Soybean Yield and Yield Components in Two Planting Patterns

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant density for maximum yield in Japan is usually from 16 to 25 plants m⁻². The objective of this study was to compare yield and yield components, especially node number between square- and zigzag- (an equilateral triangle-planting pattern or plants in the row offset from each other) planting patterns within a range of plant populations (16, 20 and 25 plants m⁻²).
Field experiments with cultivar Enrei (Maturity Group VII) were conducted in the field at Niigata University on a loamy sand soil in 1991, 1992 and 1993.
Yield increased as density decreased in 1991 and as density increased in 1992 and 1993. This result seemed to be due to adverse weather conditions during seed filling in 1991. Yield tended to be higher in zigzag- than in square-planting patterns except at 20 plants m⁻². Seed number m⁻² due to increased yield was highly correlated with branch node number. The yield increase was caused by an increase in total node number, especially branch node number m⁻² (about 60 % contribution at 16 plants m⁻² and about 40 % contribution at 25 plants m⁻²).     

玉米籽粒产量与产量构成因子的关系及条件QTL分析

以我国玉米育种的骨干亲本齐319和黄早四构建的230个F2:3家系群体为材料,通过条件分析结合QTL定位方法探讨了单株产量(GYPP)与单株粒数(KNPP)和百粒重(KWEI)的遗传关系。结果表明,百粒重比单株粒数和单株产量遗传力高,受环境影响小。相关分析表明,单株粒数和百粒重与单株产量均呈现显著正相关,单株粒数与单株产量的相关系数更高。单株产量非条件QTL分析共定位到5个遗传主效应QTL和5对上位性位点,其中4个是控制3个性状(单株产量、单株粒数和百粒重)的一因多效性位点,1个是控制2个性状(单株产量和单株粒数)的一因多效性位点,全部5对上位性位点都与单株粒数和百粒重有关。条件QTL分析还检测到14个QTL位点及10对上位性位点,这些位点在非条件QTL分析中未被检测到,其效应较小。因此,单株粒数和百粒重与单株产量密切相关,通过改良单株粒数和百粒重可有效提高产量;条件QTL分析方法在单个QTL水平上证实了单株产量与单株粒数、百粒重较强的遗传相关性,并且能够检测到更多效应较小的QTL;发掘的两个效应较大的一因多效位点可为玉米高产分子育种和进一步精细定位提供理论参考。     

甘蓝型油菜产量及相关性状的QTL分析

高产是甘蓝型油菜育种的重要目标之一，产量是多基因控制的数量性状。本文通过QTL作图分析了产量及其相关性状的数量性状位点，以甘蓝型油菜中油821和保604 F₁代小孢子培养获得的DH系为作图群体，构建了由20个连锁群组成的，包括251个分子标记( 2个RFLP标记，72个RAPD标记，91个SSR标记，86个SRAP标记)的遗传连锁图(10个标记没有分配到连锁群中)。图谱的平均图距为6.96 cM，共覆盖油菜基因组1 746.5 cM。在此图谱基础上采取复合区间作图法，检测到与油菜产量及其相关性状有关的QTL共17个。其中控制株高的3个分别位于第4、第9和第10连锁群上，对性状的解释率为9.42%～17.58%；与分枝部位有关的4个分别位于第4、第6和第7连锁群上，其中Bp1 和Bp2 均位于第4连锁群，对性状的解释率为8.13%～15.20%；与主花序有效长有关的3个分别位于第4、第10和第16连锁群上，对性状的解释率为7.49%～23.36%；与一次有效分枝有关的2个分别位于第1、第4连锁群上，对性状的解释率为15.29%～19.58%；与角果总数和千粒重有关的分别位于第4连锁群和第9连锁群上，贡献率分别为17.42%和7.64%；与单株产量有关的3个分别位于第3、第4和第15连锁群，共解释26.60%的表型变异。部分性状的QTL在连锁群上成簇分布,对性状贡献率很大，表现主效QTLs的特点，相应的性状之间也呈显著相关，这表明一因多效或者相关的QTLs之间紧密连锁是性状相关的遗传基础。本研究中与主效QTLs连锁的标记可用于油菜产量性状的分子标记辅助选择。     

供钾水平对棉花产量构成及其与产量相关性的影响

采用34个棉花材料,于2007-2008年在田间条件下研究供钾水平对棉花产量及其构成因素和二者之间相关关系的影响.结果表明,施钾可显著提高棉花产量,在气候条件不利的2008年表现更为明显;铃数受供钾水平的影响最大,其次为铃重,衣分受影响最小.偏相关分析和通径分析结果表明,缺钾条件下衣分与产量的关系相对密切,而供钾水平对...     

大豆产量和产量构成因子及倒伏性的QTL分析

随机选取中豆29×中豆32重组自交系群体中165个家系作为2年田间试验材料,分析大豆单株产量、产量构成因子及倒伏性等性状的相关性和遗传效应,并检测各性状QTL。结果表明,38个与产量、产量构成因子及倒伏性状等有关的QTL,主要集中在C2、F和I连锁群。表型相关分析结果与QTL定位结果一致。在F连锁群上,2年均检测到倒伏QTL qLD-15-1,解释的表型变异超过20%,与百粒重和分枝荚数QTL分别位于相同和相邻标记区间,表明产量相关性状与倒伏性存在一定的关联。在I连锁群上,每荚粒数QTL和二、三、四粒荚数QTL不仅于同一位置,解释的表型变异为32%~65%,并且2个年份均重复出现,每荚粒数和四粒荚数QTL与二、三粒荚数QTL的增效基因分别来自不同的亲本。这4个粒荚性状QTL的共位性与表型相关分析结果一致,证实每荚粒数和四粒荚数与二、三粒荚数分别由不同的机制调控,对于育种上探讨以改良大豆粒荚性状为途径提高大豆产量,提供了重要依据。     

Effects of Benzyl Adenine and Abscisic Acid on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Triticale and Wheat

Grain yield and yield components (grains per ear, grain weight, 1000-grain weight, ear weight, ear seed ratio and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed) were examined in a wheat genotype (PBW-343) with well-filled grains and a Triticale genotype (DT-46) with poorly filled grains (showing grain shrivelling) grown in pots. Six days after anthesis (DAA), benzyladenine (BA) @2 µg ear⁻¹ and abscisic acid (ABA) @4 µg ear⁻¹ were injected at the base of the mother shoot ear in both species. It was observed that, in both wheat and Triticale , BA increased the grain weight, grain number and partitioning of dry matter between ear and seed, whereas ABA decreased the grain weight, grain number and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed. However, these decreases were slower in Triticale than in wheat. BA treatment increased the grain dry matter accumulation, which in turn resulted in better filling of grains and increased the grain weight in both wheat and Triticale . The average grain weight of Triticale was lower than that of wheat. Thus, it appears that variation in grain weight between wheat and Triticale might be due to different availabilities of growth-promoting phytohormones such as cytokinins and assimilates.     

冬小麦产量形成模拟模型研究

根据小麦生理生态学理论，建立了冬小麦产量形成及最终产量模拟模型（WYSM），作为小麦生长模型的子模型。模型较为全面地考虑了孕穗期水分、低温霜冻、高温及生长后期干热风对冬小麦粒数的影响，将灌浆期分成3个阶段，引入3个品种参数，考虑每个阶段最大灌浆速率，并利用温度、水分、籽粒体内N/C比等因子进行修正，考虑源库限制，最后采用产量构成因素方法建立小麦最终产量模型。利用北京地区和河南地区不同年份和不同品种的试验资料对模型进行了验证。结果表明，WYSM模型对小麦产量构成因子及最终产量的模拟效果很好，模拟值与实测值吻合度高，粒数、粒重、产量及灌浆过程模拟的相对均方差（NRMSE）为4.2%～10.9%，相对误差（RE）绝对值的平均值为2.9%～6.7%，决定系数R2为0.88～0.99，说明模型不仅具有较强的机理性而且具有较高的预测性和适用性。     

Leaf Area, Grain Yield and Yield Components Following Forage Removal in Triticale

Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is a cereal that can be simultaneously used for forage and for grain, but this dual purpose is currently limited by a lack of information concerning the effects of forage removal on grain production. Thus, the effect of one or two successive cuttings (simulated grazing) on grain yield, yield components in the main stem and tillers, leaf area and biomass development were studied in four hexaploid triticales grown under irrigation and with high soil fertility. Forage removal reduced grain yield and grain weight per plant in proportion to the number of cuttings, mainly by reducing the number of tillers with spikes at harvest. Whereas foliage reduction did not affect the number of spikelets per spike, kernels per spike, or floral fertility in the main-stem spike, these yield components were drastically reduced in the spikes of tillers. Forage removal affected mean weight per kernel to approximately the same extent in the main stem as in the tillers. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) at anthesis showed significant loss due to cutting, mainly because of a decrease in the number of leaves per plant and in the green area per leaf. This caused similar decreases in the Leaf Area Duration (LAD) from anthesis to maturity. A strong inverse relationship was found between the percent of loss in LAI at anthesis and the final grain yield, suggesting that grain yield was largely dependent upon the ability of the crops to produce new leaf tissue rapidly in the time between cutting and anthesis.     

Effects of Genotypes and Plant Density on Yield, Yield Components and Photosynthesis in Bt Transgenic Cotton

Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), including the introduced, indigenous Chinese non‐hybrid and hybrid cotton, is spreading very rapidly in China. Agronomic and photosynthetic performance as well as the optimum plant density for planting Bt cotton may vary with genotypes. With three types of commercial Bt cotton varieties, two field experiments were conducted to study yield performance and leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) during 2000 and 2001, and yield interaction between variety and plant density during 2001 and 2002 in Yellow River region in northern China. The first experiment showed that the indigenous Chinese Bt cotton significantly differed from the introduced Bt cotton (IBtC) in plant growth and yield components. As a result of manipulation of boll numbers, boll weight and lint percentage, there was no significant difference in lint yield between Chinese non‐hybrid Bt cotton (CBtC) and the IBtC, but two Chinese hybrid Bt cotton (HBtC) varieties exhibited significantly higher lint yield than all other varieties in either 2000 or 2001. Hybrid cotton SCRC15 showed a one‐peak curvilinear change in diurnal course of Pn throughout the growing season, while non‐hybrid cotton 33B and SCRC16 exhibited severe mid‐day depression in Pn in squaring, flowering or boll‐setting stage. The second experiment showed that the main effect of plant population on lint yield was not significant, and yield difference among all treatments was derived from varieties and the interaction between plant density and variety. The optimal plant densities in terms of lint yield for the introduced, indigenous CBtC and HBtC genotypes were 6.0, 4.5 and 3.0 plants m^?2 respectively.     

不同蔗区甘蔗品种（系）分蘖性状比较及其对产量和产量构成因子的影响

为明确不同蔗区甘蔗品种（系）间的分蘖性状差异及其对产量及产量构成因子的影响,在3个蔗区的5个试验点对4个不同甘蔗品种（系）的分蘖农艺性状、产量构成因子进行显著性、相关性、变异系数和通径分析。结果表明,不同蔗区甘蔗品种（系）间的分蘖性状差异显著,分蘖率和分蘖苗数对有效茎的产生具有重要作用;根据分蘖农艺性状的差异将甘蔗分为低分蘖甘蔗品种（系）（新台糖22号、桂糖42号）和高分蘖甘蔗品种（系）（桂热2号、凉蔗03-81）,与高分蘖甘蔗品种（系）产量相关性最高的产量构成因子是有效茎数（0.76^**）,低分蘖甘蔗品种（系）则是单茎重（0.83^**）,高分蘖（0.64^*）和低分蘖品种（系）的分蘖率（0.68^*）与有效茎数呈显著正相关关系;有效茎数对2种类型甘蔗产量的直接通径系数最大,是影响甘蔗产量的主要因子;分蘖苗数和分蘖率的变异系数最大,具有较高的改良潜力。综上所述,分蘖可以显著提高有效茎数,从而影响甘蔗产量,且影响甘蔗产量和产量构成因子之间的关系。     

Relationship between Tolerance to Phytophthora Rot and Soybean Yield

Phytophthora rot is a major soybean disease in the Eastern US corn belt. The objective of this experiment was to determine the genetic relationship between tolerance to phytophthora rot and agronomic traits measured in environments where the disease was not a factor. A set of 66 random lines from a broad-based population was evaluated for agronomic traits in seven field environments and for tolerance in greenhouse tests. Pairs of resistant and susceptible isolines were used to determine whether phytophthora rot was present in the field environments. The phenotypic correlation between tolerance and yield in five environments where phytophthora was negligible was non-significant (r =?0.09). There was a positive correlation between tolerance and seed weight (r = 0.31) and a negative correlation between tolerance and plant height (r=–0.25). None of these correlations is large enough to hinder development of agronomically acceptable, tolerant cultivars.     

5个工业大麻品种（系）纤维产量及产量构成因素的相关性分析

以自主选育的5个工业大麻品种（系）为研究对象,采用随机区组试验,对纤维产量与产量构成因素进行相关和通径分析,分析参试品种（系）纤维产量、产量构成因素的变化及关系。结果表明,参试工业大麻品种（系）的单株纤维产量及产量构成因素差异显著;单株原茎重与单株纤维产量呈极显著相关,茎粗、单株干茎重、全麻率与单株纤维产量呈显著相关,相关系数的大小依次为单株原茎重（0.962）>全麻率（0.943）>茎粗（0.917）>单株干茎重（0.912）>株高（0.808）>干茎制成率（0.725）;单株纤维产量与单株原茎重、单株干茎重、全麻率、株高、干茎制成率的回归方程达显著水平,通径分析结果表明,对单株纤维产量直接贡献最大的是单株原茎重,其次是全麻率,而株高、单株干茎重、干茎制成率其对单株纤维产量的影响主要是通过影响单株原茎重和全麻率的间接作用而产生的。     

小麦生物产量、收获指数与产量关系的研究

利用11个小麦新品种（系）,对生物产量、收获指数与籽粒产量的关系进行了研究。结果表明,生物产量与籽粒产量的表型和遗传正相关均达极显著水平,收获指数与籽粒产量的表型正相关也达极显著水平。生物产量的遗传潜力及与籽粒产量的密切程度均大于收获指数,说明进一步提高产量的途径应是维持现有收获指数水平,主要通过提高生物产量,协调提高二者之间的关系来实现。     

高产夏玉米产量性能特征及密度深松调控效应

以现代高产玉米品种中单909和郑单958为试验材料, 于2010-2011年在河南新乡设置种植密度与耕作方式田间试验, 研究夏玉米高产群体产量性能参数变化及主要栽培措施调控效应。结果表明, 中单909相比郑单958显著增产11.36%, 穗粒数(KN)、千粒重(KW)极显著增加(P<0.01), 生育天数(D)、收获指数(HI)和收获穗数(EN)无明显差异(P>0.05); 平均叶面积指数(MLAI)、光合势在灌浆后期增加更为显著, 平均净同化率(MNAR)显著增加(P<0.05), 而干物质积累最大生长速率、生长速率最大时的生长量、平均生长速率、活跃生长期均明显提高。进一步分析产量性能参数间相互关系, EN与MLAI呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), KN和KW与MNAR呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 而MNAR、KN、KW与MLAI呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。中单909比郑单958增产可能是产量性能参数差异补偿的结果。中单909在高密度下具有较高的MLAI、MNAR和KN, 获得最高产量的群体密度比郑单958高27.3%; 深松耕作方式下, 中单909和郑单958分别增产13.0%和8.7%, 主要表现为, MNAR和KN显著增加, MLAI和D无明显变化, HI、EN、KW增加幅度在不同品种间表现不一致, 表明土壤深松条件下密植(9.50×10⁴株 hm^-2)是目前夏玉米高产重要技术途径之一。综上, 密植夏玉米高产群体产量性能特征参数为MLAI 3.05~3.55、MNAR 4.80~6.27 g m^-2 d^-1、D 109~111、HI 0.50~0.52、EN 9.60~10.38×10⁴穗 hm^-2、KN 352.0~370.1粒、KW 314.7~315.9 g, 可以实现11 250~12 000 kg hm-2以上的产量。     

华北平原小麦-玉米两作生产潜力与产量差

华北平原是我国粮食主产区,分析气候变化对该区小麦-玉米两作系统生产潜力的影响意义重大。本文采用EPIC模型估算了华北平原小麦-玉米两作的生产潜力,并结合实际产量计算了产量差。结果显示：（1）华北平原1961—2007年小麦-玉米两作潜在产量在19.7~22.2 t/hm2之间,区域均值为21.2 t/hm2;雨养产量在13.2~21.7t/hm2之间,区域平均值为16.4 t/hm2;（2）1960—2007年间,潜在产量在全区显著上升,年均增幅多在20~40 kg/hm2之间,雨养潜力在南部呈增加趋势,但北部呈下降趋势;（3）华北平原2001—2007年小麦-玉米两作的潜在产量和实际产量的差在20.3%~72.2%之间,区域平均值为潜在产量的48.2%。从空间分布上看,南部地区产量差较大,中部地区产量差较低,北部地区产量差居中。因此,自1960年来华北平原小麦-玉米两作还有很大的增产潜力,特别是水分状况较好的南部地区,应提高水肥利用效率,挖掘其增产潜力。     

Effects of Timing of Drought Stress on Phenology, Yield and Yield Components of Short-duration Pigeonpea

Nine short-duration pigeonpea genotypes were given adequate soil moisture throughout growth or subjected to water stress during the late vegetative and flowering (stress 1), flowering and early pod development (stress 2), or podfill (stress 3) growth stages under field conditions. The stress 1 treatment had no significant effect on the time to flowering. No stress treatment affected maturity or inter-plant flowering synchronization. The interval from a newly opened flower to a mature pod was about 30 days for all genotypes, and was unchanged in plants that were recovenng from stress 1 or undergoing stress 2. Seed yield was reduced to the greatest extent by stress 2 (by 37 %) and not significantly affected by stress 3 for all genotypes. No consistent differences were found between determinate and indeterminate genotypes in the ability to maintain seed yield under both stress 1 and stress 2. The harvest index was significantly reduced (22 %) by stress 2 but not by stress 1. However, under each soil moisture treatment, genotypic differences for seed yield were associated largely with differences in total dry matter production (TDM). For all genotypes, the number of pods m^-2 was the only yield component significantly affected by the water stress treatments. The stability of other yield components should be fully exploited to improve the stability of seed yield under drought conditions (drought resistance). Possible characteristics which may improve the drought resistance of short-duration pigeonpea include the ability to maintain TDM, low flowering synchronization, small pod size with few seeds pod^-1, and large 100-seed mass.     

播种期对2个不同类型棉花品种产量和产量构成的影响

 适期播种是棉花丰产的重要措施,品种类型常影响播种期。为确定不同类型棉花品种的适宜播期,采用裂区设计,以品种类型（早发型鲁棉研21号和后发型鲁棉研28号）为主区,播种期（4月上旬早播、4月下旬中播和5月上旬晚播）为副区,于2009—2010年在山东临清研究了品种类型和播种期对棉花产量和产量构成的影响。两年的试验结果表明：品种和播期对棉花产量有显著的互作效应,而且主要是由于铃数和衣分的变化所致;早发型品种4月下旬播种产量最高,比4月中旬播种增产6.3%,5月上旬播种与4月中旬播种产量相当;后发型品种4月中旬播种产量最高,比4月下旬和5月上旬播种分别增产4.8%和12%。在鲁西北棉区地膜覆盖栽培条件下,早发型品种以4月下旬播种为宜,可以适当晚播,直到5月上旬;后发型品种应适当早播,以4月中旬为宜,晚播会显著减产。     

Effects of Temporary Water Stress After Anthesis on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Different Tiller Categories of Two Spring Wheat Varieties

Water stress might limit grain yields of cereals under humid conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a temporary water shortage at three different stages after anthesis on the grain yield and yield components of different tiller categories in two spring wheat varieties. A pot experiment with controlled water supply and rain shelters was conducted in 1984 and 1985 in Kiel, N. W. Germany. The water stress (pF 2.9 to 3.4) was imposed either between anthesis to early milk development of the caryopsis (WS1) (EC 65 to EC 72 according to Z adoks scale), early milk development to late milk development of the caryopsis (WS2) (EC 72 to EC 77) and late milk development to maturity (WS3) (EC 77 to EC 92). The control had a constant water supply throughout the growing season of between pF 2.2 to 2.5.
The water stress treatment WS1 significantly reduced the single plant yield by 10 % (1984) and 15 % (1985) in one variety (Selpek), whereas the other variety was unaffected. The response of both varieties to the two later treatments was smaller and insignificant.
In the first year the yield decrease in the variety Selpek after the WS1 treatment was mainly caused by a lower number of ears per plant compared with the untreated control (WS0). In the second year (1985) additionally a lower grain weight of the second category shoots caused by a reduction of the number of kernels per ear contributed to the decrease of the single plant yield. The yield component thousand grain weight could not compensate for the reduction in the number of kernels per ear.     

水稻抽穗期叶型特性及其与产量因子关系的研究

分析了10份水稻品种抽穗期的叶型特性及其与产量构成因子的关系,结果表明：(1)不同水稻品种叶片长度和宽度之间差异较大;(2)不同水稻品种之间叶片角度的差异明显;(3)随着施氮浓度的增加叶角有所增加,叶长先增后减,叶宽也随之增加;(4)结实率与叶角之间呈线性正相关,千粒重和每穗颖花数与叶角之间呈线性负相关;(5)千粒重和叶长之间呈线性正相关,结实率和每穗颖花数与叶长之间呈线性负相关。     

Effect of Branch Direction's Arrangement on Soybean Yield and Yield Components

Useful light interception during reproductive stages is very important for soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) dry matter production. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the light utilization in the canopy for yield, and its components in the case of arranging branch direction to row direction with flat type (1/2 phyllotaxy) soybean. The field study was conducted in the field at Niigata University on a loamy sand soil at 25, 16 and 9 plants m⁻² in 1994, 1995 and 1996, using cultivar 'Miyagishirome' (Maturity Group VII or VIII, phyllotaxy 1/2; branches develop flatly) with treatments so that branches developed at right angles direction (Type R) and in a parallel direction (Type P) to the direction of the row.
Total dry weight (TDW) was greater in Type R than in Type P. A higher leaf area index (LAI) was shown in Type R than in Type P in each plant density among the three years. More light penetrated into the canopy in Type R than in Type P. Higher TDW and LAI were produced by effective light interception at the canopy of Type R.
Yield and its components were greater in higher than lower density and tended to be greater in Type R than in Type P. Increased yield depend on seed, pod and node number m⁻². The increase of yield components in Type R was suggested to be due to favorable light condition in the canopy, compared with Type P.