杂交油菜高产组合产量与农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为研究油菜育种中利用杂种优势组配获得高产时各农艺性状对产量的影响关系,采用灰色关联度分析法对15个油菜杂交高产组合材料的11个农艺性状进行比较分析,探讨油菜杂交高产组合产量与农艺性状的关联度。结果表明,杂交油菜高产组合产量与农艺性状之间的关联度由大到小依次为千粒重、种植密度、生育期、主花序有效角果数、主花序有效长度、结荚密度、平均荚粒数、株高、一次有效分枝数、单株有效角果数、分枝部位高。云南玉溪市利用杂种优势组合油菜高产育种工作中,在合理密植的前提下,应适度增加播种密度,并适时早播,当株型合理时,应加强对千粒重、主花序有效角果数、主花序有效长度性状的选育。     

The Influence of Row Spacing and Seeding Rate on Seed Yield and Yield Components of Forage Turnip (Brassica rapa L.)

The effects of four row spacings (17.5, 35.0, 52.5 and 70.0 cm) and five seeding rates (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 viable seeds m^?2) on seed yield and some yield components of forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.) were evaluated under rainfed conditions in Bursa, Turkey in the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 growing seasons. Plant height, stem diameter, pods/terminal raceme, total pods/plant, seeds/pod and primary branches/plant were measured individually. The number of plants per unit area was counted and the lodging rate of the plots was scored. The seed yield and 1000‐seed weight were also determined. Row spacing and seeding rate significantly affected most yield components measured. The number of plants per unit area increased with increasing seeding rate and decreasing row spacing. Plant height was not greatly influenced by row spacing and seeding rate, but higher seeding rates reduced the number of primary branches and the stem diameter. The number of pods/main stem was affected by row spacing and but not by the seeding rate. Also, the number of seeds per pod was not affected by either the row spacing or the seeding rate. In contrast, the number of pods per plant clearly increased with increasing row spacing, but decreased with increasing seeding rate. The plots seeded at narrow row spacings and at high seeding rates were more sensitive to lodging. Seeding rate had no significant effect on seed yield in both years. Seed yield was similar at all seeding rates, averaging 1151 kg ha^?1. However, row spacing was associated with seed yield. The highest seed yield (1409 kg ha^?1) was obtained for the 35.0‐cm row spacing and 200 seeds m^?2 seeding rate combination without serious lodging problems.     

播种量对冀北地区2个荞麦品种产量的影响

试验于2018-2019年连续进行2年,采用裂区设计,以甜荞品种冀甜荞1号和苦荞品种冀苦荞1号为材料,设置5个播种量处理,研究了播种量对不同荞麦农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明,播种量对冀甜荞1号的株高、主茎节数和千粒重影响不大,对主茎分枝数、花序数、单株粒数、单株粒重以及产量有一定影响,播种量在120万~180万粒/hm²之间均能达到高产,适宜播种量为120万粒/hm²。不同播种量对冀苦荞1号的主茎节数和千粒重影响不大,对株高、主茎分枝数、花序数、单株粒数、单株粒重以及产量都有一定影响,播种量在90万~150万粒/hm²之间均能达到高产,适宜播种量为90万粒/hm²。     

Variation in Seed Yield and Quality Characters of Four Spring Oil Rapeseed Cultivars as Influenced by Population Arrangements and Densities

Variations of yield and quality characters of four spring oilseed rape cultivars ( B. napus L.) arranged in 16 or 32 cm between drills and under three population densities (30, 60 and 90 plants/nr) were investigated in a split-plot design with three replications in 1986 and 1987 in West Germany.
Cultivar Callypso gave the highest seed and oil yields per plot and the highest seed index, harvest index and seed yield/main stem, per branches and per plant. Differences due to arrangements were significant in 1986 only, i.e., the value of a special plant distribution was more pronounced under unsuitable weather condition (as in 1986). With respect to the three population densities, most of the characters showed significantly higher values with 30 plants/nr. Only seed yield and oil yield per plot that showed 7.27% and 5.6% increase, respectively, under the highest population density (90 plants/nr) but the differences were insignificant.
The highest oil content was obtained from cultivar Callypso and from the lowest population density. By contrast, higher protein content was obvious under higher population densities and the differences from the lowest density were significant in both years. Differences in fatty acid composition were not significant for the three main effects.     

Correlation Studies and Path Coefficient Analysis in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Field investigations were carried out at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, India during 1989—1990 to study the genotypic character association in sesame. The F4 and F5 generations of TSS6 X TMV3 and TMV3 X TSS6 were raised and eight genotypic characters were recorded: plant height; primary branches; secondary branches; capsule number per plant; seed number per capsule; 1000 seed—weight; oil content and seed yield per plant. Correlation studies showed that the magnitude and direction of correlation between eight pairs of traits varied with generations in both crosses involving two genotypes reciprocally. Single plant yield had a strong significant and positive relationship with capsule number in both generations of the two cross combinations indicating the close link between the two traits. The path coefficient analysis revealed that direct and indirect contributions by different traits primary branches, secondary branches, capsule number per plant, seed number per capsule and 1000—seed weight had to be considered as the most important traits in the determination of seed yield and selection of parents.     

种植密度和施肥对菜用大豆产量性状的效应研究

采用2因素4水平随机区组设计,研究了种植密度和磷肥施用量对菜用大豆“绿75”产量性状的影响。结果表明,每公顷施270kg磷酸二铵能有效地增加分枝数、分枝荚数、主茎荚数、单株总荚数、单株粒重、单株粒数和小区产量。每公顷45万株的密度可提高单株荚数,但百粒重降低。不同因素间互作效应表明,每公顷施270kg磷酸和45万株密度,能增加单株的分枝数、分枝荚数、单株粒重和单株粒数。每公顷在22.5万~45万株,施用磷肥能有效地提高单株的主茎荚数和单株总荚数。在施肥量相同时,随着密度的增加产量提高。     

栽培大豆(G.max)×半野生大豆(G.gracilis)后代主要农艺性状遗传参数的初步分析

本试验利用三个不同结荚习性的栽培大豆(G.max)做母本,分别与三个半野生大豆(G.graeilis)按NCⅡ设计配制的9个杂交组合,估测了F_1、F_2代主要农艺性状的优势指数;F_2代主要农艺性状的平均数、变幅、遗传变异系数、遗传力和预期遗传进度。试验结果表明:F_1代除百粒重、主茎有效节数以外,其余性状均有明显的杂种优势;F_2代除有效分枝、主茎粗以外,其余性状的优势指数均明显下降;F_2代遗传变异幅度大小的趋势为有限组合>亚有限组合>无限组合;生育日数、株高的遗传力高,可在早期世代进行选择;单株粒数、单株荚数、主茎粗的遗传力低,应在较晚世代选择;单株粒重及其主要构成因素均有较大的遗传进度绝对值,无限组合的遗传进度明显低于有限、亚有限组合。     

Heterosis breeding in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss): Analysis of component characters contributing to heterosis for yield

Summary Divergence of 25 accessions of Brassica juncea of Indian, CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States, former USSR) and synthetic origin was studied by D² analysis. On the basis of divergence, ten accessions were selected and crossed in a diallel fashion without reciprocals to study the combining ability and heterosis. None of the accessions was found to be a good general combiner for all the nine quantitative characters that were studied. Significant heterosis over better parent for single plant yield was recorded in CIS x Indian and synthetic x CIS crosses (5 each) followed by Indian x synthetic types (3). The analysis of component characters showed that the mean performance of the majority of hybrids was intermediate for five out of six yield attributing traits, thus exhibiting dominance or partial dominance effect. To estimate the contribution of such yield attributing traits towards heterosis for yield, a comparison was made among three parameters viz. heterosis over mid parent (MP), better parent (BP) and better yielding parent (BYP) of the concerned hybrid. It was observed that estimation of heterosis from BYP was a more accurate method to determine the contribution of component characters towards yield heterosis than the analysis based on MP and BP. From the component character analysis, it was concluded that characters like number of primary and secondary branches, number of siliqua per plant and siliqua density contributed significantly towards heterosis in yield. Plot level yield trials of two selected hybrids (Skorospieka II x RH30 and Donskaja IV x Varuna) over two growing seasons revealed 29.4 to 91.8% heterosis over BYP.     

122份国外普通菜豆资源聚类分析和主成分分析

对122份国外普通菜豆资源的熟性、生育日数、生长习性、出土子叶色、叶形、花旗瓣色、花翼瓣色、株高、株型、主茎节数、单株分枝数、结荚习性、单株荚数、每果节荚数、荚色、荚形、荚面、荚长、荚宽、单荚粒数、粒形、种皮光泽、种皮斑纹、粒色、百粒重、单株产量、小区产量15个质量性状和12个数量性状进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明,122份国外普通菜豆资源聚为四类,其中来自葡萄牙的91号资源单独为一类。主成分分析结果表明,26个性状提取了8个主成分,累计贡献率为74.37%,包括颜色因子、百粒重因子、产量因子、形态因子等主要因子。该研究旨在充分挖掘国外菜豆种质资源特性,为资源利用提供依据。     

Criteria for selecting productive and stable pea cultivars

The beginning and duration of the seed set in the growth cycle determine the level and stability of the yield of a pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotype. The objective of the present study was to identify criteria for selecting genotypes, both in terms of timing of seed set and productivity. Genotypes were initially compared in field experiments for two different levels of inter-plant competition, but using the same photo-thermal conditions. These experiments showed that the initiation and, particularly, the duration of seed set were affected by plant growth rates, indicating that selection on these variables must be done by comparing genotypes under regular cropping conditions. When measuring seed production of the whole plant, we found that mean dry seed weight per podded node all over the plant and the number of podded nodes on any fertile stem were similar to those on the main stem. These results confirmed that branches and main stems have a similar reproductive pattern, and thus that any podded stem of the canopy is representative of every stem of the plant. Lastly, we showed that, when associated, the number of podded nodes, the mean dry seed weight per podded node on the main stem (or on any reproductive stem of the canopy), and the number of basal branches per plant are suitable criteria for selecting for productivity among genotypes with a similar duration of seed set. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

江淮地区燕麦籽粒产量与农艺性状的相关性及通径分析

为了研究江淮地区燕麦籽粒生产的影响因素,选取了13个皮燕麦种质和7个裸燕麦种质,对其12个主要农艺性状和籽粒产量进行了相关性分析和通径分析。结果表明,12个农艺性状与皮燕麦籽粒产量的相关性大小依次为分蘖数>茎叶比>株高>茎粗>千粒重>穗长>旗叶宽>轮层数>小花数>穗鲜重>旗叶长>小穗数;对逐步回归分析筛选出的6个农艺性状和皮燕麦籽粒产量做通径分析,其直接效应依次为茎粗>分蘖数>茎叶比>穗长>株高>千粒重,株高和千粒重为负效应。农艺性状与裸燕麦籽粒产量相关性依次为小花数>旗叶长>小穗数>茎粗>穗长>分蘖数>穗鲜重>株高>轮层数>旗叶宽>茎叶比>千粒重;进行通径分析后,直接效应大小为穗鲜重>穗长>茎粗>小穗数>小花数>旗叶长>分蘖数,旗叶长和分蘖数为负效应。综合考虑,皮燕麦籽粒丰产的关键在于增加单株分蘖数;裸燕麦的生产过程中则要选择小穗性状优良、小花数适中的品种。     

适于大豆育种应用的抗旱性鉴定技术研究

在山西和甘肃敦煌进行大豆品种资源抗旱性鉴定田间试验，分析了不同抗旱性评定方法的可靠度。结果表明，应用隶属函数或抗旱系数综合指标评定法评定大豆抗旱性，可靠度高于以叶片萎蔫度或以子粒产量为依据的两种单项指标评定法。综合评定大豆抗旱性的关键在于性状的选择，应选择与抗旱性密切相关的主要性状：子粒产量、株粒数、株荚数、叶片萎蔫度、植株高度、分枝数等６项作为综合评定大豆抗旱性的指标性状。     

Path Analysis of Important Growth Functions of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss)

Field experiment conducted at the Viswavidyalaya Farm during the winter seasons of 1980—81 to 1983—84 to study the effects of major six productive functions viz. number of inflorescence bearing primary branches, number of inflorescence bearing secondary branches, leaf area indices at flowering, number of seeds/siliqua, number of siliqua/m² and test weight of grains on the grain yields of eight elite varieties of Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss) when sown on three different times revealed that correlations between them were close and positive in all the varieties. Path analysis of the data, further, showed that except the inflorescence bearing primary branches and the seeds/siliqua all other attributes showed high direct influences on grain yield; the maximum direct influence was obtained from number of siliqua/m².     

Sunflower seed yield as influenced by some agronomic and seed characters

Summary An investigation was made to the interrelationships of agronomic and seed characters and their effect upon seed yield. Twenty genotypes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) from diverse origin were studied in spring and autumn season, 1989.Most of the studied characters exhibited different relationships in spring and autumn seasons. The correlations between plant height and oil content, 100-achene weight and number of achenes per head and plant height and head diameter were, however, consistent in both seasons and across the seasons. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified six relevant characters on which path analysis was done.Path analysis indicated that yield components like head diameter, number of achenes per head and 100-achene weight had comparatively smaller direct effects on seed yield (0.22, 0.15 and 0.23, respectively). Days to physiological maturity, plant height and oil content had relatively stronger direct effects on seed yield (0.33, 0.38 and 0.29, respectively). Days to physiological maturity, plant height and head diameter had considerable indirect effects. Head diameter, 100-achene weight and number of achenes per head were indentified as selection criteria for yield improvement.     

Cytogenetics of Brassica juncea×Brassica rapa hybrids and patterns of variation in the hybrid derivatives

Interspecific hybridization is an important tool to elucidate intergenomic relationships, transfer characters across species and develop synthetic amphidiploids, and it has been widely applied for improving Brassicas. The objective of the present study was to create genetic variability in Brassica through interspecific hybridization. Crosses between Brassica juncea (AABB, 2n= 36), and Brassica rapa (AA, 2n = 20) vars toria, yellow sarson, and brown sarson were attempted, and the hybrid derivatives were advanced to the F4 generation. Hybrids were obtained from the crosses B. juncea× toria and B. juncea× yellow sarson. The F₁ plants were vigorous and intermediate to the parents in many morphological traits. The meiotic study of AAB hybrids showed 10 II + 8 I in the majority (71.8%) of cells analysed. A maximum of 12 and a minimum of seven bivalents were also observed in a few cells. The occurrence of multivalent associations (trivalents to pentavalents) at diakinesis/metaphase I and a bridge‐fragment configuration at anaphase I were attributed to homoeology between A and B genomes. A high percentage of plants resembling B. juncea was observed in the F₂ generation. Transgressive segregation in both directions was found for plant height, primary branches, main raceme length, siliquae on main raceme, siliqua intensity, seeds per siliqua and seed yield. There were significant differences for the 14 characters in the F₄ derivatives. Moderate to high estimates of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, broad‐sense heritability, and expected genetic advance were found for seed yield, 1000‐seed weight, siliquae per plant, seeds per siliqua and days to flowering. Intergenomic recombination, reflected as wide variation in the hybrid progenies, permitted the selection of some useful derivatives.     

不同生育时期遮阴对大豆形态性状和产量的影响

间套作是提高土地利用率,促进农作物高产的重要技术,而遮阴限制间套作大豆产量,且间作和套作大豆被遮阴的生育时期不同。为明确不同生育时期遮阴对大豆形态性状和产量的影响,2010-2012年用透光率50%的遮阳网对桂夏2号、南豆12、南冬抗22、E61和C103遮阴处理,结果表明,不同生育时期遮阴对各形态指标影响程度不同,前期遮阴(VER1和VER2)对主茎长、主茎长/茎粗等主茎形态性状有(极)显著影响,主茎长、主茎长/茎粗比值平均比对照分别高45.75%,93.64%;后期遮阴(R1R8和R2R8)对分枝数和底荚高度等形态性状有(极)显著影响,分枝数平均比对照低29.97%,底荚高度平均比对照高28.59%;各品种产量受前后期遮阴影响程度不同,R/V比值低于1.4的品种产量受前期遮阴影响更大,R/V比值大于等于1.5的品种产量受后期遮阴影响更大;相关分析和通径分析结果表明,主茎长、第一节间长、分枝高、主茎长/茎粗比值和主茎长/分枝数比值与单株产量呈极显著负相关,分枝数与单株产量呈极显著正相关,主茎长/茎粗比值和主茎长/分枝数比值是间接反映大豆产量高低的重要指标。     

三江平原不同年代大豆主栽品种主要农艺性状及产量变化分析

为了研究三江平原60 余年大豆生产主栽品种更替过程中主要农艺性状与产量的改进与变化规律,指导当前或今后的品种改良与创新,采用田间小区试验的方法,选用三江平原不同年代同熟期组的18 个主栽品种为试验材料。试验结果表明,主要农艺性状随年代的推进,株高与有效分枝数呈降低趋势;底荚高度变化不大,总体呈增加趋势;主茎节数呈增加趋势;抗倒伏能力逐渐增强;生育日数逐年延长;品种单株荚数、每荚粒数、单株粒数、单株粒重均呈不断增加的趋势;百粒重呈波动增加趋势。产量随着年代的推进逐年累加提高,产量变化幅度为2509.20~3311.25 kg/hm2,年平均产量增加13.35 kg/hm2,增长速度为0.53%。由于品种主要农艺性状的改进与变化,特别是品种生育日数延长和产量性状的改进,不断的提高品种产量水平,所以导致了生产主栽品种不断更替与变化,这一结论对当前或今后品种改良与创新具有重要的指导与借鉴意义。     

干旱胁迫对彩色棉花农艺、品质性状及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫对彩色棉花主要性状的影响及其水分利用机理,选用7个不同色彩的棉花品种(系),在常规灌溉、胁迫灌溉和生育期不灌溉3种环境条件下,调查其农艺性状、品质性状、水分利用效率(WUE)及产量。结果表明,干旱胁迫下不同色彩棉花品种的单株成铃数、单铃重、株高、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、收获指数、果节数、籽指、茎粗和果茎节间长度减少,衣分增加;灌水量减少一半,参试棉花品种的产量均降低,不灌溉处理的籽棉产量与常规灌溉间差异显著(P<0.05);籽棉产量的降低幅度品种间存在较大差异(P<0.05),棕色棉的减产幅度高于绿色棉。常规灌溉处理下,白色棉花水分利用效率高于棕色棉花和绿色棉花,而后二者差异不显著;干旱胁迫下,棕色棉花的水分利用效率高于绿色棉花。与水分利用效率相关的主要农艺性状、品质指标是：叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、株高、收获指数、单铃重、主茎节间长度、茎粗、籽指、衣分。     

Plant character correlations and path analysis of pod yield in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

Summary Genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlation coefficients were calculated for fifteen characters during two growing seasons. Correlation coefficients varie between seasons. Edible pod weight, edible pod length, edible pod width, number of seeds per plant, weight of 100 seeds, length of mature pods and number of branches per plant showed significant genotypic correlation with pod yield per plant; only number of branches per plant, edible pod length and weight of 100 seeds were phenotypically correlated with pod yield. Environmental correlation coefficients were generally low but edible pod length, final plant height and edible pod weight showed significant environmental correlation with pod yield during the two seasons.The genotypic correlation coefficients of selected eight characters with pod yield were partitioned into direct and indirect causes. In the early seasons, edible pod weight had the largest positive direct effect on pod yield with its largest indirect effect through reduction in edible pod width. Edible pod width which was highly correlated with pod yield had a negative direct effect on pod yield. In the late season, edible pod weight had the largest direct effect on pod yield, with large indirect effects through reduction in number of days to flowering and number of pods per plant. Number of days to flowering had a large direct effect on pod yield with its largest indirect effect through reduction in edible pod weight. The residual factors during the two seasons were negative. The study indicated that only number of branches per plant, edible pod length and weight of 100 seeds would be useful for indirect selection for pod yield. The path analysis indicated that edible pod weight was the most reliable and effective character to select for when high yield is the objective.     

甘白远缘杂交新材料单株产量与农艺性状的相关性分析

为了明确甘白远缘杂交新材料各性状对单株产量影响,促进新材料在育种中的应用,对133个远缘杂交BC₁F₄后代株系的农艺性状,进行了变异分析、相关分析、通径分析和主成份分析。结果表明,远缘杂交后代农艺性状中主序无效角果数变异最大,株高的变异最小。单株产量与株高、分枝高度、主序有效长度、一次分枝数、主序无效角果数、每果粒数和千粒重呈正相关,其中与株高呈极显著关系。影响单株产量的主要性状为株高、分枝高度,二次分枝角果数和主序有效角果数。主成份分析可将相关性状综合为5大类,其中第一、三为产量控制性状,其余依次为株高控制性状、主序控制性状和分枝控制性状。因此,本研究中甘白远缘杂交后代的单株产量主要受株高、分枝高度、二次分枝角果数和主序角果数的影响。本研究结果对于充分利用甘白杂交后代优良性状,选育优良品种提高有价值参考。