论水土、水土生态与水土生态保持

在论述水土在陆地生态系统中的地位和作用的基础上,提出了水土生态的概念,认为植被与水土不可分割的整体观念是水土生态的重要特征。同时,对水土生态保持的含义作了新的定义,并将水土生态保持划分为四大类型,即生态型、自然型、生产型、建设型。从水土生态的高度,从源头上、要素的联系中去认识和防治水土流失,是一种主动的、有机的、整体的水土保持观念,是水土保持认识观的深化和发展,将使水土生态保持事业进入一个崭新的时代。     

城镇开发区建设中的人为水土流失及防治措施

简析了婺源县城镇开发区建设过程中造成水土流失的状况、危害、原因后,提出了其防治措施,并阐明开展城市（镇）水土保持的紧迫性。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

论生态恢复与水土保持

 生态恢复是研究生态整合性的恢复和管理过程的科学,现已成为世界各国的研究热点。目前,恢复已被用作一个概括性的术语,包括重建、改建、改造、再植等含义,一般泛指改良和重建退化的生态系统,使其重新有益于利用,并恢复其生物学潜力。生态恢复的原则包括自然法则、社会经济技术原则和美学原则。我国的水土保持小流域治理是通过工程的手段进行生态恢复的典范。水土保持小流域治理应以生态经济系统理论作指导,正确处理好人口再生产、自然再生产和经济再生产三者之间的关系,才能真正做到人与自然的和谐共处。水土保持小流域治理的方法是系统工程方法,包括综合调查与系统诊断、模型开发与治理规划、防治体系与模式设计、组织机构与运行机制等方面的内容。我国的水土保持工作亟需开拓创新,创新是水土保持工作的灵魂。只有认真纠正目前水土保持工作中存在的2种偏向,全面贯彻人与自然和谐共处的发展方针,把当地人民群众的社会需求与水土保持工作有机结合起来,才能实现“山川秀美”的宏伟目标。     

不同水氮管理对菠菜生长和水氮利用的影响

针对传统水肥方式中存在的投入过量问题 ,采用控制耕层土壤湿度以及应用KNS氮素推荐系统对菠菜的产量及水氮利用进行了研究。结果表明 ,推荐施氮处理与传统施氮处理对菠菜的生长没有明显的差异 ,而控制耕层土壤水分含量为植物有效的土壤含水量的 50%～80%及 60%～90%时的处理产量比传统灌水处理有显著性增加。推荐灌水施氮模式同传统灌水施氮模式相比 ,菠菜产量没有明显的差异 ,但是氮素以及水分供应量分别减少了 73.6 %和 39.2% ,相应地水分利用效率提高 64% ,氮素利用效率也有显著提高。推荐的水氮处理在菠菜收获后土壤无机氮残留量比传统处理明显降低。因此在合理灌溉的基础上进行氮素推荐 ,可有效地解决蔬菜生产中产量与环境之间的矛盾     

建设类与建设生产类开发建设项目水土保持方案的异同分析

20世纪末,开发建设项目水土保持方案的编报工作已经实现了规范化和制度化,但有不少的编制者在编制建设类和建设生产类项目的水土保持方案时往往出现失误.建设类和建设生产类项目的水土保持方案在很多方面都存在很大区别.根据多年编制两类水土保持方案的实践经验,总结出了这两类项目水土保持方案的编报工作在水土保持要求、服务年限、预测时段划分、防治目标等方面的异同,以防止在编报过程中出现水土流失量预测、水土保持措施体系以及水土保持监测等方面产生较大的偏差.     

甲基硫茵灵及其代谢物在不同种植模式黄瓜和土壤中的残留

采用液质联用仪比较分析了3个不同种植区域（江苏南京、广西南宁和湖南长沙）露地和大棚两种种植条件下黄瓜和土壤中甲基硫菌灵及其代谢物多菌灵的残留动态,同时对黄瓜中的最终残留量进行了比较分析。施药后,甲基硫菌灵在黄瓜和土壤中均能很快转化为多菌灵[施药后1 d甲基硫菌灵未检出（〈0.01 mg·kg-1）],多菌灵在露地黄瓜和土壤中的原始沉积量均低于大棚。3个试验点露地黄瓜中的半衰期分别为2.3、1.4 d和1.4 d,在大棚黄瓜中的半衰期分别为2.6、1.7 d和2.0 d。在3个试验点露地土壤中的半衰期分别为1.6、1.7 d和2.3 d,在大棚土壤中的半衰期分别为2.3、2.0 d和2.3 d。最终残留试验在最后一次施药后1 d采样时,大棚、露地黄瓜中的甲基硫菌灵均未检出（〈0.01 mg·kg-1）,多菌灵在3个试验点露地黄瓜中的最终残留量为0.014~0.162 mg·kg-1,而在3个试验点大棚黄瓜中的最终残留量为0.121~0.561 mg·kg-1。参照我国所制定的黄瓜中多菌灵的MRL（0.5 mg·kg-1）,露地种植方式下所有处理黄瓜中甲基硫菌灵代谢物多菌灵的最终残留量均符合国家标准的规定,但大棚种植方式下其残留量有超标的风险。     

Charge characteristics and exchangeable cation status of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols and Thai Ultisols and Oxisols

The charge characteristics of A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples of total 23 Ultisols, Alfisols and Oxisols in Korea and Thailand were studied by measuring the retention of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? at different pH values (4–8) and NH₄NO₃ concentrations (0.1–0.005 m ). The magnitude of their negative charge (σ^?; meq/100g) was dependent on pH and NH₄NO₃ concentration (C; m ) as represented by a regression equation: log σ^?=apH +blogC +c. The values of the coefficient a (0.04–0.226), b (0.03–0.264) and c (–0.676–1.262) were correlated with the kinds of the soil and horizon and with the region where the soil exists. The retention of NO₃^? was less than 1 and 2–3 meq/100 g for the A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples, respectively. The sum of exchangeable base and Al (‘effective’ CEC) was close to and higher than the magnitude of permanent charge (=σ^? measured at pH = 4.3 and at C = 0.005 m ) for one-third and two-thirds of samples, respectively. A σ^? value of 16 meq/100 g clay at pH = 7 and C = 0.01 m was found appropriate to separate the B₂ horizons of Thai Ultisols and Oxisols from those of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols. Korean Alfisols and Ultisols and Thai Ultisols were distinguished from each other on the status of exchangeable base and Al     

Procyanidin and catechin contents and antioxidant capacity of cocoa and chocolate products

Cocoa and chocolate products from major brands were analyzed blind for total antioxidant capacity (AOC) (lipophilic and hydrophilic ORAC(FL)), catechins, and procyanidins (monomer through polymers). Accuracy of analyses was ascertained by comparing analyses on a NIST standard reference chocolate with NIST certified values. Procyanidin (PC) content was related to the nonfat cocoa solid (NFCS) content. The natural cocoa powders (average 87% of NFCS) contained the highest levels of AOC (826 +/- 103 micromol of TE/g) and PCs (40.8 +/- 8.3 mg/g). Alkalized cocoa (Dutched powders, average 80% NFCS) contained lower AOC (402 +/- 6 micromol of TE /g) and PCs (8.9 +/- 2.7 mg/g). Unsweetened chocolates or chocolate liquor (50% NFCS) contained 496 +/- 40 micromol of TE /g of AOC and 22.3 +/- 2.9 mg/g of PCs. Milk chocolates, which contain the least amount of NFCS (7.1%), had the lowest concentrations of AOC (80 +/- 10 micromol of TE /g) and PCs (2.7 +/- 0.5 mg/g). One serving of cocoa (5 g) or chocolate (15 or 40 g, depending upon the type of chocolate) provides 2000-9100 micromol of TE of AOC and 45-517 mg of PCs, amounts that exceed the amount in a serving of the majority of foods consumed in America. The monomers through trimers, which are thought to be directly bioavailable, contributed 30% of the total PCs in chocolates. Hydrophilic antioxidant capacity contributed >90% of AOC in all products. The correlation coefficient between AOC and PCs in chocolates was 0.92, suggesting that PCs are the dominant antioxidants in cocoa and chocolates. These results indicate that NFCS is correlated with AOC and PC in cocoa and chocolate products. Alkalizing dramatically decreased both the procyanidin content and antioxidant capacity, although not to the same extent.     

分布式移动农业病虫害图像采集与诊断系统设计与试验

为了便捷地采集和实时诊断农业病虫害图像,设计了一个分布式移动农业病虫害图像采集与诊断系统。该系统由多个便携式图像采集终端和一个图像处理服务器组成;其中,图像采集终端包括嵌入式相机、可伸缩的手持杆和装载控制App的手机;图像处理服务器包括农业病虫害诊断、信息记录和反馈模块等。手持杆可将安装在其前端的嵌入式相机送到人手或视觉难以企及的病虫害区域,手机可实时预览前端相机的拍摄画面和实现控制相机完成农业病虫害图像采集等功能;系统通过HTTP协议实现多个采集终端与图像处理服务器的数据交互,协同进行分布式计算,可以减少网络移动资费和服务器的负载。利用该系统对水稻纹枯病图像采集与诊断测试结果表明,该系统的图像采集终端可以便捷地采集到水稻纹枯病图像,手机端视频预览画面延时低,对相机控制命令无误,图像采集终端与服务器通信稳定,服务器端对水稻纹枯病图像处理和诊断实时,基于图像的水稻纹枯病为害等级诊断准确率为83.5%。如果服务器端加载不同的农业病虫害图像处理和诊断算法,该系统可广泛应用于各种农业病虫害图像的采集与诊断。     

秸秆碳和硫酸铝对富营养化水体中氮磷的吸收去除效应及其影响因素

为解决中国水体富营养化问题,将秸秆碳与硫酸铝作为一种有效吸附水体中总氮、总磷的吸附剂,通过室内模拟试验,采用平衡吸附法,考察了秸秆碳和硫酸铝投加量、pH值、振荡时间、温度、扰动、秸秆碳粒径等不同环境因素条件下对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:在秸秆碳和硫酸铝投加量为0.2 mg/L、振荡时间为120 min的条件下,吸附效果最好,去除率可达80%以上。通过对各因素与秸秆碳、硫酸铝对总氮和总磷的吸附效果分析得知,加入适量的秸秆碳和硫酸铝,可以降低水体中总氮、总磷的含量,吸附效果对温度、振荡时间、pH值变化敏感,这也为解决水体富营养化问题提供了基础依据。     

低山丘陵区开发建设项目水土保持与生态建设

边坡植被恢复是解决高速公路建设所造成的环境破坏问题的重要手段之一,已受到人们的普遍重视.但是,对坡面植被恢复质量的评价尚没有统一、公认的指标体系.基于恢复生态学和美学的理念,在分析坡面植被功能的基础上,参考道路工程、植物生态学、恢复生态学、草地生态学、水土保持学、景观学等理论.提出了绿期、盖度、多度、截流量、综合抗性、根系稳定效果、景观优美度、管理水平8个重要评价指标,并给出了各指标的量化计算办法.利用AHP评判矩阵计算了各评价指标的权重.根据坡面植被群落的演替规律,提出了建议的评价时间,得出了坡面植被恢复质量的评价值,确定了质量等级.结合2008年奥运公路--济南至青岛高速公路南线工程,进行了实例分析.     

Study on Soil and Pine-Seedling Zn and Mn and Predicting-Model Design

Soils were collected from 2-year (2-y) and 3-year (3-y) old red-pine seedling plots in two tree nurseries, Hayward in the north and Wilson in the southwestern part of Wisconsin State respectively, and equilibrated with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)₂ for soil solution Zn and Mn (solu-Zn and Mn), and with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)2+0.005 M EDTA for soil adsorbed Zn and Mn (ad-Zn and Mn). Buffering capacity of soil Zn and Mn (b-Zn and Mn) was obtained from the ratio of ad-Zn and Mn to the solu-Zn and Mn. The concerned traces in pine seedling needles (ndls), stems(sts) and roots (rts) were simultaneously measured.     

油菜籽脱壳与仁壳分离设备研究

油菜籽是我国最主要的油料作物之一,油菜籽脱壳制油新技术的推广应用,将改变我国油菜籽加工的单一模式,提高菜油和菜籽饼粕的经济价值和使用价值.介绍了该新技术的关键设备:油菜籽脱壳与仁壳分离设备的研究情况.生产实践证明,YTPG型机组是一种高效的油菜籽脱壳机组:脱壳率高达98%以上,仁中含壳率与壳中含仁率均小2%,前处理与后处理简单,生产成本低,便于推广应用.     

Drying and rewetting effects on C and N mineralization and microbial activity in surface and subsurface California grassland soils

Rewetting a dry soil has long been known to cause a burst of respiration (the “Birch Effect”). Hypothesized mechanisms for this involve: (1) release of cellular materials as a result of the rapid increase in water potential stress and (2) stimulating C-supply to microbes via physical processes. The balance of these factors is still not well understood, particularly in the contexts of multiple dry/wet cycles and of how resource and stress patterns vary through the soil profile. We evaluated the effects of multiple dry/wet cycles on surface and subsurface soils from a California annual grassland. Treatments included 4, 6, and 12 cycles that varied the length of the drying period between rewetting events. Respiration was monitored after each wetting event while extractable C and N, microbial biomass, and microbial activity were assayed initially, after the first rewetting event, and at the end of the experiment. Initially, microbial biomass and activity (respiration, dehydrogenase, and N mineralization) in subsurface soils were ca. 10% and 20% of surface soil levels. After multiple cycles, however, subsurface soil microbial biomass and activity were enhanced by up to 8-fold, even in comparison to the constantly moist treatment. By comparison, surface soil microbial biomass and activity were either moderately (i.e. 1.5 times increase) or not affected by wetting and drying. Drying and rewetting led to a cascade of responses (soluble C release, biomass growth, and enhanced activity) that mobilized and metabolized otherwise unavailable soil carbon, particularly in subsurface soils.     

新型高精度温湿度检测箱及其测控系统研制

为了克服传统温湿度检测箱价格昂贵、技术指标精度低、测控参数单一等缺点,研制了一种可靠性高、造价适中、自动化程度高的温湿度检测设备。该恒温恒湿箱在恒湿系统中采用了内、外双循环结构,在恒温系统中采用了二次恒温技术和分段测量方案,并采用了专家PID控制策略、硬件双重保护以及软件补偿等方法,实现了温度和湿度的精确测量和准确控制,提高了系统的性价比。该系统可广泛地应用于气象、温湿度检定、养殖等生产与科研单位,并且由于系统的灵活性和模块化,可以方便地满足其他场合。     

水土流失与地貌侵蚀

物质的侵蚀-搬运-堆积是地貌发育的主要过程。水土流失目前主要是指第一阶段即地貌发育的侵蚀过程。地貌的侵蚀一般被分为两类:自然侵蚀和人为侵蚀,而人为侵蚀被认为是水土流失的主要原因。笔者认为,人类活动固然加剧了侵蚀过程的发生,但它是在自然侵蚀的基础上进行的,它是符合自然侵蚀规律的。在目前的社会条件下,水土流失的治理不仅仅是减少人类活动的影响,而应该是使人类活动在地貌演化过程中扮演因势利导的角色,使其向着人类有利的方向发展。     

道网密度与城镇扩张时空变化特征及关联性分析

城镇用地扩张已发展成为发展中国家的一种趋势。道路网络作为城镇用地扩张的极为重要驱动要素之一,受到相关学者高度关注。为研究道路网络与城镇用地扩张之间的一般规律,该文以北京、纽约、伦敦、芝加哥为研究区,基于多期遥感影像以及城市道路网络矢量数据,借助遥感和GIS平台,解译获得城镇土地利用矢量数据,进一步叠加分析提取城镇用地扩张信息,并利用Arc GIS密度分析工具生成道路网络密度图,将两者进行空间统计分析,通过回归分析建立道网密度-城镇扩张回归模型,系统分析道路网络与城镇用地扩张的分布特征以及两者之间的拟合关系,探求道路网络驱动下城镇用地扩张的一般规律。研究结果表明:北京、纽约、伦敦、芝加哥城镇用地扩张阈值分别为1.89×104、3.78×104、5.70×104与6.47×104 km/km2,道网密度未超过阈值时,城镇扩张与道路网络均具有倒U曲线关系,北京、纽约、伦敦、芝加哥的城镇用地扩张转折节点分别为3.3×103、1.184×104、1.686×104与2.14×104 km/km2,即城镇扩张速度先随道网密度的增加而加快,超过转折节点后,城镇扩张速度随道网密度的增加而减慢;当道网密度超过上述阈值时,城镇将不再扩张。城市用地扩张与道路网络特征的关联性规律,对全球发展中城市的未来发展具有重要的借鉴意义。道网密度对于城镇用地扩张具有一定预测效果,能够为避免城镇用地的快速无序扩张、土地低效利用等问题提供新思路,应该重视城市道路网络规划的作用,推动城市"精明增长",以实现城镇用地与道路网络建设的相互促进、协调发展。     

Antioxidant and prooxidant actions of prenylated and nonprenylated chalcones and flavanones in vitro

Prenylated flavonoids found in hops and beer, i.e., prenylchalcones and prenylflavanones, were examined for their ability to inhibit in vitro oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The oxidation of LDL was assessed by the formation of conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and the loss of tryptophan fluorescence. At concentrations of 5 and 25 microM, all of the prenylchalcones tested inhibited the oxidation of LDL (50 microg protein/ml) induced by 2 microM copper sulfate. The prenylflavanones showed less antioxidant activity than the prenylchalcones, both at 5 and 25 microM. At 25 microM, the nonprenylated chalcone, chalconaringenin (CN), and the nonprenylated flavanone, naringenin (NG), exerted prooxidant effects on LDL oxidation, based on TBARS formation. Xanthohumol (XN), the major prenylchalcone in hops and beer, showed high antioxidant activity in inhibiting LDL oxidation, higher than alpha-tocopherol and the isoflavone genistein but lower than the flavonol quercetin. When combined, XN and alpha-tocopherol completely inhibited copper-mediated LDL oxidation. These findings suggest that prenylchalcones and prenylflavanones found in hops and beer protect human LDL from oxidation and that prenylation antagonizes the prooxidant effects of the chalcone, CN, and the flavanone, NG.     

Characterization and evaluation of chabazite- and mordenite-rich tuffs,and their mixtures as soil amendments and slow release fertilizers

In the present study, zeolite tuffs of diverse chemistry, mineralogy and origin were characterized and tested for their efficiency as slow release fertilizers (SRF) through a series of leaching tests. Mixtures of zeolite tuffs were created and tested as loamy soil additives, in order to evaluate any synergistic effect on their cation exchange capacity (CEC) and SRF properties. The studied materials were a chabazite-rich tuff (SOR), a mordenite-rich tuff (KIM), 3 mixtures of them (SOR/KIM 30/70, 50/50 and 70/30) and a commercial clinoptilolite-rich tuff (BLG). CEC (sodium acetate method) was 95.7 for BLG, 100.9 for KIM and 92.2 cmol kg^?1 for SOR, while their mixtures displayed intermediate values. SRF values vary, with the SOR/KIM 30/70 exhibiting the slowest NH₄⁺ release in 29 days (1.7%) compared to the control sample (19%). Zeolites promoted PO₄^?3 release, while their selectivity for Mg²⁺ and K⁺ was clearly affected by their different structure and chemistry. BLG exhibited the strongest selectivity for Mg²⁺, having the lowest release (39%). The results demonstrate that mixtures of zeolite tuffs could have a potential use in agricultural processes, by improving parameters like: chemistry, mineralogy, CEC and SRF efficiency, and resulting in the production of a competitive and functional soil additive.