高频率诱导马铃薯双单倍体的研究

通过４ｘ－２ｘ杂交测验，从Ｓｏｌａｎｕｍ ｐｈｕｒｅｊａ后代中筛选出９份诱导双单倍体频率和花粉育性高的的分者。它们的平均诱导率为３３株双单倍体／１００个果，并具有显性纯合的胚斑标记基因和紫色胚轴标记基因，可用来有效地识别双单体，不同的四倍母本产生双单倍体／１００个果，母本基因型对双单倍体的产生有很大的影响。     

孤雌生殖诱导马铃薯双单倍体的遗传操作技术

在我国冀西北高寒干旱，自然环境因素和栽培条件较差的生态区域内，研究了利用孤雌生殖诱导马铃薯双单倍体的技术，两年试验表明，诱导频率高于世界诱导频率最高的捷克，较国际上广泛应用的高频率诱导者ＩＶＰ３５和ＩＶＰ４８高出３０．９株／１００个浆果，筛选出了配合力好，产生孤雌生殖能力强的四倍体品种中薯２号，７９－６－１９和ＣＩＰ８００９３５，诱导频率为１１．１－３３．３株／１００个浆果。     

提高马铃薯双单倍体花药培养产生胚状体及再生植株频率的研究

用三种不同温度前处理和三种培养基相配合对７个从双单倍体马铃薯（Ｓ．ｔｕｂｅｒａｓｕｍＬ，２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２４）中随机抽取的品系进行了花药培养，选择出了较好的培养基和前处理的适宜温度及方法．从双单倍体花药中诱导产生胚状体及再生植株频率有所提高达２７．５％和８．８％．倍性鉴定表明，从双单倍体诱导的胚状体分化的植株绝大多数为二倍体，而且多数为纯合体，说明这些胚状体来自己减数的配子，可能是由在胚状体发育过程中的体细胞染色体加倍形成的．     

马铃薯4x×2x杂种无性一代产量及产量性状的表现

产生２ｎ花粉的Ｎｅｏ－ｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍ双单倍体×Ｓｏｌａｎｕｍｐｈｕｒｅｊａ的二倍体杂种以及其与Ｎｅｏ－ｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍ双单倍体的回交后代与普通马铃薯（Ｓ．ｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍｓｓｐ．ｔｕｂｅｒｏ ｓｕｍ品种东农３０３进行了杂交。４ｘ杂种在株高方面表现出了很强的杂种优势。商品薯产量与４ｘ亲本无显著差异，但两个杂种群体的最高值分别超４ｘ亲本的２６０ｇ／株和６０ｇ／株。总产量杂种优势明显，但杂种单株结薯数多，平均块茎重小，这些是限制４ｘ×２ｘ杂种利用的不利因素，需要进一步地改善。     

小麦与玉米杂交产生单倍体频率的研究

试验采用三种玉米类型,两个Ｆ２小麦杂交组合,研究不同玉米类型对小麦单倍体胚产生频率的影响,结果表明,５个普通玉米组合胚产生频率在３．７５％－７．０２％之间（平均为５．６５％）,４个粘玉米组合在３．４８％－８．１０％之间（平均为６．５４％）,４个甜玉米组合为６．６７％－１１．３６％（平均为８．７０％）。不同类型的玉米对小麦单倍体胚的产生具有基因型差异,甜玉米〉粘玉米〉普通玉米,用１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ的２     

小麦与玉米杂交产生单倍体频率的研究

试验采用三种玉米类型,两个Ｆ２小麦杂交组合,研究不同玉米类型对小麦单倍体胚产生频率的影响。结果表明,５个普通玉米组合胚产生频率在３．７５％～７．０２％之间（平均为５．６５％）,４个粘玉米组合在３．４８％～８．１０％之间（平均为６．５４％）,４个甜玉米组合为６．６７％～１１．３６％（平均为８．７０％）。不同类型的玉米对小麦单倍体胚的产生具有基因型差异,即：甜玉米＞粘玉米＞普通玉米。用１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ的２,４－Ｄ、赤霉素、激动素、吲哚乙酸进行茎注射和喷施处理。结果表明,２,４－Ｄ茎注射处理产生小麦单倍体胚的频率最高,其次是赤霉素、激动素、吲哚乙酸。茎注射２,４－Ｄ从１０～２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ均可得小麦胚,以１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ为最高。当浓度为５００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,杂交穗枯黄死亡。     

利用小麦与玉米远缘杂交诱导小麦双单倍体的研究进展

利用小麦（Triticum aestivum L．）与玉米（Zea mays L．）进行远缘杂交，通过玉米染色体的消失而获得小麦单倍体胚，再经幼胚离体培养及染色体加倍诱导双单倍体（Double haploid，DH），是小麦单倍体育种的一种重要途径，用这种方法创建的DH群体是进行小麦分子标记研究和QTL分析的重要遗传材料。本文对DH群体创建过程中影响单倍体胚产生、单倍体及双单倍体植株形成等因素以及双单倍体的应用进行了综述，重点探讨了亲本选配原则、花期调节技术、2，4-D处理、玉米花粉和小麦柱头发育状况以及环境因素等对诱导单倍体胚效果的影响等方面的研究状况，同时对利用小麦与玉米杂交诱导小麦双单倍体技术进行了展望。     

马铃薯双单倍体的产生及其在遗传育种中的应用

马铃薯双单倍体的产生及其在遗传育种中的应用金黎平，杨宏福（中国农科院蔬菜花卉所北京１０００８１）普通栽培马铃薯是同源四体四倍体作物，其单倍体（２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２４）也称为双单倍体（ＤｉｈａＰｌｏｉｄ），具有以下特征［１］：①可利用二体遗传对四倍体种作更广...     

甜玉米单倍体育种初探

利用Stock6与甜玉米自交系265OR1的29个F2诱导株对2个美国超甜玉米单交种和2个人工合成超甜玉米群体进行杂交诱导,通过子粒颜色和形态标记识别,结合田间鉴定筛选单倍体,利用0.05%秋水仙素+2%二甲基亚砜进行染色体加倍。结果表明,12个诱导株诱导出单倍体,共获得19株单倍体植株,平均单倍体诱导率为0.016%～0.237%,其中诱导株3-2、3-6和2-7诱导率相对较高。不同类型材料间被诱导频率差异明显,遗传基础复杂、有利基因频率相对较高的群体被诱导率显著高于单交种,相同类型材料间被诱导率差异不显著。经染色体加倍,成功获得4株双单倍体,加倍率21.05%。     

小麦雄性不育保持系花培选育法

作者以前曾设想利用粘果山羊草（Ａｅ．ｋｏｔｓｃｈｙｉ）的Ｓｖ型细胞质与１ＢＬ－１ＲＳ染色体互作产生的雄性不育培育杂交小麦（Ｔｏｒｉｙａｍａ等，１９９１，１９９３），在此设想中，雄性不育保持系可通过两个渠道获得，即回交法（Ｎｏｎａｋａ等，１９９３）和花药培养法．本文报道花药培养的结果。用 １ＢＬ－１ＲＳ染色体携带者９１１－Ｂ－８－１０（简称ｓｔ．９１１）与１３个日本品种杂交，用 Ｆ１及 Ｂ１Ｆ１植株的花药进行培养，Ｆ１的胚形成频率高于亲本（日本品种），Ｂ１Ｆ１的胚形成频率低于 Ｆ１代。ｓｔ．９１１和Ｆ１代较高的胚形成频率部分地得益于 １ＢＬ－１ＲＳ染色体．因为抗叶锈病基因Ｌｒ位于１ＲＳ染色体臂上，所以在再生单倍体植株上人工接种叶锈病菌（２１Ｂ小种）可以选出抗病个体。用抗叶锈的加倍单倍体与带有１Ｂ染色体的（Ｓｖ）－中国春和带有１ＢＬ－１ＲＳ染色体的（Ｓｖ）－Ｓａｉｍｏｎ杂交，前者的Ｆ１表现出较高的自交可育性，而后者的Ｆ１表现出完全雄性不育，这说明，通过花药培养获得的抗叶锈病的加倍单倍体系可以用作雄性不育系的保持系。     

马铃薯新型栽培种(Neo-tuberosum,Solanum tuberosum ssp.andigena)双单倍体产生2n配子突变体的研究(一)

采用新型栽培种(Neo-tuberosum,2n=48)为亲本,以IVP_(35)作授粉者,诱发孤雌生殖,获得了148份双单倍体无性系,从中筛选出能够产生FDR型2n配子无性系16份(纺锤体平行并融合类型11份,不联会突变型5份)。由于双单倍体孕性低或败育,以入选的16份双单倍体直接同S.tuberosum品系或品种杂交未能成功。同类型(A)入选的双单倍体无性系的系内或系间授粉,因配子体同型复等位基因作用产生的自交不亲和,也没能得到实生种子,而以产生2n配子的S.phureja品系的混合花粉授粉,在5个组合中获得25个浆果,共825粒杂交种子。     

自马铃薯二倍体栽培种(Solanum phureja)自交后代中选育诱发高频率双单倍体授粉者的研究

本试验采用了早春播种,让其植株在冷凉的气候条件下开花,并结合蕾期授粉的方法。克服了自交不亲合性,获得了3000多粒IVP35(S.Phureja)的自交种子。 1984年以东农303(雄性不育)作被测母本,用IVP35各自交后代作授粉者所作的测交结果表明,诱发单倍体的隐性基因不只1对, 因为IVP35自交后代单株无性系间诱发单倍体的频率有显著差异。本试验还选育出了优良授粉者NEA—P16和NEA—P19。按100个浆果中产生孤雌生殖的植株来计算,NEA—P16和NEA—P19诱发孤雌生殖的频率分别为IVP35的2.66和2.48倍。与优良授粉者的选育及孤雌生殖有关的问题在本论文中也进行了讨论。     

Evaluation of dihaploid populations from potato varieties and breeding lines

Summary Dihaploid populations from 20 varieties and 11 breeding lines ofSolanum tuberosum differed greatly in the occurrence and frequency of mutant phenotypes, in tuberization, flowering, pollen stainability, 2n-pollen production and resistance toGlobodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro-1. One population contained up to 61.7% lethal mutants: 39.1% of the total of 5377 dihaploids obtained did not tuberize, and 32.4% of 825 vigorous dihaploids did not flower. Of 825 vigorous dihaploids, 26.9 and 3.9% respectively had a pollen stainability higher than 20 and 60%. Among 222 dihaploids with a pollen stainability higher than 20%. 23.0% produced some 2n-pollen and none of these had a stainability higher than 60%. Among the dihaploid populations investigated the proportion of resistant to susceptible dihaploids ranged from 8:26 to 62:8.     

The male fertility of primary and further generation dihaploids ofSolanum tuberosum

Summary Male sterility in dihaploids ofSolanum tuberosum is often a barrier to their utilization in breeding and genetical studies. Although the male fertility of primary dihaploids (obtained directly from tetraploids) was generally low, a few were produced by the author which produced seed when used as pollen parents on female fertile dihaploids. The population of further generation dihaploids (from dihaploid intercrosses) produced from the showed a marked improvement in male fertility. Comparative data from measurements of different aspects of male fertility in dihaploids are presented. These showed that the weight of pollen per anther, the percentage of (iodine) stainable pollen and the number of seeds per berry were greater in further generation dihaploids than in primary dihaploids. It is suggested that interspecific crosses using dihaploids are not necessarily useful for increasing male fertility in diploid potatoes. The advantages of breeding at the diploid level withinS. tuberosum are discussed. Rare male-fertile dihaploids could be used to generate diploids with a high frequency of male fertility. These could then be used to cross with any other flowering dihaploids to combine characters at the diploid level, so exploiting the simpler genetic ratios associated with disomic inheritance.     

对马铃薯4x-2x,2x-4x及2x-2x杂种四倍体进行花药培养获得转育2n配子基因的双单倍体新个体

利用3个2n配子材料(2x)在马铃薯(S.tuberosum L.)中进行4x—2x,2x—4x和2x—2x的杂交,获得了4个四倍体杂种材料;然后对它们进行花药培养,共得到32个双单倍体植株。检查其中23个植株,有2株是具5％以上2n花粉粒的双单倍体,1株是重组了2n卵基因的双单倍体。由此证明花药培养的倍性操作技术是转育马铃薯2n配子性状给双单倍体的有效方法之一。     

2n gametes inSolanum tuberosum dihaploids

Pollen stainability over two years and microsporogenesis were investigated in seven dihaploids extracted fromSolanum tuberosum tetraploids (AVRDC-1287.19, Conchita, Merrimack and W231). Two dihaploids proved to be male-sterile and male gamete abortion is likely to be post-meiotic because a regular meiosis occurred. The other dihaploids proved to be partially male-fertile and 2n pollen producers, as well. Almost all clones showed predominantly the formation of parallel spindles. Correlations estimated between the observed abnormalities in spindle orientation and the meiotic products evidenced a high correlation between parallel/fused spindles and dyads. The dihaploids were also used as parents in crosses with tetraploids. One berry with 44 seeds was obtained from dihaploid AVI 24 used as pollen parent in 4x × 2x crosses. After 2x × 4x crosses, three dihaploids including the two male-sterile were found to be 2n egg producers. The formation of 2n gametes inS. tuberosum dihaploids is discussed in relation to a direct use of dihaploids in sexual polyploidization schemes to combine useful traits in a superior genotype at 4x level.     

Triploids of the common potato,Solanum tuberosum L.

Summary Triploid plants of the common potato (Solanum tuberosum L. group Tuberosum) were derived from crosses between tetraploid varieties and selected dihaploids. The ability to induce triploidy seems to be largely dependent on the genotype of the dihaploid parent. Morphologically there was very little difference between triploids and their tetraploid siblings. Yields of triploids could be equivalent to genetically similar tetraploids.     

马铃薯新型栽培种(Neo-tuberosum)双单倍体杂种的研究

利用马铃薯新型栽培种(Neo—tuberosum,2n=4x=48)的双单倍体(2n=2x=24)与S.phureja (2n=2x=24)杂交,克服新型栽培种双单倍体雄性败育获得了成功。鉴定结果表明,杂种实生苗绝大多数保持了二倍性(2n=2x=24);实生苗可育株占总数78.36％。经减数分裂观察,入选的17个DP优良单株系主要是SDR型2n配子。为了选育出FDR型2n配子突变系,加强DP优系中的新型栽培种的遗传成分,即以D_(2012)—22(SY—m型)为母本,以DP优系为父本配制了回交组合,得到1000多粒种子,供进一步研究利用。     

双单倍体马铃薯染色体加倍的方法

本试验研究了马铃薯双单倍体(双单倍体是由四倍体栽培种花药培养产生的)植株加倍的两种方法。第一种方法:在MS培养基内附加NAA 0.1mg/1,而后加入秋水仙素0.2mg/l,用马铃薯双单倍体植株切断接种。经过40天培养,获得了加倍的四倍体植株,加倍频率为63.6%。第二种方法:将马铃薯双单倍体植株的茎,接种在含有2.4-D 1mg/l,萘乙酸0.025mg/l,KT 2mg/l的MS培养基上,在产生愈伤组织后诱导出再生四倍体植株,加倍频率为22.3%。