和朔州两地的奶牛隐性乳房炎进行了监测。结果显示,PortaSC妒隐性乳房炎测试技术方法简便&#183;陕捷、测定数据准确,具有较大的应用价值;奶牛隐性乳房炎头阳性率为55．5％（111／2O0）,乳区阳性率为26．34％（196／744）;3胎及以上奶牛乳房炎阳性率达到70．18％（40／57）并显著高于1-2胎35．42％（17／48）（P〈0．01）;奶牛个体混合乳样体细胞与个体乳区乳样体细胞平均数呈直线相关,差异极显著（r=0.7418,t〉t0.01,P〈0．01）。     

石河子地区规模化牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测与流行特点分析

为了查明新疆石河子地区规模化牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎的流行现状,本试验选择石河子地区148团某牛场(A牛场)、150团某牛场(B场)、133团某牛场(C牛场)、121团某牛场(D牛场)、石河子周边某牛场(E牛场)及136团某牛场(F牛场)六个规模化牛场为研究对象,采用CMT法对试验区牛场进行了隐性乳房炎检测,经过对480头奶牛、1 868个乳区的测定,共检出196头隐性乳房炎奶牛,阳性乳区数为671,病牛阳性率与乳区阳性率分别为40.8%和35.9%。通过数据统计分析表明,该地区5岁以上奶牛的隐性乳房炎阳性率最高(49.61%),3岁奶牛阳性率最低;5胎以上的阳性率最高(45.45%),阳性率最低的为2胎奶牛(31.25%);隐性乳房炎的阳性率随着产奶量的增加呈下降趋势,产奶量在15kg/d以下的奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性率最高(89.13%),15~20kg/d的次之(58.33%),35kg/d以上的最低(14.81%)。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎发病规律的初步研究

采用SMT法对扬州大学实验农牧场奶牛场泌乳母牛进行隐性乳房炎检测,结果显示,该牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎头阳性率为38.79%（313/807）,乳区阳性率为19.35%（606/3132）。阳性牛的分布在不同牛舍间有极显著差异（P〈0.01）;3胎以上奶牛阳性率显著高于其他胎次（P〈0.05）;隐性乳房炎发生率在不同乳区间有显著差异,左侧乳区阳性率极显著高于右侧乳区（P〈0.01）。同时,奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生与牛床位置、泌乳生理状态也存在一定关系。     

昆明市奶牛隐性乳房炎流行状况调查

奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率高、流行广,是导致奶业经济损失最大的疾病。为了解昆明市奶牛场隐性乳房炎的流行状况,采用加州乳房炎检测法(CMT)对昆明市周边3个标准化奶牛场和3个奶牛合作社奶牛按照30%比例进行随机抽样检查。在抽检的2 297份乳样中,隐性乳房炎阳性数为897份,阳性率为39.05%,规模化奶牛场的隐性乳房炎阳性率(28.79%)显著低于奶牛合作社(56.21%)(P<0.01);奶牛后乳区发病率(69.34%)明显高于前乳区(57.64%);随着产犊胎次的增加,奶牛乳房炎患病率随之显著增高。本调查对掌握昆明地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病情况,以及早发现和控制该病发生、提高牛奶质量具有重要的指导意义。     

某规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎患病率及主要致病菌调查

研究旨在了解北疆某规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎患病率和发病牛乳汁中主要致病菌的种类。通过采用美国加州乳房炎检测（CMT）和体细胞数检测（SCC）对隐性型乳房炎进行诊断,临床外观法诊断临床型乳房炎并进行主要致病菌分离鉴定。结果显示：该奶牛场的临床型乳房炎头阳性率及乳区阳性率分别为1.65%(12/728)和0.41%(12/2 896);隐性乳房炎头阳性率及乳区阳性率分别为5.45%(39/716)和1.46%(42/2 884);瞎乳头率为0.55%(16/2 912)。该牛场不同胎次间的奶牛患隐性乳房炎的头阳性率差异显著。从12份临床型乳房炎乳汁样本中初步分离鉴定出2株金黄色葡萄球菌、5株大肠杆菌和5株链球菌属。研究表明,该奶牛场奶牛乳房炎患病率较低,金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和链球菌属可能是该牛场乳房炎主要致病菌。     

重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛隐性乳房炎的治疗试验

北京某牛场24头经BLT检测为阳性的隐型乳房炎患牛,共发现有32个患病乳区,将24头牛分成4个组,每组6头（8个患病乳区）。分别用重组溶葡萄球菌酶粉200U/乳区、400U/乳区、600U/乳区3个剂量,对照组以注射用头孢噻呋钠0.25g/乳区给药,每天早晚挤奶后乳池灌注,共用4d,研究不同剂量重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛隐性乳房炎的治疗效果。结果显示,3个剂量重组溶葡萄球菌酶均能降低牛奶中的体细胞数。200U剂量组降低隐性乳房炎牛奶中的体细胞的作用略优于头孢噻呋钠（P〉0.05）;400U、600U剂量组降低隐性乳房炎牛奶中的体细胞的作用显著优于头孢噻呋钠（P〈0.01）;400U、600U剂量组降低隐性乳房炎牛奶中的体细胞的作用无差异（P〉0.05）。重组溶葡萄球菌酶是治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎的安全有效的药物。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.