阿勒泰地区不同草地类型植被特征

天然草原是新疆阿勒泰地区畜牧业生产赖以生存的主要物质基础之一,也是阿勒泰地区最大的生态屏障。为了弄清阿勒泰地区不同草地类型的植被特征,以及将阿勒泰地区草地生物量空间分布以遥感图形式来展现,利用阿勒泰地区162个草地监测样地(365个草地样方)生物量及其他植被因子监测数据,分析了阿勒泰地区9个草地类型的植被组成、海拔高度、植被高度、盖度、生物量;同时,借助ArcGIS软件制作了2014年的生物量分布图。结果显示:(1)不同草地类型的海拔高度大小排列为:高寒草甸山地草甸温性草甸草原温性草原温性荒漠化草原温性草原化荒漠温性荒漠沼泽低地草甸;(2)植被盖度排序为:沼泽低地草甸山地草甸高寒草甸温性草甸草原温性荒漠草原温性草原温性荒漠温性草原化荒漠;(3)地表生物量排序为:沼泽低地草甸温性草甸草原山地草甸温性草原高寒草甸温性草原化荒漠温性荒漠;(4)植被高度排序为:沼泽低地草甸温性草甸草原山地草甸温性草原温性草原化荒漠温性荒漠草原高寒草甸温性荒漠;(5)实测生物量与归一化植被指数NDVI的关系可用幂函数来模拟:y=7695.807x~(1.327)(R~2=0.421,p0.05);(6)阿勒泰草原生物量在空间上呈现自南向北增加的分布特征,这与该区水分自南向北递增的趋势一致。依据行政区划富蕴、福海、吉木乃县以南地表植被地上生物量水平较低,越向古尔班通古特沙漠方向生物量值越低。     

阿尔泰山哈巴河地区不同草地类型物种多样性及VOR指数分析

以阿尔泰山哈巴河地区5个林区的4种草地类型为研究对象,分析哈巴河地区5个林区各草地类型的物种多样性变化特征。运用回归分析、相关分析和VOR指数等方法,探讨不同草地类型群落物种组成及多样性的影响因素,对草地生态系统健康状况进行评价。结果表明：(1)在不同的草地类型中,荒漠草原与山地草甸草原、山地草甸间群落的相似性系数在0～0.25,异质性大,山地草原和山地草甸草原间的相似性系数处于0.50～0.75,异质性小。(2)在4种草地类型中,各草地类型的Margalef指数与Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数之间R²均小于0.75,且二次项拟合显示出较大的差异,盖度与生物量均呈极显著相关(p<0.01)。(3)海拔与生物量关系均较差,R²均小于0.40,仅山地草甸的海拔与生物量呈极显著相关(p<0.01),其余均不相关。(4)5个林区总体上9月生物量小于6月,但白哈巴林区的山地草原和山地草甸草原的生物量6月小于9月,呼吉尔特林区的荒漠草原生物量6月小于9月。(5)通过对5个林区平均的生物量与VOR指数做拟合分析,R     

不同沙地生境下柠条灌丛化对草地土壤有机碳含量及分布的影响

为揭示不同沙地生境下灌丛化草地土壤有机碳及其组分的分布特征,以宁夏盐池县沙化草原不同沙地生境(丘间低地、固定沙地、半固定沙地、流动沙地)下不同发育期的柠条灌丛斑块及其对应的草地斑块为研究对象,对土壤颗粒组成、土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)、颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)及易氧化有机碳含量(labile organic carbon,LOC)进行分析。结果表明:1)各沙地生境发育中期灌丛斑块的SOC、POC、LOC及POC/SOC极显著高于草地斑块(P0.01),而LOC/SOC在灌丛和草地斑块间差异性不显著;2)从丘间低地、固定沙地、半固定沙地到流动沙地,灌丛斑块及其对应的草地斑块SOC、POC、LOC及LOC/SOC均在固定沙地出现峰值,然后呈下降趋势,表明固定沙地及不同沙地生境发育中期的灌丛斑块和草地斑块是SOC、LOC及POC变化的临界点;3)相关分析发现,发育中期2种斑块SOC与POC及LOC间及SOC与LOC/SOC间均呈极显著相关(P0.01),但土壤黏粉粒与各组分有机碳及其分配比率间没有显著相关,因此LOC和POC可作为表征草地退化最敏感的指标。研究可为沙化草原土壤恢复研究提供理论依据。     

祁连山区4种高寒植被类型下土壤养分及含水率分布

[目的]探究祁连山区土壤养分及含水率分布特征,为祁连山区水土保持和生态植被恢复提供参考。[方法]以高寒草甸、高山灌丛、温性草原、温性荒漠4种高寒植被类型土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查、室内试验及数理统计相结合的方法,研究了4种植被类型下不同土层深度和4种坡向下土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、含水率(SMC)分布特征,及其与年平均气温、年累积降雨量之间的相关性。[结果](1)研究区SOM含量范围为1.85～190.31 mg/g, TN含量为0.07～7.99 mg/g, TP含量为0.24～1.81 mg/g, SMC为0.79%～73.21%。(2)土壤SOM,TN,TP,SMC含量差异主要受植被类型影响,不同植被类型土壤SOM,SMC含量大小顺序均为：高寒草甸>高山灌丛>温性草原>温性荒漠;TN含量：高山灌丛>高寒草甸>温性草原>温性荒漠;TP含量：温性草原>高寒草甸>高山灌丛>温性荒漠。在4种坡向中,TP含量在半阴坡最高,阳坡最低,SOM,TN,SMC含量在半阳坡最高。(3)SOM,TN,TP,SMC与年累积降...     

2000－2008年内蒙古草原MODIS NDVI时空特征变化

该文选用2000－2008年的MODIS NDVI数据,采用统计学的分析方法,研究了内蒙古草原中温性草原、温性荒漠、低地草甸、温性荒漠草原、温性草甸草原、温性草原化荒漠、山地草甸7类主要植被类型9 a来年度NDVImax空间变化趋势、波动程度、出现时间等植被指数时空特征。结果显示,2000－2008年间,内蒙古草原植被总体趋于恢复。各类型草原年度NDVImax平均值趋于增加,NDVImax介于(0,0.4]之间的低盖度草原植被面积趋于减少,NDVImax介于(0.4,1]之间的高盖度草原植被面积趋于增加。在空间上,67.15%的草原面积植被状况趋于好转,32.85%的草原面积植被状况趋于恶化,2008年植被状况是9年来最好的一年。除温性荒漠外,内蒙古草原各植被类型NDVImax从6月底开始集中出现,至9月底结束,其中8月是温性草原和草甸类草原NDVImax集中出现的重要时期。     

黄土高原草地土壤有机碳分布及其影响因素

以黄土高原水平方向的4种主要草地类型为研究对象,分析了不同草地类型土壤有机碳(SOC)的分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:土壤有机碳含量随土壤深度的增加而降低,其中0～20 cm土壤有机碳含量与20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm有机碳含量差异显著。4种草地类型土壤有机碳含量分布规律:0～40 cm为高山草甸草原>典型草原>森林草原>荒漠草原,40～100 cm为高山草甸草原>森林草原>典型草原>荒漠草原;4种草地类型中各土层土壤有机碳含量最高的是高寒草甸,其空间变异最大,最小的是荒漠草原,其变异最小。黄土高原上高寒草甸草原、森林草原、典型草原土壤有机碳均集中分布在浅表层0～40 cm,分别占0～100 cm的71%、50%、46%,而荒漠草原各层分布较均匀;黄土高原土壤有机碳含量与海拔高度呈显著正相关(p<0.01);0～40 cm土壤有机碳含量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关(p<0.01);与全氮有极显著的正相关性,相关系数达0.984 3;与年均温呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),几种草地类型100 cm深土壤有机碳含量与年降水量无明显相关。     

高寒草地灌丛化对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布特征的影响

灌丛化是草地生态系统面临的重大生态环境问题之一,是影响高寒草地土壤碳库储量的重要因素。采集青藏高原灌丛化和未灌丛化草地土壤样本,用Cambardella和Elliott湿筛法和沉降虹吸法测定土壤团聚体含量及其稳定性、有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量,分析了草地灌丛化对土壤团聚体数量及其稳定性的影响。结果表明,灌丛化和未灌丛化草地土壤团聚体以2～0.25 mm粒径为主,但灌丛化草地土壤微团聚体(≤0.053 mm)含量显著低于未灌丛化草地,表明草地灌丛化主要影响土壤微团聚体而对大团聚体含量影响不显著。灌丛化草地土壤团聚体稳定性低于未灌丛化草地土壤,表明草地灌丛化后土壤结构稳定性降低。灌丛化草地土壤SOC和TN含量显著低于未灌丛化草地土壤,说明在气候变化影响下高寒草地灌丛化可能会降低土壤碳库储量。     

阿尔泰山布尔津林区不同草地类型物种多样性特征与生产力的关系

为探讨物种多样性与地上生物量的相关性以及物种多样性的垂直变化特征.以阿尔泰山布尔津林区5种草地类型为研究对象,通过对布尔津林区各草地类型的调查,分析了阿尔泰山布尔津林区各草地类型的物种多样性变化特征.结果 表明:(1)5个草地群落类型地上生物量差异明显,荒漠草原和山地草甸草原较低,山地草原最高,而山地草甸和高寒草甸处于...     

内蒙古鄂托克旗天然草地植被生态需水量研究

开展天然草地植被生态需水量研究,对维持草地系统生态健康和可持续发展意义重大。该研究以干旱风沙草原区鄂托克旗为研究对象,基于联合国粮农组织推荐的Penman-Monteith公式及美国农业部土壤保持局推荐的有效降水量计算方法,对各草地类型的生态需水量和生态缺水量进行计算,并对不同类型天然草地生态需水和降雨资源之间的平衡关系进行分析。结果表明:全旗全年生态需水量在丰水年为2.94×10~9m~3、平水年为3.07×10~9 m~3、枯水年为3.10×10~9m~3;全旗生态缺水量在丰水年为2.72×10~8m~3、平水年为5.00×10~8m~3、枯水年为1.15×10~9m~3。草地中生态需水量由大到小依次为温性荒漠草原类、温性草原化荒漠类、低地草甸类、温性荒漠类、温性草原类。在整个生长季中,鄂托克旗各草地类型生态需水在3、6、10月为盈余状态,其余月份均为严重亏缺状态。鄂托克旗草地生态系统整体处于水分亏缺状态,尤其是惠农站代表区,在枯水年水分亏缺指数超过50%。低地草甸类草地缺水程度较严重,建议在该类型草地分布范围内发展人工草地,温性草原化荒漠类草地缺水程度较轻,建议在鄂托克旗适当发展。研究结果可为区域草地水资源高效利用和退化草原系统恢复重建提供理论依据。     

人工柠条灌丛行间距对荒漠草原土壤有机碳含量空间分布的影响

以天然荒漠草原(CK)为对照,在6m行间距(BD),3m行间距(MD),1.5m行间距(SD)人工柠条灌丛水平方向上按照灌丛根围、灌缘和灌丛间取样,垂直方向上按照0-10cm,10-20cm,20-40cm,40-60cm,60-80cm,80-100cm取样,系统开展土壤有机碳(SOC)空间分布格局研究,探讨不同行距人工柠条灌丛对荒漠草原SOC空间分布的影响。结果表明:4种样地SOC含量垂直方向分布格局均表现为先上升后下降,而且SOC含量在80-100cm土层最低,但是BD和MD人工柠条灌丛均以40-60cm土层SOC最高,而SD和对照样地在20-40cm土层最高,3种不同行间距柠条灌丛SOC主要存储于20-60cm土层中,天然荒漠草原SOC主要存储于0-40cm土层中,0-100cm土层SOC平均含量为SDMDBDCK,分别比对照高16.13%,14.64%和12.41%;水平方向分布格局为0-20cm土层3种柠条灌丛根围、灌缘、灌丛间的SOC含量低于对照,SD和MD柠条灌丛表层根围土SOC含量高于对照,20cm土层以下3种不同行间距柠条林根围、灌缘和灌丛间SOC均明显高于对照。上述结果说明,人工柠条灌丛能够增加荒漠草原SOC含量,随行间距的增大其增加效果减弱,垂直方向的增加效应集中在柠条灌丛20cm土层以下,同层相比水平方向增加效应表现为根围灌缘灌丛间,根围土增加效果最为显著,1.5m小行距柠条灌丛无论在水平方向还是在垂直方向上影响最大。     

Grassland conversion along a climate gradient in northwest China: Implications for soil carbon and nutrients

Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and nutrient availability are key indicators of soil quality, and both can be influenced by land-use change. However, it is still unclear whether the impact of land-use change on SOC and nutrient stocks differs between ecoregions. Grasslands near the northeast border of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) occur across several ecoregions that have recently been subjected to substantial land-use change. Based on long-term land-use history, we conducted a field investigation comparing soil C and nutrient stocks between natural grassland (NGL) and three types of converted grassland (agricultural grassland, AGL; farmland, FL; and abandoned farmland, AFL) in three ecoregions along a climate gradient: alpine meadow, temperate steppe and temperate desert. Compared with NGL, soil C stocks in converted grasslands were 22%–30% lower in the alpine meadow, but 60–82% higher in the temperate steppe and 6%–76% higher in the temperate desert. Converted grasslands also contained higher stocks of available nitrogen and phosphorus than NGL in the temperate steppe and desert. Soils (0–40 cm) in NGL contained 14.8 ± 0.1 kg C m⁻² in alpine meadow, 6.7 ± 0.6 kg C m⁻² in temperate steppe and 1.7 ± 0.3 kg C m⁻² in temperate desert. Together, our results indicate that the responses of soil C and nutrients to grassland conversion differed between ecoregions. Thus, to optimize soil C sequestration rates and overall soil quality, we suggest that land-use policies in this area should take into account local environmental conditions.     

祁连山区主要植被类型下土壤团聚体变化特征

土壤团聚体是反映土壤结构稳定性、肥力和质量状况的重要指标,与侵蚀过程、水土流失、环境质量密切相关,研究土壤的理化性质,对保护土壤资源、提高生产率、维护土壤生态系统平衡具有重要意义。以青藏高原北缘的祁连山区为研究对象,采集该区4种主要植被类型——荒漠、草原、草甸及灌丛的土壤,分析了不同植被类型的土壤团聚体指标,水稳定性团聚体质量百分数(percentage of water-stable aggregates,WSA)、平均质量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD)、几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)、结构体破坏率(aggregate destruction rate,PAD)、平均重量比表面积(mean weight soil specific area,MWSSA)和分形维数随海拔高度和土壤深度的变化趋势。结果表明:0~30 cm土层WSA、MWD、GMD、MWSSA依次:荒漠<草原<草甸<灌丛,>30~40 cm土层植被类型对团聚体无显著影响(P>0.05);随土壤深度的增加,土壤团聚体稳定性和团聚度逐渐降低,土壤结构趋于恶化,草甸带表层土壤团聚体稳定性显著高于深层土壤(P<0.05);随海拔高度增大,在海拔1692~2800 m土壤团聚体逐渐稳定,土壤结构改善,在海拔2800~3639 m土壤团聚体稳定性逐渐降低,土壤结构趋于恶化。WSA、MWD和GMD受1~4 mm粒级主导作用,分形维数主要受0.038~0.25 mm粒级的影响,MWSSA不能准确分析该地区的团聚体水稳性。     

Modeling aerobic decomposition of rice straw during the off-rice season in an Andisol paddy soil in a cold temperate region of Japan: Effects of soil temperature and moisture

Submerged rice paddies are a major source of methane (CH₄) which is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO₂). Accelerating rice straw decomposition during the off-rice season could help to reduce CH₄ emission from rice paddies during the single rice-growth season in cold temperate regions. For understanding how both temperature and moisture can affect the rate of rice straw decomposition during the off-rice season in the cold temperate region of Tohoku district, Japan, a modeling incubation experiment was carried out in the laboratory. Bulk soil and soil mixed with 2% of δ¹³C-labeled rice straw with a full factorial combination of four temperature levels (?5 to 5, 5, 15, 25°C) and two moisture levels (60% and 100% WFPS) were incubated for 24 weeks. The daily change from ?5 to 5°C was used to model the freezing–thawing cycles occurring during the winter season. The rates of rice straw decomposition were calculated by (i) CO₂ production; (ii) change in the soil organic carbon (SOC) content; and (iii) change in the δ¹³C value of SOC. The results indicated that both temperature and moisture affected the rate of rice straw decomposition during the 24-week aerobic incubation period. Rates of rice straw decomposition increased not only with high temperature, but also with high moisture conditions. The rates of rice straw decomposition were more accurately calculated by CO₂ production compared to those calculated by the change in the SOC content, or in its δ¹³C value. Under high moisture at 100% WFPS condition, the rates of rice straw decomposition were 14.0, 22.2, 33.5 and 46.2% at ?5 to 5, 5, 15 and 25°C temperature treatments, respectively. While under low moisture at 60% WFPS condition, these rates were 12.7, 18.3, 31.2 and 38.4%, respectively. The Q₁₀ of rice straw decomposition was higher between ?5 to 5 and 5°C than that between 5 and 15°C and that between 15 and 25°C. Daily freezing–thawing cycles (from ?5 to 5°C) did not stimulate rice straw decomposition compared with low temperature at 5°C. This study implies that to reduce CH₄ emission from rice paddies during the single rice-growth season in the cold temperate regions, enhancing rice straw decomposition during the high temperature period is very important.     

荒漠草原沙漠化对土壤无机碳和有机碳的影响

以空间代替时间的方法,通过对宁夏荒漠草原不同沙漠化阶段土壤有机碳(SOC)和无机碳(SIC)的研究,探讨荒漠草原沙漠化对土壤SIC、SOC及不同粒径组分土壤SIC、SOC分布特征的影响。结果表明:(1)随着荒漠草原沙漠化程度的加剧,0—10cm土层各粒径组分土壤SIC和SOC含量呈下降趋势。半固定沙地和流动沙地各粒径组分土壤SIC含量均表现为黏粉粒无机碳(CSIC)>细砂粒无机碳(FIC)>粗砂粒无机碳(CIC),而SOC含量均表现为细砂粒有机碳(FOC)>粗砂粒有机碳(COC)>黏粉粒有机碳(CSOC)。(2)随着荒漠草原沙漠化程度的加剧,0—30cm土层土壤无机碳(SICD)、土壤有机碳(SOCD)和土壤总碳(STCD)密度均表现为荒漠草原>固定沙地>半固定沙地>流动沙地。固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地土壤SOCD、SICD分别比荒漠草原降低了18.5%,57.7%,60.5%和6.7%,35.9%,47.0%。(3)0—10cm土层各粒径组分土壤SOC和SIC含量、全土SOC含量与0—30cm土层SOC和SIC均呈显著正相关关系,其中土壤粗砂粒有机碳和粗砂粒无机碳对SOC影响最大,而土壤黏粉粒有机碳和黏粉粒无机碳与全土SIC含量呈显著负相关关系。因此,沙漠化防治对于减少荒漠草原土壤碳损失极为重要。     

中国草地覆盖度时空动态格局及其影响因素

为了探究近几十年来中国草地覆盖度的动态变化,基于多源遥感数据,采用像元二分模型模拟分析了1982—2016年中国草地覆盖度的时空动态格局,并从植被类型、地形要素、气候区及气候变化等角度分析了其主要影响因素。结果表明:35 a间中国草地覆盖度平均值为36.21%,呈极显著增加趋势(0.12%/a)。高山亚高山草甸、坡面草地及湿润地区、半干旱地区草地覆盖度的增加对于中国草地恢复具有重要贡献。草地覆盖度随海拔的升高呈降低趋势,DEM<500 m及3 500 m相似文献   

藏西南高原植被NDVI时空变化及其与海拔梯度的关系

青藏高原植被分布不仅与区域水热条件密切相关,而且受海拔和地形的共同影响,认知植被与海拔梯度的关系对青藏高原生态保护具有重要科学和现实意义。基于MODIS NDVI数据和植被类型数据,分析了藏西南高原近21年来不同植被类型生长季NDVI时空变化特征,探讨了植被覆盖与海拔梯度的关系。结果表明:藏西南高原植被类型有森林、荒漠、草原、草甸、高山植被、栽培植被、灌丛和其他植被8种; 随时间推移,各植被类型NDVI均显著增加且在2017年达到最大值。研究区草原、草甸、灌丛和高山植被的增加速率依次为0.006/10 a,0.004/10 a,0.01/10 a和0.006/10 a。除了局地植被呈退化趋势外,绝大部分植被覆盖不断改善。草原、草甸、灌丛和高山植被主要集中分布在海拔4 000 m以上的地区,NDVI在各海拔梯度上均存在较大差异。不同植被类型NDVI随海拔升高均呈现不同的减小趋势,不同年份间同种植被NDVI随海拔梯度变化具有相似的变化趋势。研究结果可为藏西南高原生态建设、植被恢复和畜牧业发展提供一定的科学依据和决策支持。     

Carbon dynamics in a temperate grassland soil after 9 years exposure to elevated CO2 (Swiss FACE)

Elevated pCO₂ increases the net primary production, C/N ratio, and C input to the soil and hence provides opportunities to sequester CO₂-C in soils to mitigate anthropogenic CO₂. The Swiss 9 y grassland FACE (free air carbon-dioxide enrichment) experiment enabled us to explore the potential of elevated pCO₂ (60 Pa), plant species (Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L.) and nitrogen fertilization (140 and 540 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) on carbon sequestration and mineralization by a temperate grassland soil. Use of ¹³C in combination with respired CO₂ enabled the identification of the origins of active fractions of soil organic carbon. Elevated pCO₂ had no significant effect on total soil carbon, and total soil carbon was also independent of plant species and nitrogen fertilization. However, new (FACE-derived depleted ¹³C) input of carbon into the soil in the elevated pCO₂ treatments was dependent on nitrogen fertilization and plant species. New carbon input into the top 15 cm of soil from L. perennne high nitrogen (LPH), L. perenne low nitrogen (LPL) and T. repens low nitrogen (TRL) treatments during the 9 y elevated pCO₂ experiment was 9.3±2.0, 12.1±1.8 and 6.8±2.7 Mg C ha⁻¹, respectively. Fractions of FACE-derived carbon in less protected soil particles >53 μm in size were higher than in <53 μm particles. In addition, elevated pCO₂ increased CO₂ emission over the 118 d incubation by 55, 61 and 13% from undisturbed soil from LPH, LPL and TRL treatments, respectively; but only by 13, 36, and 18%, respectively, from disturbed soil (without roots). Higher input of new carbon led to increased decomposition of older soil organic matter (priming effect), which was driven by the quantity (mainly roots) of newly input carbon (L. perenne) as well as the quality of old soil carbon (e.g. higher recalcitrance in T. repens). Based on these results, the potential of well managed and established temperate grassland soils to sequester carbon under continued increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO₂ appears to be rather limited.