水分胁迫对牡丹光合和荧光特性的影响(英文)

[Objective] Study on the photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics in peony under water stress. [Method] The two peony varieties Huhong and Luoyanghong were treated by different water stress for determining the photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics. [Result] With the aggravation of water stress,the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased,while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) increased. Drought could decrease Pn,constrain gas exchange and change the daily photosynthesis. Fo of peony leaf increased and Fv/Fm decreased under water stress especially water logging,causing the inactivation of the PS II reaction center,and the chlorophyll fluorescence characters gradually recovered until afternoon. [Conclusion] The 75% soil relative water content (SRWC) is the best condition for growth of peony. Compared with drought,water logging is more unfit for the growth of peony. For the two varieties,Huhong assumed more tolerance to drought,accordingly more adaptability.     

Effects of Water Stress on Photosynthesis and Fluorescence Characteristics in Peony

[Objective] Study on the photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics in peony under water stress. [Method] The two peony varieties Huhong and Luoyanghong were treated by different water stress for determining the photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics. [Result] With the aggravation of water stress,the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased,while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) increased. Drought could decrease Pn,constrain gas exchange and change the daily photosynthesis. Fo of peony leaf increased and Fv/Fm decreased under water stress especially water logging,causing the inactivation of the PS II reaction center,and the chlorophyll fluorescence characters gradually recovered until afternoon. [Conclusion] The 75% soil relative water content (SRWC) is the best condition for growth of peony. Compared with drought,water logging is more unfit for the growth of peony. For the two varieties,Huhong assumed more tolerance to drought,accordingly more adaptability.     

Screening of Drought Resistance Identification Indexes for Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars in Ningxia

The morphological characters, physiological characters, yield traits and yield per plant of total 49 rice cultivars from Ningxia were investigated under conditions of water stress and non-water stress so as to determine the relationship between each trait and yield per plant under water stress and the relationship between each relative character and drought resistance coefficient under water stress and non-water stress. The correlation, grey correlation, stepwise regression and path analyses showed that the til er number per plant, plant height, grain density, effective panicle number per plant and grain number per pan-icle, total 5 traits, were significantly correlated with the drought resistance of rice, and they could be used to identify the drought resistance of rice in Ningxia. In addition, the drought resistance of rice was graded qualitatively according to the subordinate function value of corresponding drought resistance coefficient. The results showed that among the 49 rice cultivars from Ningxia, 6 rice cultivars were highly drought resistant, and 9 rice cultivars were moderately drought resistant, suggesting that the evalua-tion method was feasible and effective.     

Gas exchange and water relations of young potted loquat cv. Algerie under progressive drought conditions

Relationships between plant water status and gas exchange parameters at increasing levels of water stress were determined in Algerie loquats which grown in 50 I pots. Changes in soil water content and stem water potential and their effects on stomatal conductance(G_s) and net photosynthesis(P_n) rate were followed in control plants and in plants without irrigation until the latter reached near permanent wilting point and some leaf abscission took place. Then, the irrigation was restarted and the comparison repeated. Soil water content and stem water potential gradually diminished in response to drought reaching the minimum values of 0.9 mm and –5.0 MPa, respectively, 9 days after watering suspension. Compromised plant water status had drastic effects on G_s values that dropped by 97% in the last day of the drought period. P_n was diminished by 80% at the end of the drought period. The increasing levels of water stress did not cause a steady increase in leaf temperature in non-irrigated plants. Non-irrigated plants wilted and lost some leaves due to the severity of the water stress. However, all non-irrigated plants survived and reached similar P_n than control plants just a week after the irrigation was restarted, confirming drought tolerance of loquat and suggesting that photosynthesis machinery remained intact.     

Evaluation of Chlorophyll Content and Fluorescence Parameters as Indicators of Drought Tolerance in Barley

Drought is a major abiotic stress that severely affects food production worldwide. Agronomic and physiological traits associated with drought tolerance are suitable indicators for selection of drought tolerance genotypes to reduce the impact of water deficit on crop yield in breeding program. The objective of this study was to identify indicators related to drought tolerance through analysis of photosynthetic traits in barley （Hordeum vulgare L.）. These traits included chlorophyll content, initial fluorescence （Fo）, maximum primary yield of photochemistry of photosystem Ⅱ （Fv /Fo） and maximum quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ （Fv/Fm）. Four genotypes （Tadmor, Arta, Morocco9-75 and WI2291） variable in drought tolerance were used to investigate the correlation between these traits and drought tolerance. The results reflected that all of these traits were affected negatively in the four genotypes at different levels of post-anthesis drought stress, but the decrease in drought tolerant genotypes was much less than that of drought sensitive genotypes. The results further revealed that the components of the photosynthetic apparatus could be damaged significantly in drought sensitive genotypes, while drought tolerant genotypes were relatively less affected. On the other hand, the values of chlorophyll content, Fo, Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm in drought tolerance genotypes were significantly higher than those in drought sensitive genotypes under drought stress. It was concluded that chlorophyll content, Fo, Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm could be considered as reliable indicators in screening barley germplasm for drought tolerance.     

Advances in Research on the Approaches of Improving Water Utilization Efficiency in Rice

Water shortage is increasingly an important factor limiting the sustainable development of global economy, posing a huge threat to social security and human existence. Water usage in agriculture accounts for about 70% of total water consumption in the world, and rice cultivation is in turn the largest water user, which accounts for about 50% of total water usage in agriculture. Therefore, it is quite important to improve water utilization efficiency to reduce water consumption in rice. Water stress causes severe inhibition of plant growth and development as well as yield reduction, however the extent of inhibition or reduction varies greatly with the growth stages, duration and severity of stress, and plant genotypes. In rice, drought resistance and water utilization efficiency might be improved by developing stress resistant cultivars and conducting proper agronomic practices. It is hence imperative to determine the suitable criteria in morphological and physiological traits for drought resistance and water utilization efficiency in conventional breeding of rice. At present, leaf rolling, leaf water potential and carbon isotope discrimination are commonly used criteria for the evaluation and identification of germplasm with high drought resistance or water utilization efficiency. With rapid development of molecular biology, marker-assisted selection has been used in rice breeding against water stress. In this review, therefore, the agronomic aspect of water saving techniques such as selection of suitable rice cultivars, planting pattern, mulching, deficit irrigation and alternative drying and moist irrigation are discussed and effective approaches are also recommended.     

Study on Transpiration and Stomatal Conductance Characteristics of C3 and C4 Plant

The transpiration experiment was done under greenhouse conditions with a C3 plant sweet pepper （Capsicum annuum Linn.） and two C4 plants, sorghum （Sorghum bicolor L.Moench） and maize （Zea mays Linn.）. Three species were irrigated with three different water treatment levels of 100%, 66% and 33% which gave a comparison of tolerance and adaptation to irrigation and two different levels of water stress. The measurements of transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were done between 8.00 a.m. and 16.00 p.m. with measurements about each 1.5 h with an infrared gas analyzer. The results showed that Z. mays probably due to a higher leaf area had very low values and was significantly different （LSD pairwise comparison） from C. annuum and S. bicolor. The hypotheses that C4 plants and C3 plants have different transpiration rates and stomatal conductance could not be shown with the results. However, the hypotheses that for the same species, the highest values in transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were with the 100% irrigation treatment and the lowest values were with the 33% irrigation treatment could be accepted due to the results of this trial.     

Growth and Eco-Physiological Performance of Cotton Under Water Stress Conditions

A cotton cultivar Xinluzao 8 was grown under four levels of water stress treatments （normal irrigation, slight, mild and severe water stress） from the initial reproductive growth stage in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China, in 2002, to evaluate the growth and eco-physiological performances. Under water stress conditions, the transpiration ability decreased while the leaf temperature increased. Although the relative leaf water content decreased as water stress increased, the differences among the treatments were small, indicating that cotton has high ability in maintaining water in leaf. The stomatal density increased as water stress increased, while the maximum stomatal aperture reduced only in the severest stressed plants. The time of the maximum stomatal aperture was delayed in the mild and severe stressed plants. When severe stress occurred, the stomata were kept open until the transpiration decreased to nearly zero, suggesting that the stomata might not be the main factor in adjusting transpiration in cotton. Cotton plant has high adaptation ability to water stress conditions because of decrease in both stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductance from soil-to-leaf pathway. The actual quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ （PS Ⅱ） decreased under water stress conditions, while the maximum quantum yield of PS Ⅱ did not vary among treatments, suggesting that PS II would not be damaged by water stress. The total dry weight reduced as water stress increased.     

Effects of light intensity on photosynthesis and photoprotective mechanisms in apple under progressive drought

The effects of light intensity on photosynthesis and photoprotective mechanisms under progressive drought were studied on apple trees(Malus domestica Borkh.) Fuji. The potted trees were exposed to drought stress for 12 days and different light conditions(100, 60 and 25% sunlight). During the progressive drought, the relative water content(RWC) in leaf declined and was faster in full light than in 60 and 25% sunlight. However, the decrease in the net photosynthetic rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Gs) and Rubisco activity were slower under 100% sunlight condition than other light conditions. After the 6 days of drought, the maximum PSII quantum yield(Fv/Fm), the capacity of electrons move beyond Q-A(1–VJ) and electron move from intersystem to PSI acceptor side(1–VI)/(1–VJ) decreased, with greater decline extent in brighter light. While RWCs were 75%, the variations in different light intensities of Gs and Rubisco activity at identical RWC, suggested the direct effects of light. While the little difference in the state of photosynthetic electron transport chain among tested light intensities indicates the results of faster water loss rate of light. Our results also demonstrated that the enhancement the de-epoxidations of xanthophyll cycle, activities of ascorbate peroxidase(APX) and catalase(CAT) were directly regulated by light intensity. While the higher photorespiration rate(Pr) under stronger light condition was mainly caused by faster water loss rate of light.     

Effects of progressive drought on photosynthesis and partitioning of absorbed light in apple trees

To understand how drought stress affects CO2 assimilation and energy partitioning in apple(Malus domestica Borkh.), we investigated photosynthesis and photo-protective mechanisms when irrigation was withheld from potted Fuji trees. As the drought progressing, soil relative water content(SRWC) decreased from 87 to 24% in 15 d; this combined the decreasing in leaf relative water content(LRWC), net photosynthesis rate(P n) and stomatal conductance(G s). However, the concentrations of chlorophylls(Chl) remained unchanged while P n values were declining. Photochemistry reactions were slightly down-regulated only under severe drought. Rubisco activity was significantly decreased as drought conditions became more severe. The actual efficiency of photosystem II(ΦPSII) was diminished as drought became more intense. Consequently, xanthophyll-regulated dissipation of thermal energy was greatly enhanced. Simultaneously, the ratio of ΦPSII to the quantum yield of carbon metabolism, which is measured under non-photorespiratory conditions, increased in parallel with drought severity. Our results indicate that, under progressive drought stress, the reduction in photosynthesis in apple leaves can be attributed primarily to stomatal limitations and the inhibited capacity for CO2 fixation. Xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal dissipation and the Mehler reaction are the most important pathways for dispersing excess energy from apple leaves during periods of drought stress.     

基于远红外热成像的叶温变化与玉米苗期耐旱性的研究

 【目的】植物可以通过降低叶片气孔蒸腾来达到控制失水和增强抗旱的目的。蒸腾强度的变化会引起植物叶片温度的变化,利用远红外热成像仪研究遭受干旱胁迫时玉米自交系苗期叶温的变化与生物量耐旱系数间的关系,为筛选鉴定玉米耐旱自交系提供依据。【方法】以83个优良玉米自交系为材料,利用远红外热成像仪检测干旱胁迫条件下苗期叶片温度的变化,叶片的气孔导度、蒸腾强度采用气孔计Li-1600测定,同时测定植株的生物量。【结果】遭受干旱胁迫时,玉米苗期叶片的相对生物量变异幅度为0.271～0.997（生物鲜重）、0.338～0.969（生物干重）,叶温变异幅度为 -0.1～+0.5℃,均存在显著变异。耐旱玉米自交系的叶片温度显著上升,而敏感玉米自交系的叶片温度变化不明显。干旱胁迫与正常灌水条件下叶温的差值即叶温差与相对生物鲜重（0.283*,0.288**,n=83）及相对生物干重（0.239*,0.273**,n=83）间存在极显著的相关性。此外,叶温差与叶片气孔导度、蒸腾强度间也存在着显著的相关性。【结论】遭受干旱胁迫时,玉米苗期叶片温度变化可以显著反映玉米苗期的耐旱性,叶温差可以作为玉米苗期耐旱性初步筛选的一个指标,将远红外热成像技术运用于玉米耐旱育种存在可行性。     

大麦叶片表皮蜡质含量与抗旱性的关系研究

[目的]了解植物叶片表皮蜡质含量与抗旱性的关系.[方法]对抗旱性不同的6个大麦品种进行干旱处理,对灌浆期的大麦旗叶、旗叶鞘表皮蜡质含量与7个重要的抗旱生理指标进行测定分析.[结果]干旱条件下不同大麦品种间的蜡质含量、相对含水量、叶绿素含量及气孔导度存在显著或极显著差异.抗性大麦品种的表皮蜡质含量及水分利用效率显著高于抗旱性弱的品种.表皮蜡质含量越高的品种,其蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度越低,水分利用效率越高.[结论]提高水分利用效率的途径主要是通过降低蒸腾速率.干旱胁迫下叶片失水,气孔开度减小甚至趋于关闭,而高蜡质含量品种的气孔导度更小,阻力增大,降低蒸腾速率,减少水分散失,维持较高含水量,提高植株抗旱性.     

干旱条件下葡萄叶片气孔导度和水势与节位变化的关系

【目的】研究干旱条件下葡萄叶片气孔导度和水势随叶片节位变化的规律及其机理。【方法】利用3005F01植物水势测定仪和SC-1气孔计测量不同干旱程度下葡萄主梢各节位叶片气孔导度和水势。【结果】浇水良好的条件下,葡萄叶片气孔导度随叶片节位的升高而升高,且两者有很好的线性关系;轻度干旱可导致上部节位叶片气孔导度大幅度下降,而下部节位叶片气孔导度变化不大,叶片水势随着节位上升而提高;和轻度干旱相反,严重干旱时,叶片气孔导度随叶片节位的升高而下降,叶片水势仍然随着叶片节位的升高而上升,两者呈现出明显的线性关系。【结论】浇水良好的条件下,叶片气孔导度和叶片水势没有相关性;不同节位叶片对干旱的响应敏感度存在明显的差异,这种差异和叶片水势的变化及其反馈调节有密切的联系。     

小麦抗旱相关农艺性状和生理生化性状的灰色关联度分析

 【目的】探讨小麦主要农艺性状和部分生理生化性状与抗旱性的关系。【方法】采用灰色关联分析（gray correlation analysis），对分别种植于干旱棚和大田自然降水两个条件下的65个小麦品种的主要农艺性状和部分生理生化性状与其抗旱指数的关联度进行分析和评价。【结果】通过灰色关联度分析确定了各性状与抗旱指数的关联度。各农艺性状和生理生化性状与抗旱指数的关联程度大小依次为：气孔导度（0.7995）、光合速率（0.7909）、蒸腾速率（0.7556）、可溶性糖含量（0.7467）、丙二醛（MDA）含量（0.7336）、游离脯氨酸含量（0.7267）、穗长（0.7102）、穗粒数（0.7095）、千粒重（0.7005）、水势（0.6959）、有效分蘖数（0.6951）和株高（0.6866）。并依据各品种的加权抗旱指数对参试品种进行了聚类分析，聚类结果可以较好的反映品种的选育及适应地区。参试品种中较抗旱的品种有洛旱6号、晋麦47、陕麦168、小偃6号等。【结论】与抗旱指数关联度最大的是和叶片气孔相关的生理生化性状，它们在作物受到干旱胁迫时所受的影响最大，与作物抗旱性关系最为密切。因而可以选用气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率等生理生化性状进行小麦抗旱性的以性状为基础的选择，以提高选择效率。     

干旱胁迫对小麦生理指标的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同水分处理下小麦4个生育期旗叶的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度3个生理指标的变化。结果表明,轻、中度干旱胁迫对抗旱品种长6878旗叶光合等生理指标影响较小,其变化趋势与对照相近;在严重干旱胁迫条件下,旗叶生理指标明显低于对照和轻、中度干旱处理。     

籼型和粳型水稻响应孕穗期干旱胁迫的生理特性差异

【目的】系统比较分析籼稻和粳稻响应孕穗期干旱胁迫的生理特性差异,以期为后续解析籼、粳型水稻抗旱能力差异的生理机制打下前期基础。【方法】以具有不同耐旱能力的籼稻珍汕97B（ZS97B）和粳稻日本晴（NP）为材料,以正常浇水保持土壤湿润为对照,孕穗期停止浇水,干旱胁迫10 d后分别检测不同处理的水稻气孔密度、气孔开放度、光合指标、蒸腾指标、水分生理相关指标、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量等;干旱处理13 d后复水,统计复水10 d后水稻存活率,比较分析孕穗期ZS97B和NP对干旱胁迫的适应性。【结果】孕穗期停止浇水10 d后,ZS97B的存活率为90.3%,极显著高于NP（77.8%）（P<0.01,下同）;干旱胁迫对2种水稻的气孔密度和气孔运动均无显著影响（P>0.05）,但ZS97B的气孔密度在处理前后显著（P<0.05,下同）或极显著高于NP;尽管ZS97B的叶卷曲度更大,但其净光合速率并没有受到更严重影响,ZS97B的净光合速率下降31.2%,而NP下降62.9%;此外,干旱胁迫下NP的叶片失水速率上升,其叶片功能损伤更严重;ZS97B在干旱胁迫后叶片POD活性极显著上升至32.46 U/（g·min）,对干旱胁迫的响应更快,而NP的MDA含量也在干旱胁迫后显著上升至1.55 μmol/g,表明叶片细胞膜损伤程度更严重。【结论】与粳稻品种NP相比,籼稻品种ZS97B更高的气孔密度缓解了孕穗期干旱胁迫下其光合速率的降低;同时,ZS97B通过增加叶卷曲度而降低叶片蒸腾速率;此外,ZS97B抗氧化酶系统的迅速响应也能有效清除活性氧,减少细胞膜损伤,对孕穗期干旱胁迫的适应性更强。     

干旱胁迫对油菜蕾薹期生理特性及农艺性状的影响

【目的】针对长江流域特别是长江上游近几年春季降水偏少易导致干旱的特点,研究水分胁迫对油菜蕾薹期生理特性及农艺性状的影响,为揭示油菜蕾薹期抗旱机制及抗旱品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽的方式,在遮雨网室对两种抗旱性不同的油菜品种中双10号（抗旱性弱）和94005（抗旱性强）蕾薹期进行干旱胁迫,以各性状的抗旱系数研究油菜相关生理指标及农艺性状的变化,在此基础上筛选出适用于该区域油菜蕾薹期抗旱性鉴定的指标。【结果】随着干旱时间的延长,两种油菜的叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度、RWC、叶绿素含量、RuBP羧化酶活性、株高、茎粗、一次分枝数以及单株产量抗旱系数均呈下降趋势,下降幅度与胁迫时间成正相关。其中,气孔导度、蒸腾速率抗旱系数下降幅度与材料抗旱性成正相关,其余指标则与材料抗旱性成负相关。抗旱性弱的材料气孔限制值、水分利用率抗旱系数分别呈现出上升-下降与一直下降的趋势,抗旱性强的材料则均为上升趋势。POD、SOD、CAT活性、可溶性糖以及可溶性蛋白相对值随着干旱胁迫时间的延长先升高后下降,抗旱性强的材料增加幅度高于抗旱性弱的材料;细胞膜透性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和脯氨酸相对值随干旱胁迫时间的延长呈上升趋势。对干旱胁迫下的油菜蕾薹期和复水后的成熟期相关指标之间的关系进行分析表明,干旱胁迫下,产量与净光合速率、RWC、叶绿素含量和一次分枝数抗旱系数呈极显著正相关,与细胞膜透性、MDA含量抗旱系数呈显著负相关。主成分分析将单株产量、净光合速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度、气孔限制值、水分利用率、RWC、叶绿素、RuBP羧化酶、SOD、POD、CAT、细胞膜透性、MDA、可溶性糖、株高、茎粗及一次分枝数划分为第一主成分;将叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白划分为第二主成分。【结论】第一主成分的各指标（单株产量、净光合速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度、气孔限制值、水分利用率、RWC、叶绿素、RuBP羧化酶、SOD、POD、CAT、细胞膜透性、MDA、可溶性糖、株高、茎粗及一次分枝数）变化与品种抗旱性密切相关,在油菜抗旱品种选育时可作为油菜蕾薹期抗旱性鉴定的主要指标,第二主成分的各指标（叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白）则是次要鉴选指标。     

马铃薯品种耐弱光性评价及其指标的筛选

【目的】近年来,弱光胁迫逐渐成为冬作、保护地和间套作栽培马铃薯生产的重要限制因素。通过筛选马铃薯耐弱光性鉴定指标,评价不同品种的弱光耐受性,为马铃薯耐弱光品种选育和冬作马铃薯产业发展及马铃薯间套作栽培提供科学依据。【方法】采用大田试验,以10个马铃薯品种为供试材料,齐苗后用遮阳率为70%的遮阴网进行全生育期遮阴处理,以自然光照为对照。初花期测定株高、节间长、叶面积等形态指标,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等色素含量指标和净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等光合生理指标,收获后测产并计算单株块茎重。通过计算马铃薯各品种耐弱光系数、耐弱光指数和各指标胁迫指数,使各指标间具有可比性。以耐弱光系数和耐弱光指数闭区间扩展值对各马铃薯品种耐弱光性进行评价,将各指标胁迫指数分别与耐弱光系数和耐弱光指数进行相关性分析,筛选出具有显著相关的指标。【结果】与对照相比,遮阴处理后马铃薯在形态、生理和产量等方面均发生改变:株高增加,节间伸长,叶面积增大;叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量增加,叶绿素a/b值减小,类胡萝卜素含量总体呈增加趋势;净光合速率、瞬时水分利用效率、气孔导度显著下降,蒸腾速率显著增加,胞间CO2浓度呈增加趋势;单株块茎重显著减少,减产幅度达62.14%—90.74%。根据耐弱光系数和耐弱光指数评价马铃薯耐弱光性结果基本一致,但耐弱光指数不仅反映了马铃薯产量对遮阴胁迫的敏感性,同时也反映了不同基因型差异对产量的影响,较耐弱光系数评价方法严格。叶面积、单株块茎重、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素胁迫指数6个指标与耐弱光系数或耐弱光指数呈显著或极显著相关,可以作为马铃薯耐弱光性有效鉴定指标。【结论】中薯20高度耐弱光,woff中度耐弱光,费乌瑞它和会-2低度耐弱光,其余品种均不耐弱光。以耐弱光系数和耐弱光指数为主要鉴定指标,并结合与之显著相关的形态、生理和产量等指标对马铃薯耐弱光性进行综合评价较为客观、可靠,而且方便易行。     

水分胁迫对辣椒光合作用及相关生理特性的影响

 【目的】研究水分胁迫对辣椒光合作用及相关生理特性的影响, 揭示水分胁迫与辣椒光合作用及生理指标之间的关系,为辣椒栽培管理,抗性筛选提供理论参考。【方法】采用盆栽的方式,分别在正常供水和水分胁迫条件下,研究辣椒生长形态及相关生理指标,光合参数,叶绿素荧光参数,叶片气孔特征及叶绿体超微结构的变化。【结果】水分胁迫显著抑制了辣椒的生长,植株总的干物质含量下降,并且干物质含量向根的分配比例增加,向茎叶的分配比例减少。叶片水势（Ψ）、叶片相对含水量（RWC）、叶绿素（Chl.）及类胡萝卜素（Car.）的含量显著下降,叶片中丙二醛（MDA）含量,游离脯氨酸（Pro）的含量,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,过氧化物酶（POD）的活性均有所提高。叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、PSⅡ光化学量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）及光合电子传递速率（ETR）均下降,非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）和水分利用效率（WUE）提高。水分胁迫后叶片气孔密度、气孔长度、气孔宽度均有所下降,大部分气孔关闭深陷。叶绿体变圆,基粒片层和基质片层弯曲排列紊乱,淀粉粒减少或消失。【结论】水分胁迫下辣椒光合速率的下降主要是由气孔限制引起的。光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、叶片气孔特征以及叶绿体超微结构的变化与品种的抗性密切相关。     

不同小麦雄性不育类型光合速率的影响因子分析

 【目的】对K、T、V、CHA型不育系及其保持系净光合速率（Pn）与相关生理、环境因子间的关系及变化趋势进行分析研究,以探讨影响不同小麦雄性不育类型光合速率的生理、环境因子。【方法】利用CIRAS-Ⅰ型光合仪对供试材料4个生育时期的旗叶净光合速率及其相关的生理和环境参数（气孔导度Gs、蒸腾速率Tr、水分利用率WUE、光量子通量密度PFD、细胞间隙CO2浓度Ci、大气CO2浓度Ca、叶片温度Ti、大气温度Ta和气孔限制值Ls）进行测定,并采用SAS软件对试验数据进行相关分析、通径分析和回归分析。【结果】Pn、Gs与Tr均在开花期达到最大值,Pn与Gs、Tr的r=0.9305～0.9677、0.8081～0.9068,呈显著（r0.05=0.754）或极显著（r0.01=0.874）正相关。K、T、V型不育胞质对Pn、Gs和WUE产生了不同程度的负向效应,CHA明显降低了Tr,而对WUE无不良影响。从开花期到灌浆期,各不育类型Pn与Gs、Ci的变化趋势相同,与Ls相反,表明其Pn的变化主要受气孔因素限制。K、T、V、CHA不育类型的Pn与其影响因子Gs的通径分析（直接通径系数＝0.4943～0.6774）显著,与各因子的回归关系因类型的不同而异,R2=0.965～0.975,经F检验达显著水平。在相同胞质背景下,冀5418的Pn较太911289显著提高1.875～2.703 μmol CO2•m-2•s-1,而在质核间存在不同程度的交互效应。【结论】K、T、V、CHA不育类型Pn最主要的直接影响因子是Gs,Tr、PFD和Ta对K、T型不育系Pn也有较大影响,PFD和Ca对V型不育系Pn的影响显著。Ci是限制CHA型不育系旗叶Pn的另一主要因子,利用构建的回归模型可有效地预测净光合速率的变化。