黄土颗粒分离方法试验研究

以延安新区I期工程的马兰黄土为研究对象,分别采用筛分法、离心机法和静水沉降法对其进行颗粒分离试验,并利用激光粒度仪对3种分离方法的试验结果进行跟踪对比,以研究最适用于黄土颗粒的分离方法。结果表明:筛分法主要适用于粒径大于0.05mm的黄土颗粒的分离,对粒径小于0.05mm的黄土颗粒分离效果较差,筛分结果的可靠性偏低。离心机法由于自身的局限性且受影响因素较多,试验结果的可靠性较低;静水沉降法主要适用于粒径小于0.05mm的黄土颗粒的分离,颗粒分级效果显著,试验结果的可靠性较高,且试验精度满足要求,但对于粒径小于0.002mm的颗粒分离时间较长。通过3种试验方法的对比可知,在对黄土进行颗粒分离试验时,宜采用筛分—沉降相结合的分离方法,对于大于0.05mm的颗粒宜采用筛分,对于小于0.05mm的颗粒宜采用静水沉降法。     

基于颗粒缩放的小麦粉离散元参数标定

为获得小麦粉离散元仿真精确的接触参数,将不规则形状的小麦粉简化成软质球形颗粒,利用颗粒接触缩放原理和量纲分析进行颗粒缩放,将平均粒径0.212 mm的小麦粉放大至1.2 mm,选择"Hertz–Mindlin with JKR"接触模型,利用休止角对接触参数进行标定。首先通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选出对休止角影响显著的参数:表面能JKR(Johnson Kendall Roberts)、小麦粉-小麦粉滚动摩擦系数、小麦粉-不锈钢静摩擦系数;然后根据Box-Behnken试验建立并优化休止角与显著性参数的二阶回归模型,得到显著性参数的最佳组合为JKR为0.157、小麦粉-小麦粉滚动摩擦系数为0.25、小麦粉-不锈钢静摩擦系数为0.58;最后用标定参数仿真所得休止角大小与真实试验值进行对比,二者相对误差为0.61%。结果表明标定所得的接触参数可用于小麦粉放大颗粒的离散元仿真,为定量供送螺杆的设计提供参考。     

用于池塘养殖尾水处理的串联式旋流器水动力特性及分离效率

为了将多级旋流分离技术应用于池塘养殖尾水处理，并解决旋流器的水力停留时间短、分离效率低等问题，根据池塘养殖南美白对虾的尾水特点，结合工业标准150旋流分离器的结构参数，设计了一种串联式旋流分离器。该研究基于欧拉-拉格朗日方法，结合雷诺应力湍流模型与离散相模型，建立了串联式旋流分离器的三维两相内流场数值计算模型。在对比试验数据验证计算方法有效性和流场网格独立性的基础上，分析了进水口流量、锥角、颗粒粒径和密度等参数对旋流器的流场特征和分离效率的影响机制，并提出了多级"旋流+过滤"组合式池塘养殖尾水固液分离技术。研究表明：随着进水口流量在一定范围内增加，两级旋流器内流场的切向速度、轴向速度、分流比、压力降均增大，涡流强度增强，对于粒径为75 μm颗粒物的分离效率明显提高，而对于粒径为5 μm颗粒物的分离效率变化不显著；随着旋流器的锥角减小，水流阻力、压力降和分流比均降低，有助于增加颗粒物在旋流区的停留时间，从而提高其分离效率；随着颗粒物的密度和粒径增大，旋流器的分离效率提高，对粒径为75μm沉淀物的分离效率可达80%，对同粒径悬浮物的分离效率约为60%，但对于粒径为5 μm的2类颗粒物而言，分离效率的差别较小，均低于30%。研究结果可为串联式旋流器的结构优化设计及其在池塘水产养殖尾水处理中的应用提供理论依据。     

滴灌用黄河水泥沙分离试验研究（简报）

针对农业滴灌中黄河水泥沙含量高的问题,将碟式分离机与FXJ-150-I型水力旋流器串联用于黄河水泥沙分离。采用正交试验、极差和方差分析研究了串联分离设备参数对溢流量和溢流颗粒D50的影响。试验结果表明：影响溢流量的参数主次排列为旋流入口压力、旋流器底流口直径和转鼓转速, 而影响溢流D50的参数主次排列为旋流入口压力、转鼓转速和底流口直径。考虑试验因素对溢流量和溢流中粒径D50影响程度的大小以及它们在分离中所起作用的大小,优化了串联分离设备参数：旋流入口压力为0.06 MPa、底流口直径为12 mm、转鼓转速为3500 r/min。     

滴灌用黄河水泥沙分离试验研究

针对农业滴灌中黄河水泥沙含量高的问题,将碟式分离机与FXJ-150-Ⅰ型水力旋流器串联用于黄河水泥沙分离.采用正交试验、极差和方差分析研究了串联分离设备参数对溢流量和溢流颗粒D50的影响.试验结果表明:影响溢流量的参数主次排列为旋流入口压力、旋流器底流口直径和转鼓转速,而影响溢流D50的参数主次排列为旋流入口压力、转鼓转速和底流口直径.考虑试验因素对溢流量和溢流中粒径D50影响程度的大小以及它们在分离中所起作用的大小,优化了串联分离设备参数:旋流入口压力为0.06 MPa、底流口直径为12 mm、转鼓转速为3500 r/min.     

调节粒径分布提高月壤种植潜力研究

【目的】月壤是月球岩石在遭受物理风化作用后形成的颗粒极细的碎屑物质，其保肥能力和透气性较差，且缺乏植物生长所需的有机养分及营养元素，并不是一种优质的栽培基质。通过研究月壤物理结构调整对月壤原位资源化利用的可行性，为太空农业种植提供有效手段。【方法】本研究基于嫦娥五号(CE-5)取回的月壤样本组分数据，选用玄武岩制备模拟月壤。根据嫦娥5号和Apollo飞船的月壤样本粒径分布数据，在月壤粒径分布合理的范围内，分别添加质量百分数为10%、20%和30%的大粒径玄武岩颗粒(1000～500μm)，形成了3个模拟月壤M1、M2和M3，以CE-5真实月壤粒径分布的模拟月壤M0作为对照，向模拟月壤中加入氮、磷、钾营养元素，进行生菜种植试验和室内模拟淋溶试验。【结果】随着大粒径颗粒占比的增加，模拟月壤容重从M0的1.85 g/cm³减小至M3的1.80 g/cm³，田间持水量下的通气孔隙度从7.62%上升至11.68%,M3的通气孔隙度达到M0的153.38%。室内模拟淋溶试验显示，随着大粒径颗粒占比的增加，淋溶液中的铵态氮、全氮和全磷均呈先下降后上升的趋势...     

基于计算机视觉的粒度检测方法研究

利用计算机视觉技术进行超微粉碎物料粒度检测方法的研究。采用非线性变换对图像进行对比度增强处理，利用自动取阈值算法分割目标和背景，设计了识别算法用于去除凝聚颗粒，以得到样本真实粒度和分布。实验证明用显微图像进行粒度检测，测定分布状态直观明了，检测结果稳定，可测量0.1～150 μm颗粒粒径。     

滴灌用水力旋流器中颗粒分离的数值模拟

针对滴灌用水力旋流器,采用高浓度混合多相流模型并结合雷诺应力模型和颗粒动力学理论对其内部颗粒体积浓度分布和分离效率进行了数值模拟。模拟首先得到了水力旋流器内不同粒径颗粒浓度分布情况和分离效果,对于小粒径颗粒主要集中在内旋流区域,分离效率较差,而大粒径颗粒集中在外旋流区域,分离效率较高;对于颗粒分离效率,混合多相流模型和欧拉多相流模型的计算结果基本一致;最后分析了旋流器进口速度和浓度变化对颗粒分离效率的影响。计算结果表明,混合多相流模型可用于水力旋流器内高浓度多相流的数值模拟,对滴灌用水力旋流器的选择和结构优化设计具有重要的指导意义。     

二维泊肃叶流场中荷电颗粒动力学分析及固液分离试验

液固两相流中的细小且体积浓度低的固相颗粒在液相流动影响下,除受颗粒重力作用外,还有Stokes阻力、Saffman力、压力梯度力、附加质量力等的共同作用,并在液相流场中作不可控的运动。为了有效控制固相颗粒运动,该文在二维泊肃叶流场的垂直方向上设计一高压静电场,使电场力作用于荷电固相颗粒,并建立了有界黏性流体在二维泊肃叶流场和高压静电场同时作用下带电颗粒的运动力学模型,分析了固相颗粒的运动规律,并设计了多物理场耦合条件下的固液两相分离装置。利用该装置对清洁度为NAS12的L-HM32#抗磨液压油进行颗粒分离试验,12 h后,2～100μm的颗粒数目显著减少,颗粒分离效率高达到95%,液压油清洁度达到NAS4级,实现高效的固液分离和固相颗粒分选。     

基于CFD的养殖水体固液旋流分离装置数值模拟与验证

为探究旋流分离装置对水产养殖水体的分离效果,采用计算流体力学方法对旋流分离装置内部的流动特性进行数值模拟,得到了不同入口流量、不同入口浓度对固液分离性能的影响,通过试验数据对模拟结果进行了验证。模拟结果表明:随着入口流量的增加,分离装置内部流体速度增大,湍流流动增强,不利于固体颗粒的沉降。当入口浓度增加时,筒内流体运动速度降低,滞留在筒体中的颗粒浓度增加,降低了固液分离效率。入口流量和入口浓度的增加均会导致不同粒度颗粒分离效率下降,且随着颗粒粒度的增大,分离效率下降幅度增大。通过与试验数据相比,模拟误差在10%以内,模拟结果可信。该研究可为旋流分离装置在水产养殖领域的应用提供参考。     

Effects of tillage and application of cattle slurry on carbon pools and aggregate distribution in temperate grassland soils

The objective was to study the effects of tillage and cattle slurry application on organic C dynamics in grassland soils. Treatments included long‐term grassland and reinstalled grassland (after tillage and winter wheat cropping) with and without cattle slurry application (240 kg N ha^–1 y^–1). A period of 4 y slurry application sufficed to increase microbial activity 1.6‐fold in surface soil (0–10 cm). Tillage affected aggregate distribution and basal respiration in the surface soil.     

土壤有机碳分组方法概述

土壤有机碳与土壤肥力和气候变化密切相关而成为当今土壤学等相关领域的研究热点之一。由于土壤有机碳是具有某一特性的一类化合物的混合物,存在高度异质性,所以选用合理的方法有效区分不同碳组分是深入研究土壤有机碳的关键。首先回顾了土壤有机碳的传统分组方法 (包括物理分组、化学分组和生物分组),进而介绍了Stewart等人近年提出的土壤有机碳物理-化学联合分组方法,最后对土壤有机碳分组方法的未来趋势进行了展望。     

湿地土壤磷分级方法研究

磷是植物生长发育的必需营养元素之一。植物所利用的磷素主要来源于土壤。湿地作为响应全球变化和人类活动较为敏感的生态系统之一,湿地土壤磷分级越来越受到国内外学者的关注。本文综述了国内外湿地土壤无机磷和有机磷的形态划分、分级方法,对应用较广的磷分级方法进行了总结,以期为国内相关研究提供参考和借鉴。     

Effect of grassland harvesting frequency and N-fertilization on stocks and dynamics of soil organic matter in the temperate climate

ABSTRACT

Management of grassland may affect the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC). Objectives were to analyze the effect of different harvesting frequencies and nitrogen fertilization regimes on SOC and total N stocks in a field trial on a sandy loam to loamy sand soil of a grassland site near Kiel (Germany). Additionally, effects on microbial biomass C (C_mic) and ergosterol (as proxy for fungi) contents, water-stable aggregate size-classes and density fractions were studied. In the surface soil (0–10 cm), SOC and total N stocks, amounts of large water-stable macroaggregates (> 2000 µm) and contents of C_mic and ergosterol were significantly higher under a five cut regime. C_mic (r_Spearman = 0.61) and ergosterol contents (r_Spearman = 0.67) were correlated with amounts of large water-stable macroaggregates suggesting that fungi and microbial biomass play an important role in binding of small macroaggregates into large macroaggregates. The free light fraction of SOM showed significantly higher C concentrations under three cut compared to five cut at 30–60 cm, presumably related to the C/N ratio and the decomposability of root litter. This study indicates the importance of cutting frequency on SOC and total N stocks, amounts of large macroaggregates and contents of C_mic and ergosterol.     

Recovering decomposing plant residues from the particulate soil organic matter fraction: size versus density separation

 A detailed size separation of particulate organic matter (POM) from soils amended with straw from Hordeum vulgare or Vicia sativa revealed that the loss of C during the first 56 days of incubation mainly occurred from particles >2,000 μm, without a concomitant reduction in the size of these large particles. Preliminary studies of POM from non-amended soil had shown that the stable heavy (>1.4 g cm^–3) POM fraction was mainly (>80%) composed of particles <400 μm, whereas the light fraction was dominated by larger particles (>80%). Therefore we decided to compare the POM <1.4 g cm³ with POM >400 μm. There was a very close relationship between POM>400 μm and POM <1.4 g cm^–3 with regard to amounts of C and N, as well as the appearance of these fractions under the microscope. Similarly there was a close relationship between changes in the C content of the POM fractions and the CO₂ respired, and this was also the case when comparing changes in POM-N with net N mineralization. This indicated that the biological activity during decomposition was actually localized in the POM. Due to the lighter workload and lower expenditure for reagents in connection with size separation of POM, we recommend the size separation procedure in connection with studies of residue decomposition in arable systems. Received: 23 May 2000     

Effect of nitrate leaching in oxisol columns on 15N abundance and nitrate breakthrough curves

Abstract

Nitrate (20 mg N0₃‐ N l^?1) was leached through 180 cm columns of oxisol subsoil until the leachate attained the initial nitrate concentration. Leaching was continued with water until no nitrate was detectable in the leachate.

The Δ¹⁵N for the first aliquot of leachate containing nitrate was 2.2 units lower than that of the added solution indicating that ¹⁵Nwas preferentially adsorbed to ¹⁴N. The breakthrough curve for nitrate indicated that nitrate adsorption decreased after six pore volumes. The implications for modelling nitrate leaching are discussed.     

Distribution and Availability of Zinc and Copper in Benchmark Soils of Pernambuco State,Brazil

Abstract

The benchmark soils collection of Pernambuco state contain 13 of the 14 soil orders of the Brazilian System of Soil Classification. Thus, information on zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) status in such soils is useful as a reference of micronutrient distribution and availability in a representative set of Brazilian soils. The present work was performed to assess Zn and Cu distribution into operationally defined fractions of benchmark soils of Pernambuco state. In addition, chemical extractants, with contrasting chemical properties, were used to assess the availability of these micronutrients to relate such values with fertility guidelines concentrations and with the fractions defined by the sequential extraction. The results demonstrated that the organic matter was the most important fraction retaining Zn and Cu in the studied soils, as indicated by the sequential extraction. The Zn availability in the majority of the soils (90% of the samples) is sufficient to meet the requirement of the major field crops, although the available Cu concentrations are below the critical levels for plant growth in 46% of the analyzed samples. Mehlich‐1 extractant appeared to be the most efficient in predicting the availability of Zn in the soils because of its better correlation with exchangeable and organic fractions. DTPA and Mehlich‐3 were the most efficient extractants for the evaluation of Cu availability, as suggested by the better correlation with organic matter, which is the main pool of available Cu in the soils.     

Soil organic matter fractionation as a tool for predicting nitrogen mineralization in silty arable soils

After decades of searching for a practical method to estimate the N mineralization capacity of soil, there is still no consistent methodology. Indeed it is important to have practical methods to estimate soil nitrogen release for plant uptake and that should be appropriate, less time consuming, and cost effective for farmers. We fractionated soil organic matter (SOM) to assess different fractions of SOM as predictors for net N mineralization measured from repacked (disturbed) and intact (undisturbed) soil cores in 14 weeks of laboratory incubations. A soil set consisting of surface soil from 18 cereal and root‐cropped arable fields was physically fractionated into coarse and fine free particulate OM (coarse fPOM and fine fPOM), intra‐microaggregate particulate OM (iPOM) and silt and clay sized OM. The silt and clay sized OM was further chemically fractionated by oxidation with 6% NaOCl to isolate an oxidation‐resistant OM fraction, followed by extraction of mineral bound OM with 10% HF (HF‐res OM). Stepwise multiple linear regression yielded a significant relationship between the annual N mineralization (kg N/ha) from undisturbed soil and coarse fPOM N (kg N/ha), silt and clay N (kg N/ha) and its C:N ratio (R² = 0.80; P < 0.01). The relative annual N mineralization (% of soil N) from disturbed soils was related to coarse fPOM N, HF‐res OC (% of soil organic carbon) and its C:N ratio (R² = 0.83; P < 0.01). Physical fractions of SOM were thus found to be the most useful predictors for estimating the annual N mineralization rate of undisturbed soils. However, the bioavailability of physical fractions was changed due to the disturbance of soil. For disturbed soils, a presumed stable chemical SOM fraction was found to be a relevant predictor indicating that this fraction still contains bio‐available N. The latter prompted a revision in our reasoning behind selective oxidation and extraction as tools for characterizing soil organic N quality with respect to N availability. Nonetheless, the present study also underscores the potential of a combined physical and chemical fractionation procedure for isolating and quantifying N fractions which preferentially contribute to bulk soil N mineralization. The N content or C:N ratio of such fractions may be used to predict N mineralization in arable soils.     

土壤Se的分级与Se的植物有效性的关系

Nine soils with distinct properties and Se levels were selected to test a fractionation procedure of soil Se based on sequential extraction. Soil Se was fractionated into readily available Se (fraction Ⅰ, extracted by 0.5 M NaHCO₃), slowly available Se (fraction Ⅱ, extracted by 0.1 M NaOH-0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇), amorphous oxide-occluded Se (fraction Ⅲ, extracted by acid ammonium oxalate), free oxide-occluded Se (fraction Ⅵ, extracted by dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate buffer solution) and residual Se (fraction Ⅴ, determined by HNO₃-HClO₄ digestion of the final soil residue). The recovery of soil Se (the sum of all fractions over total soil Se determined independently) by this procedure was from 88.1% to 110.9%, mean 99.2%±6.4% for the test soils. The sum of fractions Ⅰ and Ⅱ, provided a good measure of available Se in soils and the percentage of fraction Ⅰ plus Ⅱ over the total soil Se, tentatively defined as Se availability index, could be used to indicate soil Se status and predict Se deficiency.     

Bowman-Cole石灰性土壤有机磷分组法的改进

本文研究了Bowman-Cole土壤有机磷分组法应用于石灰性土壤存在的若干问题,并提出了改进法。改进法的四组土壤有机磷(P0)的分组为:在氯仿预处理土样后用0.5molL-1NaHCO3浸提活性P0;然后,先用0.05molL-1NaOH、后用1molL-1H2SO4处理残余土样浸提中度活性P0,0.05molL-1NaOH提取的无机磷和1molL-1H2SO4提取的有机磷属于中度活性P0;在氯仿和0.5molL-1NaHCO3处理后,用0.05molL-1NaOH浸提稳定性P0,把浸提液的酸度调至pH3.00时,上清液中的有机磷为中度稳定性P0,而沉淀中的有机磷为高稳性P0。结果表明,改进法能更好地区分具有不同矿化率的有机磷化合物,例如,核酸、甘油磷酸、植酸钙、肌醇三磷酸铁、植酸铁等。改进法增加了超声波处理,使震荡时间也明显缩短。因此,石灰性土壤有机磷分组的改进法比Bowman-Cole法更理想。