鹿蹄草等中草药对香白杏采后褐腐病抑制效果的研究

在离体和活体条件下,对鹿蹄草、厚朴等中草药单剂以及鹿蹄草为主的各种中草药复配组合对香白杏采后褐腐病菌的抑制效果进行研究.结果表明,11号(鹿蹄草 厚朴 大黄)复配组合在离体试验中抑菌效果最佳,10 mg/mL浓度的抑制率达89.77%;该组合的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为1.25 mg/mL,2.5 mg/mL.活体抑菌测定结果表明,11号复配组合对香白杏褐腐病菌有不同程度的延缓侵染与抑制作用,但不能完全防治;0.10 mg/mL扑海因与11号组合20 mg/mL(4级浓度)能完全抑制香白杏褐腐病菌的发生与蔓延.     

四黄止痢颗粒中六味中药相互配伍对鸡大肠杆菌的作用研究

为了探讨四黄止痢颗粒中六味中药体外相互配伍抗菌活性。采用微管-平板法测定试验药物抗鸡大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),肉汤稀释棋盘法测定四黄止痢颗粒中六味中药相互配伍15个药对抗鸡大肠杆菌的协同指数(SI)及呈现协同作用时组方中各味中药的配比。结果表明：六味中药水提物中,黄连抗鸡大肠杆菌的活性最强,MIC为125 mg/mL;配伍呈现协同作用的药对有4对,其中黄芩与黄柏配伍的SI为0.27,配比为8:1,MIC为31.3 mg/mL;黄芩与黄连配伍,SI为0.63,配比为1:2,MIC为62.5 mg/mL;黄芩与甘草配伍的SI为0.25,配比为1:4,MIC为125 mg/mL;黄芩与大黄配伍的SI为0.38,配比为1:2,MIC为125 mg/mL。本试验依据体外联合抗菌活性获得4对中药配比,为四黄止痢颗粒复方的拆方研究奠定基础。     

三种中草药对大肠杆菌的抑制作用及机理初探

为探讨鹿蹄草、功劳叶和地榆三种中草药对大肠杆菌的抑制活性及作用机理。采用菌落计数法测定中草药提取液对大肠杆菌的抑制作用;采用倍比稀释法测定中草药的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC);通过紫外分光光度计测定不同时间段菌液吸光值和电导率值;将大肠杆菌在带药营养肉汤培养基中培养10 h并在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下观察大肠杆菌的超微结构变化。结果表明：三种中草药均具有较好的抑菌作用,且中草药浓度越高,抑制作用越强。鹿蹄草的MIC值为31.25 mg/mL,MBC值为62.50 mg/mL;功劳叶和地榆的MIC值均为62.50 mg/mL,MBC值均为125 mg/mL。加药组的大肠杆菌生长受到抑制,菌体细胞膜渗透性增加。扫描电镜显示大肠杆菌细胞出现变长现象,表面出现许多凹坑。三种中草药均有较强的抑菌作用,其中鹿蹄草的抑菌效果最明显。     

甘草、黄连等五味中药对体外抗菌作用的研究

为验证清热解毒类中药体外联合抗菌协同指数(SI)判定标准的适用性。采用微管-平板法测定甘草(Radix glycyrrhiza)、黄连(Rhizoma coptidis)、金银花(Flos lonicerae japonicae)、黄柏(Cortex phellodendri chinensis)和秦皮(Cortex fraxini)的水提物和乙醇提取物对猪链球菌Ⅱ型的抗菌活性,用棋盘微量肉汤稀释法测定这五味药不同提取物两两配伍的协同指数,然后将其组方,分别水煎煮和醇提取,并测定其对猪链球菌Ⅱ型的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明,黄连和秦皮配伍SI为0.5,甘草和秦皮、甘草和金银花的SI都为0.75,甘草和黄连组方后醇提物对猪链球菌Ⅱ型的MIC为7.81 mg/mL,甘草和秦皮组方后醇提物对猪链球菌Ⅱ型的MIC为1.95 mg/mL,黄连和黄柏组方后的水提物对猪链球菌Ⅱ型的MIC为0.98 mg/mL,黄连和秦皮组方后水提物对猪链球菌Ⅱ型的MIC为1.95 mg/mL。由此表明,黄连醇提物和秦皮水提物的体外联合的协同作用明显,黄连和黄柏药对的水提物对猪链球菌Ⅱ型的抑制作用较好。     

三角梅花乙醇提取液的抑菌性及其对草莓保鲜效果的研究

通过研究三角梅花乙醇提取液的抑菌性,发现其对供试菌金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果最好,最低抑菌浓度为250 mg/m L;其次是枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌,最低抑菌浓度分别为500 mg/m L和1 g/m L。抑菌圈试验结果与最低抑菌浓度试验结果一致。将1 g/m L的三角梅花乙醇提取液与1.25%的壳聚糖溶液以不同体积比(1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、2∶1、3∶1)制成混合保鲜液对草莓进行贮藏试验,发现二者以3∶1的体积比混合后处理的草莓在贮藏期间的腐烂率、可溶性固形物含量、VC含量及可溶性糖含量的变化幅度较小,而以1∶3的体积比混合后,草莓贮藏期间的失重率最小。综合分析,将三角梅花乙醇提取液与壳聚糖以3∶1的体积比配制成复合保鲜液用于草莓的贮藏,可延长草莓的保鲜时间,取得较好的保鲜效果。     

不同方法提取香辛料精油对低温肉制品抑菌效果的影响

采用水蒸气蒸馏法、超临界萃取法、索式提取法分别对八角、丁香、桂皮中的精油进行提取,并对提取的精油用于低温香肠中腐败菌的抑菌效果进行研究。结果表明,桂皮的最佳提取方法为超临界萃取法,对A1,A2,B,C最小抑菌浓度分别为20,20,25,20μL/mL;八角、丁香的最佳提取方法为索式提取法,其中八角对A1,A2,B,C的最小抑菌浓度分别为20,25,200,100μL/mL,丁香对A1,A2,B,C的最小抑菌浓度均为75μL/mL。     

基于响应面法对植物提取物协同抑菌活性的研究

为得到较佳植物抑菌物质的配方比，以丁香、肉桂等7种植物为试材，采用响应面法对植物提取物及其复配物进行抑菌（葡萄座腔菌）活性分析。试验结果表明：肉桂、丁香、黄芩、菖蒲等7种植物提取物抑菌效果均较好，半抑制率IC50在0.91~1.41 mg/mL，在处理浓度为0.1~1.5 mg/mL时，各提取物对菌丝生长抑制率均与浓度呈正比关系。黄芩、丁香、肉桂、皂角刺、广藿香、菖蒲、油茶粕的最佳配方比为1.375∶1.125∶0.45∶0.5∶1.35∶1.25∶2.8，此配方下所得复配物的IC50为0.489 mg/mL，当浓度达到0.8 mg/mL时，菌丝生长抑制率达85%以上。该复配物抑菌效果好且经济实惠，为今后绿色、有机果蔬保鲜剂的开发与利用奠定一定的理论基础。     

十五种中草药及复配液的抑菌性及稳定性研究

天然植物提取物对多种果蔬采后致腐菌有抑制作用。丁香、紫丹参、厚朴、苦参和迷迭香5种提取液对细菌有明显的抑制作用。选3种提取液按体积比1:1:1配制复配液对细菌进行抑菌试验。结果表明,复配液PW4(丁香、厚朴、苦参)、PW7(紫丹参、厚朴、苦参)和PW10(厚朴、苦参、迷迭香)是其中效果较好的配伍。3种复配液稳定性研究表明,3种提取液最佳抑菌pH值为6,均需低温避光贮存。     

黄花菜多酚提取工艺及抗氧化作用的研究

探讨黄花菜多酚最佳提取工艺及抗氧化作用。结果表明,黄花菜多酚最佳提取工艺为:提取时间60min、乙醇浓度55%、料液比1∶15、提取温度35℃;在此条件下,多酚得率为28.89%。抗氧化试验表明黄花菜多酚对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基均具有一定的清除作用,其半抑制率(IC50)分别为0.1176mg/mL、0.1638mg/mL和0.1593mg/mL,且清除率与黄花菜多酚浓度成量效关系。     

半夏乙醇提取物体外抑菌实验的初步研究

探讨半夏乙醇提取物对常见微生物（细菌、酵母菌、霉菌）的抑菌效果,以得出抑菌谱。分别用75%、95%乙醇对生半夏进行回流提取并用琼脂扩散法和液体混合法测定了半夏提取液对一系列供试细菌和真菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。75%乙醇提取半夏的提取率为5.24%,而95%乙醇提取半夏的提取率为2.73%;75%乙醇半夏提取液对供试细菌和真菌存在一定的抑制作用,对各种菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为：大肠杆菌25 mg/mL,恶臭假单胞菌12.5 mg/mL,藤黄微球菌12.5 mg/mL,金黄色葡萄球菌12.5 mg/mL,枯草芽孢杆菌10 mg/mL,酿酒酵母10 mg/mL,裂殖酵母20 mg/mL,黑曲霉菌12.5 mg/mL,甜瓜枯萎霉菌25 mg/mL。半夏醇提液具有广谱的抗菌活性,可以有效的抑制革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌,对真菌的抑菌作用也有一定的效果。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.