不同优势小麦正反杂交种子与亲本自交种子发育前期基因表达差异

为探讨小麦杂种优势形成的分子机理，本研究选用优势不同的3个杂交组合,以授粉后2、6和12 d的正反杂交种子与亲本自交种子为材料，采用mRNA差异显示技术分析了不同优势正反杂交种子与亲本自交种子之间发育前期的基因表达差异。结果表明，所有三个时期正反杂交种子与亲本自交种子之间存在明显的基因表达差异，差异可归纳为特异     

中棉所12及其选系配制的4个杂交棉幼苗期基因差异表达

以与中棉所12及其2个选系为亲本组配的4个杂交棉中棉所28、中棉所29、湘杂棉2号和冀棉18苗期的根和顶端叶为研究材料,采用cDNA-AFLP技术分析苗期杂交棉与亲本的根和叶基因差异表达,并用QuantitativeReal-Time技术加以验证.结果表明:(1)在4个杂交组合中,中棉所12选系是营养生长杂种优势高值亲本;(2)杂交种和亲本间存在显著的基因表达差异,可分为杂交种上调、单亲显性、单亲沉默、杂交种下调4种表达型.4个杂交组合在三叶期根和叶中差异表达基因的4种类型比例趋势基本一致,单亲差异表达型(包括显性和沉默表达)在根和叶中所占比例较高,杂种下调表达型所占比例较低,反映出苗期单亲差异表达型在杂种优势形成中起主要作用;叶部差异表达基因数目和比例(29.20%～46.09%)比根(15.65%～22.49%)高的多,说明叶中基因差异表达可能比根中基因差异表达对杂种优势形成作用更大;(3)高值亲本中棉所12选系与杂交棉共同表达的基因多于低值亲本与杂交棉共同表达的基因,从分子水平上证明中棉所12选系在杂交棉冀棉18、中棉所29和中棉所28的苗期营养生长杂种优势产生中起优势亲本的作用;(4)4种杂交组合差异表达基因(包含叶和根)占总表达基因的27.00%～34.56%,分析差异表达基因类型和4个杂交组合的关系发现,超显性效应占3.30%～7.17%,超低亲效应占2.62%～4.14%,低亲效应占5.65%～13.03%,显性效应和加性效应是主要的杂种优势效应,占79.52%～83.79%.多种杂种优势效应的并存说明杂种优势可能是多基因共同作用产生多种效应的结果;(5)超亲优势组合中棉所28的超显性效应占7.17%,明显高于其他3个表现中亲优势组合,说明杂交种上调表达型可能对苗期杂种优势产生起重要作用.     

小麦杂交种与亲本之间穗下节间基因差异表达分析

以株高和穗下节间长度表现杂种优势的小麦杂交组合矮9×冀矮8号的杂种及其亲本为材料, 应用cDNA-AFLP技术分析杂种、亲本的穗下节间基因差异表达情况。分离差异表达基因段后, 对其克隆、测序并在GenBank进行Blast-x分析和功能推测, 发现差异表达的基因包括分别受赤霉素和细胞分裂素诱导表达、与细胞分裂有关的基因cdc2和PAS1基因, 它们在小麦杂种节间中分别特异表达和偏高亲表达。另有一个与细胞快速膨大有关的液泡质子泵H⁺-PPase基因在杂种中偏高亲表达。其他差异表达的基因包括蛋白激酶等与植物信号传递相关基因、与物质代谢相关的基因、参与基因转录调控的基因、与泛素参与的蛋白降解相关的基因等。小麦杂交种与亲本的穗下节间, 大量基因涉及细胞分裂、膨大和物质代谢、转录调控等过程, 初步推测它们的差异表达可能与穗下节间及株高杂种优势形成有关。     

不同优势抗虫棉杂交组合不同生育期基因表达差异初探

采用DDRT-PCR技术对3个产量优势差异较大的杂交棉组合及其亲本在4个生育期叶片cDNA进行扩增和差显,结果表明,产量高、中、低优势组合与其亲本基因差异表达比例从蕾期到花铃期总体上呈递减趋势;杂种特异表达在前3个生育期高优势组合高于中或低优势组合,特异表达可能对杂种优势的产生起一定作用;单亲表达一致是基因差异表达中最主要表达模式,但在各生育期高、中、低优势组合之间变化幅度较小,表明此模式可能与杂种优势发挥无明显关系。     

Relationship between heterosis and genetic distance based on morphological traits and AFLP markers in pepper

Genetic diversity is considered as one of the criteria for the selection of parents for hybrid breeding. The present study was undertaken to evaluate genetic divergence among seven pepper cultivars and to assess the relationship between heterosis and parental genetic distance. Twenty‐one F₁ hybrids and seven parents were evaluated for 15 morphological characters in a greenhouse and in the field. The parents were examined for DNA polymorphisms using six amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations. Cluster analysis using two genetic distance measures grouped the seven parents differently. Mid‐parent and high‐parent heterosis was observed for most characters. Most hybrids outperformed the parental lines for fruit yield, earliness and plant height. Morphological and AFLP‐based distance measurements were efficient enough to allocate pepper genotypes into heterotic groups. The correlations of morphological distances with mid‐parent heterosis were significant for days to flowering and maturity, suggesting earliness can be predicted from morphological distances of parental lines. However, the correlations of AFLP‐measured genetic distances with mid‐ and high‐parent heterosis were non‐significant for all characters, except for fruit diameter, and proved to be of no predictive value.     

玉米杂交种与亲本雌穗花器官形成期蛋白差异表达谱分析

为探讨玉米穗粒数杂种优势形成的分子机制,以玉米强优势杂交种豫玉22及其亲本综3和87-1的花器官形成期雌穗为材料,采用高通量的2-DE和MALDI TOF MS技术,建立了它们的蛋白差异表达谱,并对差异蛋白进行了质谱鉴定。结果显示,在检测到的1 290个蛋白点中,有114个(8.84%)在杂交种与亲本之间的表达差异达到显著水平,其中表现单亲沉默、偏高亲、中亲表达、偏低亲、杂种上调、杂种下调、亲本特异和杂种特异表达模式的蛋白点分别为27、25、15、13、11、11、10和2个。另外,成功鉴定出其中的104个差异表达蛋白点,涉及代谢、信号转导、能量、转录、蛋白质合成、蛋白运输与储藏、细胞生长与分裂、细胞结构、抗病防御、次生代谢、转座子及功能未知和假定蛋白等12个功能类别。玉米杂交种与亲本蛋白在丰度上的明显差异及涉及多个功能类别,可能与玉米穗粒数杂种优势的形成有关。     

Retrotransposon-related genetic distance and hybrid performance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Heterosis is a main force leading the development of the hybrid seed industry in sunflower. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if heterosis effects for morphological traits among sunflower hybrids can be related to differences in the repetitive component of the genome of parental lines. The assumption is that, at least for certain traits, heterosis results from mutations in the cis-regulatory elements of genes, largely related to retrotransposon insertions and/or removals. Our experimental approach consists of a correlation study between hybrid performance and retrotransposon-related genetic distances between inbreds. Six sunflower inbred lines of different origin were crossed in a half diallel fashion; comparing parental lines and hybrids, mid parent heterosis of F₁ hybrids was evaluated for six traits. We estimated the parental genetic distances between the six inbreds on data gathered by the inter-retrotransposon-amplified-polymorphism (IRAP) protocol. Different retrotransposons previously isolated in sunflower were targeted by 11 primer pairs designed on conserved LTR domains. As a control, genetic distances were also calculated using 86 genic SNPs. We analysed the correlation between the mid-parent heterosis for each of the six traits analysed and the genetic distance (calculated on data obtained by SNP or IRAP analyses) between the parental lines. Differences between parents showed to be largely related to variations in the retrotransposon component of the genome. Retrotransposon-related genetic distance between parents resulted to be larger than that related to genic SNPs, and significantly correlated to seed yield and, at a lesser extent, to plant height and stem diameter in hybrids. The hypothesis that variations in the repetitive component of the genome, especially LTR-retrotransposons, affect the displaying of heterosis is discussed.     

玉米抽穗期亲本及其杂交种间基因差异表达与杂种优势的关系

为探讨玉米杂种优势形成的分子机理,选用了8个玉米自交系和它们的5个杂交种,采用mRNA差异显示技术分析了杂种和亲本之间抽穗期叶片的基因表达差异模式。结果表明:所选用的杂交种与自交系之间的基因表达模式可以分为5种类型:杂种特异表达型(W1)、单亲显性表达型(W2)、双亲表达沉默型(W3)、单亲沉默表达型(W4)、亲本和杂交种表达一致型(W5),所占比例分别为2.81%,16.92%,11.79%,4.25%和64.23%。还对每种差异表达模式与12个杂种性状表现和中亲优势进行了相关分析。     

基于产量相关性状SSR分子标记的大豆杂种优势群划分

利用杂种优势可显著提高大豆单产,但亲本的创制及杂交组合的配制缺乏有效的理论指导,导致杂交种组配工作存在盲目性,强优势大豆杂交种的产出周期较长。针对上述问题,以中国东北部和国外的43份亲本为材料,利用经过筛选的14个大豆产量性状相关SSR分子标记进行遗传多样性分析和杂种优势类群划分。结果发现,所用SSR标记共扩增出31个等位变异位点,平均每个标记检测到2.2143个等位变异位点,变幅为2.0000~4.0000;主效基因频率为0.4419~0.9302,平均为0.6817;基因遗传多样性指数为0.1298~0.6101,平均为0.4043;多态性信息含量为0.1214~0.5272,平均为0.3280。根据遗传距离将43份亲本材料划分为2个类群;25个杂交种的35份亲本材料分属于2个类群;且27个杂交种的39份亲本材料为国内和国外材料之间配制的杂交组合,反映出中国东北与国外材料之间存在较强的杂种优势。对本研究所用的杂交种亲本间遗传距离分析发现,遗传距离在0.4~0.6时杂种优势利用效率较高。上述结果为优异亲本的选育方向和强优势杂交种亲本的合理组配提供参考。     

Heterosis and combining ability for grain yield and other agronomic traits in winter triticale

Hybrid breeding is a widely discussed alternative for triticale. Heterosis as well as general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were estimated for eight agronomic traits. The experiment comprised 24 F₁ hybrids, produced by a chemical hybridizing agent, together with their six female and four male parents, grown in drilled plots in two locations. In comparison with the mid‐parent values, hybrids averaged a 6.4 dt/ha (10.1%) higher grain yield, 8.4% more kernels per spike, a 6.8% higher 1000‐kernel weight, 9.7% lower falling number (FN) and 4.4% greater plant height. SCA effects for grain yield were significant and ranged from 4.5 to 6.9 dt/ha for grain yield. Together with GCA x location interactions, they explained most of the variation. For 1000‐kernel weight, GCA effects were predominant. SCA and interactions with location accounted for most of the variation in FN, whereas interactions were negligible for plant height. Correlations between mid‐parent and hybrid performance and between GCA and per se performance of parents were tight for all traits except grain yield, which allows for pre‐selection of parental lines. Although the amount of heterosis in triticale at present is closer to wheat than to rye, by selecting parents for combining ability and identifying heterotic patterns, grain yield heterosis of up to 20% appears sufficiently encouraging to embark on hybrid breeding.     

Heterosis in crop mutant crosses and production of high yielding lines using doubled haploid systems

Heterosis appearing in crosses between mutants derived from the same parent variety and crosses of mutants with parent varieties has been observed by many authors for many plant species including such important crops as barley, faba bean, maize, pea, pearl millet, rice, sunflower, sesame, sweet clover, triticale and wheat. Mutant heterosis was reported for crosses of spontaneous mutants, mutants obtained after treatment with various mutagens and recently also for somaclonal variants. The heterotic effects are usually related to an increase in some yield components. There is a lack of correlation between mutation of a particular plant character and appearance of heterotic effect. The yielding performance of a mutant was not correlated with its potential to give yield heterosis in crosses with another mutant, often also a very poor one, or with the parent variety. Poor yielding barley mutants from the collection of semi-dwarf forms of the Department of Genetics, Silesian University gave heterosis in crosses with other mutants or parent varieties for such characters as tillering, grain number and weight per plant. In addition to mutants with deleterious mutations of such characters as chlorophyll synthesis or fasciated stem there were also lines mutated for earliness, semi-dwarfness, low glucoside or high protein and lysine content which gave significant heterosis in crosses. One possible explanation of the phenomenon of mutant heterosis is related to the frequency of mutations induced by chemical and physical mutagens. The appearance and the level of heterotic effect of mutated genes will depend on their interaction with other mutated genes or with genes from the parental genotype. High specific combining ability of mutants giving heterotic effect makes hybrid seed production, based on crosses with defined sources of cytoplasmic or genetic male sterility, unfeasible or even impossible. Doubled haploids provide a unique system to attempt the ‘fixing’ of hybrid performance in homozygous lines and to avoid the step of hybrid seed production. The assumption on the ‘fixability’ of hybrid yield in homozygous lines based on reports that large additive genetic variance is responsible for yield heterosis in wheat or barley was proven also for mutant crosses. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Heterosis and Genetic Variances and their Implications for Breeding Improved Varieties of Spring Beans (Vicia faba L.)*

Handcrosses were made in a factorial manner with 24 Vicia faba inbred lines m three sets, each between four male and four female parents. The resulting 48 hybrids, their parental inbreds and three commercial varieties were grown in performance trials during the years 1985—87 with three replications at one location. Yield and yield components were recorded on single plant basis. The average superiority of the hybrids above the control varieties was 26 % in plant yield. The best crosses outyielded the controls by more than 50 %. However, a few inbred lines also reached, the yield level of the controls. The average heterosis was significant for all characters except for maturity date. In plant yield the average heterosis was 75%, ranging between 34% and 148% in the various cross combinations. The highest average heterosis of 110 % was observed in yield at the lateral stems. In all characters the best inbreds were superior to the lower hybrids and in some characters even equal to the average of the hybrids. A strong positive relationship was found for all characters between hybrid performance and mid-parent value and between the per se performance of the inbreds and their general combining ability. Genotypic differences between the hybrids as well as between the inbreds were highly significant. Most of the variability between the hybrids in all characters were attributed to general combining, ability with only little evidence for specific combining ability. In the discussion the results are evaluated according to the choice of the breeding category of the partial allogamous faba bean species.     

Relationship of genetic distance and hybrid performance in hybrids derived from a new photoperiod-thermo sensitive male sterile wheat line 337S

Heterosis has been exploited in many crops and made a significant contribution to the world food supply. Genetic distance (GD) is one of valuable criteria for selecting parents in hybrid breeding. The objectives of this study were to estimate GD between a novel photoperiod-thermo sensitive male sterile wheat line 337S and several common cultivars using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and to evaluate the relationship of GD and heterosis. The line 337S, as a maternal parent, was crossed with 16 common wheat varieties to produce 16 hybrids. Eight agronomic traits were investigated for the parents and F1 hybrids. Mid-parent heterosis (MPH) and specific combining ability (SCA) were calculated. GD and cluster analysis were performed among the 17 parents. The correlations of GD with F1 performance, MPH and SCA were analyzed. The results showed that GD estimates among the 17 parents averaged 0.42 with a range from 0.26 to 0.57, and the averaged GD between 337S and the 16 parental cultivars was 0.44. Cluster analysis separated the 17 parents into three main groups. SSR markers were useful in analyzing genetic divergences among the 17 parental lines. However, GD based on SSR markers poorly correlated with F1 performance, MPH and SCA. Thus, GD revealed by SSR markers can not provide a reliable prediction in practical wheat hybrid breeding.     

Alterations in inheritance pattern and level of cytosine DNA methylation,and their relationship with heterosis in rice

Novel hybrid-specific/heterotic gene expression patterns observed from expression studies suggest the need to characterize the underlying regulatory mechanism(s) to reveal the biological basis of heterosis in crop plants. To gain an insight into the molecular basis of heterosis in rice, we investigated the inheritance pattern and level of cytosine methylation, a major epigenetic regulatory mechanism, in the leaf tissue of an elite Indian rice hybrid KRH2 and its parents at three stages (15 day-old, 35 day-old seedling and flag leaf) and their correlation with heterosis using methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) technique. In contrast to parents, the level of methylation was high during initial growth stages and reduced as the hybrid grew. Even though, a majority of cytosine methylation profiles were transmitted to hybrid at all stages, a considerable level (25.4%) of cytosine methylation pattern was observed to be novel in hybrid and some of these altered loci were identified to code for known/hypothetical proteins. It was also observed that demethylation events occurred more predominantly during early stages than hypermethylation while the frequency of demethylation events decreased in flag leaf with a remarkable increase in hypermethylation in the hybrid. These bi-directional events in methylation in KRH2 were validated in six hybrids with different levels of grain yield heterosis and the level of cytosine methylation in the hybrid was observed to be significantly correlated with heterosis.     

Genetic characterization of an Italian Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) clones collection: exploiting clonal selection

This study is the first report of combining ability and heterosis for important vitamins and antioxidant plant pigments in cauliflower. Five CMS lines were crossed with 8 male fertile lines in line × tester design to develop 40 hybrids. These hybrids along with parental lines were evaluated for different vitamins and anti-oxidant pigments to reveal extent of heterosis and genetic combining ability. The CMS line Ogu12A was good general combiner (gca effect) and Ogu16A was poor general combiner for most of the important traits under study. Most of the heterotic hybrid combinations were associated high specific combing ability (sca effect). However, gca effect was also important in developing quality heterotic hybrids. The proportions of $\sigma_{\text{gca}}^{ 2} /\sigma_{\text{sca}}^{2}$ were less than unity in all the cases indicating the role of non-additive gene action for most of the traits. Highest number of heterotic hybrids in positive direction was recorded for ascorbic acid content followed by anthocyanin content. The accumulated average heterosis of the 40 hybrids was in positive direction for ascorbic acid, anthocyanin and lycopene concentration whereas it was in negative direction for carotenoids and chlorophyll pigments. Very high heterosis for ascorbic acid, anthocyanin and carotenoids in cauliflower indicated the scope for development of F₁ hybrids with higher concentration of these vitamins and anti-oxidant pigments. It is possible to develop heterotic hybrids for different vitamins and anti-oxidant plant pigments through selection of parental lines based on desirable genetic combing ability.     

Using yield quantitative trait locus targeted SSR markers to study the relationship between genetic distance and yield heterosis in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between heterosis and genetic distance in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Heterosis in the different environments was evaluated and the relationship between heterosis and genetic distance (GD) was determined based on SSR markers for yield quantitative trait loci (QTL). Yields of seed cotton and lint showed a linear relationship with mid‐parent heterosis (MPH) and better‐parent heterosis (BPH). The variation in heterosis for other traits and their correlation with GD may be due to environmental factors or the effort of QTLs tested in the present study may vary in different environments. The present findings provide a foundation for heterotic grouping of parental lines and breeding of new cotton hybrids with improved seed cotton yield. This study calls for more research with stable QTLs as well as advance molecular marker techniques may be used in predicting yield heterosis in a more precise and reliable manner.     

棉花杂种优势与几种生理生化指标的相关性

对８个陆地棉杂种及其亲本的四种生理生化指标进行了测定，并研究了这些指标与杂种产量优势的相关性，结果表明：幼芽匀浆互补法对Ｆ１皮棉超亲优势、中亲优势的预测相符率分别为８７．５％和７５．０％；杂种萌动种子ＡＴＰ含量普遍高于双亲平均值。超亲优势、中亲优势与杂种ＡＴＰ含量及双亲ＡＴＰ含量的平均值均呈正相关，且中亲优势与杂种ＡＴＰ含量相关显著（ｒ＝０．７１８８，Ｐ〈０．０５）；杂种产量优势与盛蕾期、盛花期的     

Heterosis for yield and its physiological determinants in wheat

Heterosis in hybrid wheat varieties produced using a chemical hybridising agent was assessed in field experiments. Hyno Esta and its parents were compared in factorial combinations of four-seed rates (25–300 seeds m^–2) and two nitrogen fertilizer rates (0 and 200 kg N ha^–1) in 2001/02 and again in 2002/03. Hyno Rista and Hyno Renta and their parents were compared at two-seed rates in 2001/02. Hyno Rista and its parents were added factorially to the Hyno Esta experiment in 2002/03, while Hyno Renta and Hybred and their parents were compared at two seed rates in 2002/03. Mid parent heterosis for grain yield was found in three hybrids and two of these showed high parent heterosis. High parent heterosis in Hyno Esta over a range of sowing densities was mostly exhibited in total biomass but also, in one of two years, in harvest index. High parent heterosis in Hyno Renta was associated more with harvest index than with biomass. The heterosis for biomass in Hyno Esta resulted from greater interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) than the male parent, with better radiation use efficiency than the female parent. In both seasons Hyno Esta achieved grain numbers per ear at least as high as the high parent for this trait (Audace), and combined this with mean grain weights at least as heavy as the high parent for mean grain weight (Estica). Much of the increased biomass and grain yield in the hybrid came late in the season as high parent heterosis was expressed for both maximum grain filling rate and grain filling duration. Heterosis was higher when nitrogen was applied than when withheld; only greater at lower seed rates when expressed in proportionate terms (e.g. as a percentage of the parents), rather than in absolute terms (e.g. t ha^–1); and greater in the year with the cooler and wetter summer.     

Genetic analysis of rapeseed self-incompatibility lines reveals significant heterosis of different patterns for yield and oil content traits

Self‐incompatibility is one of the most effective approaches to utilizing heterosis in oilseed rape around the world. To evaluate the heterosis of double low self‐incompatibility, the possibility of combining seed yield and oil content, and the genetic effects of parents on their hybrid progenies, a 2‐year field trial using a 3 × 22 NC II mating design was conducted during the 1999‐2001 growing seasons in Wuhan, China. Significant differences in seed yield per plant and seed oil content were observed among the F1 hybrids and between F1 progenies and their parents. However, the heterosis for seed yield per plant was much greater than that for seed oil content. Mid‐parent heterosis and high‐parent heterosis of seed yield per plant ranged from 5.50 to 64.11% and from –2.81 to 46.02%, while those of seed oil content ranged from –1.55 to 7.44% and –3.61 to 6.55%, respectively. Non‐additive genetic effects were a major mechanism that accounted for the yield heterosis in addition to additive effects. In contrast, seed oil content heterosis was mainly dependent on an additive genetic effect. General combining ability (GCA) determined the stability of hybrid cultivars. In hybrid breeding, parental materials might be selected by the sum of GCAs and variances of special combining abilities (SCAs) of female and male parents for traits affected by both additive and non‐additive effects, and by the sum of GCAs of two parents for traits controlled mainly by additive effects. Primary branches and their siliques were the most important yield traits.