三种不同药物对鸡人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的疗效比较

采用血痢球虫散、球痢清、地克珠利三种不同的抗球虫药物进行抗人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫的效力试验,结果表明:三种不同药物的高剂量组即300mg/kg饲料混饲,其抗球虫指数(ACI)均在185以上,差异不显著(P>0.05)。但中剂量组即250mg/kg饲料混饲,球痢清和地克珠利组的死亡率分别比血痢球虫散组高4.15%和3.55%,差异显著(P<0.05),卵囊值差异亦显著(P<0.05),但抗球虫指数(ACI)、病变值差异不显著(P>0.05)。血痢球虫散低剂量组与球痢清和地克珠利低剂量组相比,其相对增重率、抗球虫指数(ACI)和病变值差异不显著,(P>0.05),但卵囊值差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

癸氧喹酯抗柔嫩艾美耳球虫洛阳分离株的效果试验

以抗球虫指数(Anticoccidial Index,ACI)、料肉比及增重为指标,研究了癸氧喹酯抗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫洛阳分离株的效果.结果表明,根据54.4 mg/kg、27.2 mg/kg、13.6 mg/kg体重的剂量按饲料比拌料给药,抗球虫指数(ACI)分别达到183.57、145.53和127.80,与感染不给药组相比,料肉比分别降低30.04％、10.60％和3.18％,高剂量组增重与不感染对照组没有显著差异.癸氧喹酯以54.4 mg/kg体重的浓度拌料可以预防洛阳地区鸡球虫病感染,试验结果为临床上有效利用癸氧喹酯控制鸡球虫病提供了重要依据.     

球敌对鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫秦皇岛株的效果评价

为评价球敌对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫秦皇岛株的效力,选择68只海兰褐公雏随机分成阳性对照组,阴性对照组,球敌1组(0.2mL/L水)和球敌2组(0.4mL/L水),每组17只鸡.在14日龄,除阴性对照组外,每只鸡接种1.2×105个柔嫩艾美耳球虫.结果表明,球敌1组和2组鸡的ACI分别为186.63和187.06,表明球敌属高效抗球虫药,且促生长作用显著,整个试验期内的增重分别比阳性对照组、阴性对照组提高65.16%(P＜0.01)、55.20%(P＜0.01),6.63%(P＞0.05)、0.21%(P＞0.05),并能显著缓解因球虫感染引起的Hb含量的下降,提高胸腺和法氏囊指数.     

中药复方制剂抗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染效果研究

考察青蒿、诃子、苦参、柴胡、黄芪、山楂、木香7味中药组成的复方中药制剂对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)的防治效果。选取120只健康雏鸡,随机分为6组,除空白对照组外,其余各组(阳性对照组,药物对照组及复方中药低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组)试验鸡均经口感染1.5×10~4个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,考察各组试验鸡相对增重率、病变值、抗球虫指数ACI、相对球虫卵囊产量及血清生化指标等,评价不同剂量复方中药制剂的抗球虫效果。结果显示,复方中药中剂量组与低剂量、高剂量、磺胺氯吡嗪钠组的相对增重均有显著差异(P<0.05)。ACI与相对卵囊产量统计结果表明,复方中药低剂量组与中剂量组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),且均呈低效抗球虫作用。同时,复方中药中剂量组的耗料量增长率最高,雏鸡总蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇等3个生化指标均在攻虫第7天呈升高趋势。复方中药3个试验组雏鸡丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶水平在攻虫后均呈升高趋势,但未达到肝损伤标准。结果表明,该中药复方制剂中剂量浓度有一定的抗球虫作用,可促生长,且在推荐的剂量下使用安全。     

常山等中药浸提物复方对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的治疗试验

为了观察中药常山等浸提物与黄芪粗多糖组方对鸡球虫病的治疗效果,用广州大麻雏鸡对人工感染鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫进行分组试验,结果显示,常山高(150mg)、中(100 mg)、低(50 mg)剂量组的抗球虫指数(ACI)分别为131.2、183.9、169.8,中剂量组和低剂量组分别达到了高效和中效;高剂量组可能由于常山浸提物过量产生了生长抑制等副作用致使ACI反而降低。试验表明,适量的中药常山等浸提物与黄芪粗多糖组方用于防治鸡球虫病是可行的,有望研发成一种新的抗球虫制剂。     

五种抗球虫药物对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的疗效观察

210只14日龄817肉杂鸡公雏随机均分为7组,每组30只,除白对照组外,每只鸡接种2×105个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,同时选择百球杀二代、球痢速治、海南霉素、球虫宝,海南地克珠利5种常用抗球虫药,通过饮水给药的方式,观察其疗效,试验期为10 d。结果表明,百球杀二代的抗球虫指数(ACI)为197.7,属高效抗球虫药。抑制卵囊繁殖和减轻肠道病变效果以海南霉素组为显著,整个试验期内的增重分别比红对照组、白对照组、其他药物组均高。球痢速治、海南霉素、球虫宝的抗球虫指数(ACI)分别为184.6、174.9、165.2,均为中效抗球虫药。地克珠利的抗球虫指数(ACI)为142.9,判为低效抗球虫药。红对照组的法氏囊指数与其他各组之间差异不显著(P0.05),脾脏指数与白对照组差异不显著(P0.05),与百球杀二代组,汇鑫球痢速治组和海南霉素组差异极显著(P0.01),与球虫宝组和海南地克珠利组差异显著(P0.05)。     

3味中草药复方制剂对柔嫩艾美耳球虫的预防效果试验

为了探究常山、槟榔和甘草3味中草药制成的复方制剂预防柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染鸡的效果,试验通过建立鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染模型,将复方制剂按0.25 g/kg、0.5 g/kg、1 g/kg和2 g/kg 4个剂量组对感染鸡只进行饲喂。通过存活率、相对增重率、盲肠病变、卵囊值以及抗球虫指数等指标来评价复方制剂预防鸡感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫的效果。试验结果显示,复方制剂中高剂量组的效果为161,抗球虫药效达到中等,复方制剂低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组的药效分别为149、152和153,均达到了抗球虫的标准。     

亚麻油日粮抗感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫的效力研究

采用2因子多水平试验设计研究了亚麻油日粮抗感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫的效力.结果表明感染球虫显著地影响试鸡的增重率(P<0.05);感染组试鸡的日采食量均大于不感染组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);根据抗球虫指数ACI的公式计算获得,4%亚麻油日粮抗球虫指数为145,6%亚麻油抗球虫日粮指数为147,8%亚麻油的日粮抗球虫指数达162.7.该研究证明适宜比例的亚麻油日粮能防止球虫的感染.     

青蒿素类药物对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染的防治试验

试验以存活率、相对增重率、病变值、卵囊值以及抗球虫指数为药效评判标准,比较青蒿素及其衍生物蒿甲醚对鸡人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫的疗效情况,为球虫病防治提供参考。结果表明青蒿素对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染有一定的防治效果,与感染对照组相比,各青蒿素给药组相对增重率、存活率和抗球虫指数(ACI)均有所上升,卵囊值与盲肠病变值呈下降趋势,40 mg/kg的青蒿素给药组ACI达到147,试验结果呈现剂量依赖性;而蒿甲醚给药组无抗球虫作用,相对增重率比感染对照组下降20%以上,ACI指数仅为70.1。     

抗风湿药柳氮磺吡啶对柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染的防治作用

为了探讨常用抗风湿药柳氮磺吡啶对家禽柔嫩艾美耳球虫的防治作用,试验选用1日龄的黄羽肉鸡60只,平均分成6组,即空白组、3个预防给药组(剂量分别为50、75和100 mg/kg)、柳氮磺吡啶治疗组(150mg/kg)和感染不给药组.结果显示:柳氮磺吡啶治疗组的抗球虫指数(ACI)达到188.5,预防组则呈现明显的剂量效应关系,其中高剂量预防组的ACI为179.9,同时该2组的相对增重均略高于空白组,但显著高于感染不给药组(P＜0.05);血液生化指标的测定结果表明,高剂量预防组、治疗组与空白组无明显差异(P＞0.05).这说明柳氮磺吡啶对鸡球虫病有很好的防治作用,且无毒副作用,显示了较好的应用前景.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.