胃肠道褪黑素分泌及其生理功能

褪黑素(N-乙酰基-5-甲氧基色胺)是调节生物节律、代谢和繁殖等的生理激素。肠道微生物以及胃肠道内分泌细胞都能合成褪黑素,褪黑素在肠道具有调节胃肠道运动和分泌、抗氧化、抗凋亡和免疫调节等作用,且在多种肠道炎症动物模型和临床研究中发挥积极的作用。本文概述褪黑素在胃肠道的合成分泌和生理功能,以及在肠道炎症疾病中的应用。     

反刍动物胃肠道微生物与肉品质之间关联的研究进展及其可能机制

肉品质是反刍动物肉用性能的关键指标，其形成机理与相关调控也是反刍动物研究的一大热点。已有研究表明，单胃动物的肉品质与肠道微生物存在一定的关联，而在反刍动物中开展的相关研究则主要发现了瘤胃微生物与脂肪相关肉品质之间的关联。本文综述了反刍动物胃肠道微生物与肉品质之间关联的研究进展，探讨了反刍动物胃肠道微生物与肉品质之间可能的关联机制，旨在为深入研究反刍动物胃肠道微生物对肉品质的影响机制以及相关调控提供参考。     

褪黑素防治病毒性疾病的研究进展

<正>褪黑素(Melatonin)是一种胺类激素，由色氨酸合成，除松果体和视网膜外，在体内组织器官，如骨髓、肝脏、胃肠道、皮肤、卵巢、睾丸、胎盘等中均可合成褪黑素。近年来大量研究发现，褪黑素不仅具有昼夜节律调节作用，还具有良好的免疫调节作用，在抗感染、抗肿瘤，以及治疗眼部疾病、胃肠道疾病、类风湿性关节炎等疾病中具有潜在的临床应用价值。本文将从褪黑素的抗病毒作用及其机制进行综述，以期为褪黑素在临床抗病毒领域的应用提供借鉴。     

褪黑素的生物合成及对繁殖性能的影响

褪黑素是一种广泛存在于动物体内的激素,不仅能够调节动物昼夜节律,还能够从多方面影响动物的繁殖性能,对于季节性繁殖动物,褪黑素根据日照时长的变化表现出抑制或促进繁殖性能的作用。对于幼年动物,褪黑素表现出抑制发情的作用,体成熟后则表现促进发情的作用。褪黑素主要通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴调控动物繁殖活动,除此之外,褪黑素还能够直接作用于生殖系统甚至早期胚胎,通过提高组织及细胞抗炎及抗氧化功能来改善动物繁殖性能。目前,褪黑素能够用于治疗精神疾病及炎症、促进畜禽繁殖和调节昼夜节律,是相关研究领域的热门话题。本文详细描述了褪黑素的生物合成以及分泌调控,并结合褪黑素的生理功能,阐述了对动物繁殖性能以及辅助生殖的影响。     

脂肪酸对动物肠道微生物菌群的影响

肠道微生物是日粮促进或调节宿主健康的桥梁。日粮是影响肠道微生物组成和含量的关键因素,并且易于控制和改变。日粮中不同的营养成分对肠道微生物组成产生较大的影响。目前,有关碳水化合物对肠道微生物菌群影响的研究较多,而脂肪酸对肠道微生物菌群的影响尚不明确。本文主要综述日粮中脂肪酸对肠道微生物的影响及其可能的机制,为今后肠道微生物的研究以及脂肪酸调控肠道微生物生态系统的平衡提供一定参考。     

生物钟对哺乳动物生理代谢、繁殖和肠道菌群影响的研究进展

进化过程中生物钟通过将合成代谢和分解代谢两种代谢过程进行时间上的分离,优化代谢效率;同时使动物机体的代谢循环与睡眠/活动循环同步,维持基本的代谢节律。哺乳动物的繁殖性能主要受到下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的调控。下丘脑视交叉神经上核的主生物钟能够产生自发性振荡并且感受光周期的变化,引发褪黑素分泌的变化。褪黑素(MT)作为一种重要的节律调节因子和生殖激素,介导下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴各部分激素的节律性变化,进而调控哺乳动物繁殖性能。同时肠道菌群的变化作为一种繁殖障碍的反映逐渐引起人们的关注。本文将重点阐述昼夜节律对宿主能量代谢、繁殖性能以及肠道菌群之间的相互作用,主要包括中枢生物钟视交叉神经上核(SCN)通过褪黑素介导的下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴各部分激素的节律性变化,进而调控哺乳动物的繁殖节律。     

仔猪肠道健康的营养调控技术及其应用

膳食营养对胃肠道的生长和功能有重要作用,胃肠道生长发育的营养支持是仔猪护理必不可少的组成部分。母猪乳汁和配方营养影响着胃肠道屏障功能和肠黏膜免疫系统的发育,其中的功能性营养成分和其他生物活性物质有利于肠道保护和成熟的微环境的建立。而在仔猪新生和断奶阶段,因胃肠道结构和功能发育不全,在面对病原微生物感染和各种应激时,易出现肠道功能紊乱、腹泻等疾病频发的问题,甚至导致死亡。因此,通过保障仔猪肠道健康的饲料营养调控技术集成来提高仔猪成活率和健康水平的研究成为了热点。本文就国家生猪产业技术体系在仔猪肠道健康的营养调控技术及其应用上所做的工作,从仔猪肠道结构和功能关系、营养物质吸收和转运、肠道发育蛋白组学研究、肠道损伤机制、母体和日粮营养对肠道健康的调控作用,以及高效饲养模式集成等方面进行综述,为推动养猪业中仔猪肠道健康营养调控技术的发展和应用提供参考。     

动物肠道微生态环境的研究

本文重点论述了动物胃肠道内与微生物群落密切相关的微生态学理论,介绍了动物胃肠道微生物群落的种类、特点和作用及其机制,着重阐述了调控肠道微生物的方法。     

浅析反刍动物胃肠道微生物通过肠道－脑轴对宿主的影响

反刍动物胃肠道中存在着众多微生物,如细菌、真菌、原虫和古细菌等。胃肠道微生物对于动物的能量代谢发挥着重要作用,同时对于动物的中枢神经正常功能的发挥也扮演着重要角色。肠道微生物可以与肠道细胞直接接触,不仅产生激活内源性中枢神经系统信号传导机制的代谢物,还可以独立地产生或促成许多神经活性分子的产生。微生物代谢产物和神经活性分子通过神经信号通路、胃肠道内分泌信号通路、免疫系统等关键途径共同形成一个复杂的反射网络,即胃肠道微生物与代谢产物通过传入神经元将信号传导至中枢神经系统。胃肠道微生物与宿主之间通过主要的信号通路相互作用,影响机体胃肠道屏障、营养代谢、免疫应答等生理机能和摄食行为。作者主要从反刍动物胃肠道微生物的种类、微生物通过肠道-脑轴的"自下而上"的传导途径、微生物及其代谢产物通过肠道-脑轴对宿主疾病和行为起到的作用、胃肠道微生物-肠道-脑轴可能的影响因素进行浅析,并对反刍动物胃肠道微生物-肠道-脑轴的研究进行了展望。     

肠道微生物对家禽肠道免疫功能的调节作用及其机制

家禽肠道中定植了大量微生物,这些微生物及其代谢产物积极参与家禽的消化与免疫应答过程,对家禽健康发挥重要的调控作用。随着抗生素在全球范围内的限制或禁用,家禽肠道问题日益突出,给养殖者带来巨大经济损失。然而,对家禽肠道微生物菌群的研究还停留在相对初级的阶段。本文首先综述了家禽肠道微生物的组成以及家禽肠道健康营养调控措施的研究现状,并进一步深入探讨了肠道微生物基因组及其代谢产物对动物肠道免疫功能的调节作用,以及肠黏膜免疫系统对肠道微生物调控的潜在机制,旨在为进一步研究改善家禽肠道健康的营养措施提供参考。     

生物钟对动物糖脂代谢的影响研究进展

生物体内存在以近似24h为周期变化的生物节律,即昼夜节律,控制这一节律的时钟系统称为生物钟。生物钟对动物健康有着不可或缺的积极作用,当动物机体的生物钟被打乱,将引发机体的糖脂代谢紊乱、胃肠道营养吸收及微生物菌群等改变。本文主要综述了生物钟对动物糖脂代谢的相关机理及生理作用,旨在为生物钟对动物糖脂代谢的影响及实现畜牧精准饲喂提供参考。     

褪黑素在卵巢中功能的研究进展

褪黑素是一种由哺乳动物松果体分泌的神经内分泌胺类激素,通过其高亲和性膜受体的参与调控动物生理节律、季节性繁殖和卵巢功能等生理过程。本文就褪黑素的相关特性及在卵巢中的功能研究进行综述,为其成为提高卵母细胞质量、治疗不孕疾病的开发药物提供理论依据。     

Effect of cranial sympathectomy on circadian rhythms of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone and melatonin in boars

Following weaning at 24 +/- 1 d of age, crossbred boars were subjected to removal of the cranial cervical ganglia (GX, n = 8) or sham surgery (SHAM, n = 8). At 213 +/- 1 d of age, a catheter was inserted into a jugular vein or vena cava, and all boars were housed in environmentally controlled rooms at 22 degrees C with an equatorial photoperiod. After 2 wk of exposure to this photic environment, samples of plasma and serum were collected at hourly intervals for 24 h. The plasma was assayed for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the serum was assayed for cortisol and melatonin by RIA. The time-trends for all three hormones were described by regression models, which were tested for heterogeneity of regression between SHAM and GX treatments. The circadian rhythm of cortisol in serum was similar for SHAM and GX treatments. The profiles of ACTH were also similar between the two treatments, but circadian changes in concentrations of ACTH paralleling those of cortisol were not evident in either treatment. Overall, concentrations of ACTH were reduced (P = .06) for GX boars compared to SHAM boars. The time-trends of melatonin in serum differed (P less than .001) for GX and SHAM treatments, with a nocturnal rise in melatonin evident in some SHAM boars but not in GX animals. Four SHAM boars had profiles of melatonin that obviously entrained to the light-dark cycle. None of the boars in GX treatment had elevated concentrations of melatonin in serum during the dark period, relative to concentrations during the light.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of Different Melatonin Injection Ways on the Enrichment and Metabolism of Blood Melatonin in Holstein Cows

In order to exploring the change pattern of melatonin in blood under the normal conditions of the multiparous Holstein cows within 24 h,the change of melatonin in blood of Holstein cows after the intravenous injection,subcutaneous implantation in neck,neck subcutaneous injection and drench were studied and the melatonin secretion rule and its metabolic rate were analyzed. The results showed that melatonin secretion changes obviously in the blood within 24 h,the concentration peak appeared at 04:00 (8.30 ng/mL),lowest at 16:00 (2.08 ng/mL). After subcutaneous implantation and drench,the concentration of melatonin in the blood rose relatively flat compared to other groups. Subcutaneous injection of 46.4, 4.64 and 0.464 mg melatonin,the concentration in the blood rose rapidly, the peak appeared at 1 h after the injection,which were 561.94,487.03,92.89 ng/mL,respectively,extremely significantly higher than pre-injection (P<0.01).Intravenous injection of 46.4,4.64 and 0.464 mg melatonin,the concentration in the blood also rose rapidly,the peak appeared at 0.5 h after the injection,which were 767.68,639.19,110.56 ng/mL,respectively,extremely higher than pre-injection (P<0.01).This study proved that the secretion of melatonin in the Holstein cows had obvious circadian rhythm,intravenous or subcutaneous injection of melatonin could improve the concentration of melatonin rapidly and there was a high correlation between the melatonin metabolic rate and the melatonin concentration in the blood,with the increase of the concentration of melatonin,the metabolism velocity was accelerated obviously.     

外源褪黑素处理方式对荷斯坦奶牛体内褪黑素富集与代谢的影响

为研究正常情况下经产荷斯坦奶牛24 h内血液中褪黑素浓度的变化情况,探索不同外源褪黑素处理方式对荷斯坦奶牛血液褪黑素浓度的影响,本研究采用颈静脉注射、颈部皮下注射、颈部皮下埋植和口腔灌服外源褪黑素等方式处理经产荷斯坦奶牛,观察血液中褪黑素浓度的变化情况并分析褪黑素在体内的分泌规律及代谢速率。结果显示,在24 h内,经产荷斯坦奶牛血液中褪黑素浓度变化明显,04：00浓度最高,为8.30 ng/mL,16：00浓度最低,为2.08 ng/mL。皮下埋植和口腔灌服外源褪黑素以后,血液中褪黑素浓度升高幅度较小;皮下注射46.4、4.64和0.464 mg褪黑素后,血液中褪黑素浓度迅速升高,1 h后达到峰值,分别为561.94、487.03、92.89 ng/mL,极显著高于注射前（P<0.01）;静脉注射46.4、4.64和0.464 mg褪黑素后,血液中褪黑素浓度迅速升高,0.5 h之后达到峰值,分别为767.68、639.19、110.56 ng/mL,极显著高于注射前（P<0.01）,高水平褪黑素可稳定持续48 h。本研究证明了荷斯坦奶牛体内褪黑素分泌有明显的昼夜节律性,静脉或皮下注射外源褪黑素可以迅速提高血液中褪黑素的浓度,且血液中褪黑素的代谢速度与褪黑素的浓度高度相关,随着血液中褪黑素浓度的增加,褪黑素的代谢速度明显加快。     

Contribution of the photoperiod to circadian variations in serum cortisol and melatonin in boars

Four pubertal (25 wk) crossbred boars were used to evaluate the role of the photoperiod in the organization of secretion of cortisol and melatonin throughout a 24-hr period. Boars were exposed to a 16-hr photoperiod in an environmentally controlled room and temperature was kept constant at 22 C. For the first 15 d, the onset of the photophase (light phase) and scotophase (dark phase) was 0200 hr and 1800 hr, respectively (ON2). During the final 15 d, the onset of the photophase and scotophase was advanced by 6 hr (0800 hr and 2400 hr, respectively; ON8). Samples of serum were obtained from catheterized boars at hourly intervals for 24 hr between the 14th to 15th d in both ON2 and ON8 photoperiods. Samples of serum were frozen and later assayed for cortisol and melatonin. The data were normalized to the clock time of onset of the photophase, fit to polynomial equations, and the profiles of cortisol and melatonin in ON2 and ON8 were tested for heterogeneity of regression. A circadian rhythm of cortisol was observed in both ON2 and ON8 and the fitted profiles were parallel, suggesting that the rhythm had shifted with the 6-hr shift in lights-on, lights-off. Generally, higher concentrations were observed during the late subjective evening and scotophase, whereas lower concentrations occurred about 6 to 10 hr after onset of the photophase. Although the profiles of melatonin did not differ in ON2 and ON8, there was no evidence of a nocturnal rise in melatonin in either treatment. It is suggested that some characteristic of the photoperiod organizes the circadian rhythm of cortisol in boars, but melatonin is not secreted in a rhythmic fashion in long photoperiods.     

产丁酸菌的产酸机制及其在调控肠道健康中的作用研究进展

复杂和多样化的肠道微生物群落对宿主健康发挥着重要作用。产丁酸菌代表了宿主肠道微生态一个重要的功能性群体,多数为革兰阳性厌氧菌。人们发现,该类菌和微生物失调引发的消化道炎症等现象息息相关,因此产丁酸菌成为行业研究热点。产丁酸菌能够利用食物(饲料)中不易消化的碳水化合物合成丁酸,通过调控肠道菌群结构、为肠道上皮细胞供能、增强肠黏膜屏障功能等维护肠道健康,发挥对宿主健康的有益作用。本文从产丁酸菌的生物学分类、消化道产酸机制、肠道炎症调控作用及应用进展等方面做了系统综述,旨在阐明产丁酸菌与宿主健康的互作机制,并提出产丁酸菌的未来发展方向。     

济宁青山羊不同季节血浆内褪黑素分泌规律的研究

为了探讨济宁青山羊季节性发情的内分泌机理,本试验分别用放射性免疫法和免疫组织化学方法研究了济宁青山羊在春分、夏至、秋分和冬至时血浆内褪黑素的变化规律以及松果体细胞内5-羟色胺（5-HT）的含量变化。结果显示,血浆内褪黑素含量在午夜达到最大值,而在白天日中附近降到最小值,在夜间显著高于白天（P〈0．01）。褪黑素含量也存在明显的季节性变化,夏至时夜间的平均含量极显著高于其它3个季节（P〈0．01）,春分和秋分时差异不明显（P〉0．05）,但它们显著高于冬至时的夜间平均水平（P〈0．05）。白天血浆褪黑素含量在各个季节差异不显著（P〉0．05）。夏季5-羟色胺阳性细胞面积和占总面积比值都显著小于其它3个季节,冬季最大,春季和秋季差异不显著（P〉0．05）。