塔克拉玛干沙漠土壤种子库特征初探

通过野外采样和室外萌发的方法,研究了塔克拉玛干沙漠公路沿线6种立地类型的土壤种子库特点.其主要结论:①所有立地类型的土壤种子库密度都很小.立地类型I,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,V,Ⅵ的土壤种子库密度分别为:(46.20±4.45)粒/m2,(27.50±5.58)粒/m2,(15.00±3.37)粒/m2,(6.52±0.87)/m2,(10.00±2.42)粒/m2和(50.00±5.50)粒/m2.②所有立地类型土壤种子库中所出现的物种数量都很少.③所有立地类型土壤种子库中出现的物种生活型,一年生草本并不占优势.④在塔克拉玛干沙漠空间分布上,沙漠南缘和北缘的土壤种子库密度和物种多样性较大,而中部的密度和物种多样性较小.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区植被自然恢复过程中土壤种子库特征

采用野外调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区植被自然恢复过程中土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、物种多样性以及相似性特征.结果表明:阴、阳坡10个样地中,共萌发了55种2203株幼苗,隶属于23科48属;总密度达到5 505±625.537粒/m2,且0～5 cm土层远远大于5～10 cm土层的土壤种子库密度,约是其4.6倍;丰富度、多样性、均匀度指数均未与恢复年限达到显著相关水平,但生态优势度随恢复年限的增加呈上升趋势,且阳坡上升的趋势比阴坡明显;组成成分相似性系数变化范围为0.0952～0.7143,恢复年限相距越大,其相似性越小,说明植被恢复演替的过程也是土壤种子库空间异质性加大的过程.     

子午岭主要森林类型土壤种子库研究

对子午岭天然油松林、人工油松林、人工落叶松林、人工刺槐林四种林分的土壤种子库特征初步研究结果表明 :人工油松林种子库储量平均为 675 .9粒 /m2 ,人工刺槐林为648.8粒 /m2 ,人工落叶松林为 839.4粒 /m2 ,天然油松林为 45 5粒 /m2 ,各林分土壤种子库储量属中等水平 ;本次调查的天然油松林种子库种子活力为零 ,人工油松林种子库活力种子占 0 .5 % ,人工落叶松林种子库活力种子占 4.2 % ,刺槐林种子库活力种子占 74.4%。除人工刺槐林种子库种子质量较高外 ,针叶林各林分种子库种子质量都较差 ;人工油松林林下油松幼苗的分布密度平均为 1～ 3株 /m2 ,人工刺槐林林下多见灌木幼苗 ,另两种林分林下幼苗较少 ,表明不同林分土壤种子库种子都具有一定的萌发能力 ;从各林分土壤种子库的组成看 ,主要树种的种子在种子库中所占比例都在 85 %以上 ,人工油松林土壤种子库物种多样性指数较高 ,而其它林分土壤种子库物种多样性指数均较小 ;土壤种子库中 80 %左右的种子集中分布在枯枝落叶层和 0 - 2 cm土壤层中 ,下层种子数量很少 ;方差分析表明 ,枯枝落叶层厚度、树高、郁闭度、胸径等因子变化对土壤种子库储量影响显著。综合分析认为 ,子午岭主要森林类型土壤种子库能够为林分的天然更新提供基本条件。     

塔里木河下游植被退化区土壤种子库特征

本文在塔里木河下游选择了四个典型荒漠植被退化区,通过土壤种子库萌发实验,对土壤种子库的基本特征以及与地上植被的关系进行了对比研究。结果表明:1)四个植被退化区土壤种子库总共含有10个物种(属),平均密度1633.33粒/m2。2)四个植被退化区种子库密度总和来看,0-5cm层>5-10cm>层10-30cm层,但在各个研究区中种子库密度的垂直分布异质性差异很大,没有一致的规律。3)各个研究区土壤种子库种子的生活型组成,草本物种密度均明显高于灌木。4)土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数在四个研究区均很低;随着退化程度的加重,种子库的密度和物种数均呈现明显的下降趋势,但土壤种子库物种组成的稳定性要高于地上植被。     

浑善达克沙地南缘沙化草地围封过程中土壤种子库与地上植被的耦合关系

在浑善达克沙地南缘,以围封不同年限的沙化草地(1年、4年、9年)为试验样地,并以未围封沙化草地作对照,深入研究了沙化草地围封过程中,土壤种子库与地上植被的耦合关系。结果表明,对沙化草地实施围栏封育,可显著提高土壤种子库与地上植被的物种丰富度;不同围封年限间,二者在植被群落组成上,均表现出较高的相似性,且相临阶段相似性较高,随围封年限差异的增加,相似性逐渐减小,但这一变化前者滞后于后者,表明草地在恢复演替中,前者较后者具有滞后性;4种类型样地之间,土壤种子库密度以及地上植被密度差异均极显著,且二者之间均存在显著正相关性,其关系均可用二次曲线描述。     

塔里木河上游湿地土壤种子库特征

以塔里木河上游阿拉尔地区不同湿地类型土壤种子库为研究对象。通过野外调查取样和室内萌发试验相结合的方法,对土壤种子库的组成、物种多样性和空间分布特征进行分析。研究结果表明:研究区内各湿地类型土壤种子库物种匮乏,多样性低,萌发的物种数在仅10-13种之间,种子库密度在168-2093粒/m2之间,属于较低水平。各湿地土壤种子库密度表现为人工湿地>河流湿地>湖泊湿地,受保护的人工湿地土壤种子库最高。种子库的空间分布为聚集分布。     

围栏封育对新疆山地退化草原植物群落特征的影响

围栏封育作为一种有效的退化草原管理措施,近年来在我国退化草原恢复中得到极为广泛的应用。以新疆巴里坤县退化温性荒漠草原为研究对象,通过连续4 a围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被调查资料,对比分析围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被群落组成和地上生物量的动态特征。结果表明:(1)通过围栏封育措施,退化草原的物种多样性和群落生态优势度与自由放牧样地相比略有提高,群落均匀度略有降低,但通过t检验,差异均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。(2)随着封育措施的实施,总体上草原群落优势种为沙生针茅和伊犁绢蒿,反映出西部内陆半干旱地区温性荒漠草原特有的特征;自由放牧样地,沙生针茅和伊犁绢蒿在群落中的优势地位发生变化。(3)围栏封育措施提高了植物群落的平均高度、地上生物量。随着围封时间的延长,群落地上生物量增加,且显著高于自由放牧区,然而4 a围栏封育并不能使温性荒漠草原产草量达到最高水平,也不能使植物群落的多样性指标与自由放牧样地形成显著差异。     

短花针茅荒漠草原土壤种子库对不同放牧强度的响应

在内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原,采用野外随机定点取样与室内萌发相结合的方法,对不同放牧强度下围封草地土壤种子库的密度、垂直结构、多样性、丰富度、均匀度、以及种子库与地上植被的相似性进行了研究。结果表明,在各试验区土壤种子库主要分布在0～20cm土层,占种子库总密度的87%～96%;随着放牧强度的增加,土壤种子库总密度减少,同时地上植被与土壤种子库的相似物种数减少,种子库组成的相异性增加;轻度放牧对土壤种子库中一二年生草本所占比例影响较小,而中度和重度放牧使土壤种子库中一二年生草本所占比例增加;土壤种子库的物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度均随放牧强度的增加而减小。     

宁波沿海地区水稻田稗草发生量及对丙草胺、丁草胺的抗药性检测—以6个样点为例

为研究宁波沿海地区水稻田稗草发生量及对丙草胺和丁草胺的抗药性,本研究以宁波沿海地区土壤盐碱化、碱化和非盐碱化稻田的稗草及土壤中稗草种子库密度为研究对象,通过连续3年的大田试验及室内抗药性分析,研究稗草草相及土壤中稗草种子库密度变化,并对稗草的抗药性进行了分析。结果表明,在调查周期内,宁波沿海的盐碱化稻田稗草发生密度为16.23株/m2,显著高于土壤碱化和非盐碱化稻田中的11.70株/m2和10.10株/m2。盐碱化稻田稗草种子库密度为19 169.17粒/m2,高于土壤碱化稻田的17 224.83粒/m2,并显著高于非盐碱稻田的15 411.33粒/m2。在庵东镇和大徐镇的盐碱稻田中,稗草对丙草胺和丁草胺的相对抗药性指数(RI)分别从调查初始期的4.51和2.88上升至调查末期的5.52和6.14,达到中抗水平;而在土壤碱化稻田和非盐碱稻田中,稗草对丙草胺和丁草胺的RI均维持在相对较低的水平,调查周期内介于1.00~2.33之间,处于低抗水平。因此,在该地区的水稻生产过程中,应尽量改善土质,以控制稗草种群规模、延缓抗药性的产生。     

放牧与封育对沙质草地植被特征及其空间变异性的影响

采用经典统计和地统计学的方法,定量分析了放牧与封育沙质草地植被盖度、丰富度、平均高度、密度和Shannon-Wiener指数的变化及其对植被空间结构特征的影响。结果表明:封育沙质草地植被盖度、平均高度和Shannon-Wiener指数显著大于放牧草地(P<0.01),但两者丰富度变化不显著(P>0.05)。封育草地与放牧草地植被盖度、丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数的变异系数分别为14.3%,24.4%,13.5%和17.8%,25.7%,21.7%,前者小于后者。在本研究尺度上,封育沙质草地植被盖度以及封育与放牧草地植被密度的空间变异规律均能较好地拟合成球状模型,封育沙质草地植被丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数以及放牧草地植被盖度、丰富度和Shannon-Wie-ner指数的空间变异规律均能较好地拟合成指数模型。封育与放牧草地植被盖度、丰富度、密度和Shannon-Wiener指数的空间自相关度C/(Co C)分别为70.7%,56.5%,51.0%,68.7%和50.1%,73.3%,70.0%,68.9%,表明封育与放牧草地各变量均具有中等的空间相关性。封育草地所有变量半方差函数值均小于放牧草地。封育草地和放牧草地的植被盖度、丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数变程分别是36.73 m,85.02 m,161.91 m和24.98 m,5.64 m,51.78m,前者大于后者。放牧草地植被的空间变异性强、破碎化程度高,封育草地植被的空间依赖性强、变异性弱。     

Seed rain and soil seed bank compensatory roles on Nassella tenuis (Phil.) Barkworth seedling recruitment in ungrazed and grazed sites

In semi-arid lands, vegetation is distributed in shrub patches immersed in a less vegetated interpatch matrix. Grazing affects perennial grass seed bank through a decrease in seed rain and an increase in seed predation and soil compaction. Nevertheless, some species with anchorage mechanisms in their seeds might overcome this, such as Nassella tenuis (Phil.) Barkworth. This is an important species in grazing paddocks because it has an intermediate palatability and its relatively tolerant to grazing. These characteristics allow N. tenuis to increase its abundance in grazed sites. Our objective was to assess how grazing affects the key palatable species from seeds to seedlings: i.e., seed rain, soil seed bank, and seedling recruitment in different microsites along a windward-leeward transect across shrub canopy. We hypothesized that: (1) the negative effects of grazing on N. tenuis fructification are reflected in its seed rain, soil seed bank, and seedling recruitment, especially in interpatches; (2) Nassella tenuis seed rain reduction, soil compaction by cattle in grazed sites, and removal of seeds by wind decrease its soil seed bank, especially in microsites exposed to the predominant wind; and (3) the decrease in N. tenuis soil seed bank and cover increase in annual species in grazed sites have negative effects on its seedling recruitment, especially in microsites exposed to predominant wind. We placed seed traps, collected soil samples, and monitored seedling recruitment in different locations around shrub canopy to address our hypotheses. Also, we established a manipulative experiment in which we sow N. tenuis seeds and followed its recruitment in different microsites. We compared the seed rain, soil seed bank, natural seedling recruitment, and sown seeds recruitment of N. tenuis between grazed and ungrazed sites. We analyzed differences between microsites along a windward-leeward transect across shrubs patches. Seed rain and soil seed bank had the same density in patches and interpatches both in ungrazed and grazed sites. But seed rain was higher, and soil seed bank was lower in ungrazed sites than in grazed sites. Almost all under-canopy microsites showed greater soil seed bank abundance and natural seedling recruitment in ungrazed sites. Sown seeds recruitment was the same between grazed and ungrazed sites, but it showed protective effects of shrubs in leeward microsites under grazed sites. As a conclusion, seed rain and soil seed bank are complementary under grazed sites.     

不同干扰条件下荒漠区土壤种子库

在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区选择开垦、轮牧、过牧和禁牧4种不同干扰条件的样区,于2005年4月(春)、7月(夏)和10月(秋)分别对土壤种子库取样,并在实验室条件下进行发芽试验,得出如下结果:(1)4种不同干扰区在春、夏、秋三个季节土壤种子库可萌发种子平均数量分别为,开垦干扰:688粒/m2;轮牧干扰:1328粒/m2;过牧干扰:1488粒/m2;禁牧干扰:944粒/m2;(2)开垦区与禁牧区在4月份(春)、7月份(夏)、10月份(秋)土壤种子库可萌发种子数量呈连续上升趋势,而轮牧区与过牧区则呈先上升后下降趋势;(3)4种不同干扰条件下,开垦区、过牧区和禁牧区在不同深度土层中水分含量均无显著差异;而轮牧区0-5cm与其它三个土层中水分含量出现显著差异,而且0-5cm土壤层的水分含量与种子的萌发数量呈显著正相关。     

新疆野生樱桃李天然林土壤种子库特征

采取野外调查、网筛分选和温室萌发相结合的方法,对新疆霍城县大西沟山区野生樱桃李天然林的土壤种子库物种组成、密度和生活史型、垂直空间分布、物种多样性及其与地上植被间关系进行了研究。结果表明：① 试验鉴定出的幼苗共有48种,隶属于19科,且一年生植物多达20种（41.7%）,地下芽植物为15种（31.3%）;② 种子库中种子的数量自上而下呈先增加后减少的特征,有超过90%的种子分布在距地表5 cm以上的表层土壤及枯枝落叶层中,近90%的樱桃李种子分布在距地表2 cm以上的表层土壤及枯落层中;③ 土壤种子库中草本层物种的Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数均为最高,其次为乔木层和灌木层,种子库物种多样性主要受草本层丰富度的影响;④ 野生樱桃李天然林土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数为0.315,表明地上植被对土壤种子库的贡献较大。但是,由于过度放牧,使得种子库的物种多样性在垂直空间上的分布规律受到干扰。     

围栏与不同放牧强度对东祁连山高寒草甸植被和土壤的影响

在东祁连山高寒草地,对围栏7年和不同放牧强度的草地进行了物种数、地上生物量、地下生物量、土壤理化性质等研究。结果表明,围栏7年的高寒草地鲜草产量为425.8 g·m-2,显著高于夏季中牧159.3 g·m-2和夏季重牧91.0 g·m-2,但与冬季轻牧、夏季轻牧差异不显著。围栏条件下的物种数为26.3种·16 m-2,显著低于其他放牧条件下的物种数,但显著高于夏季重牧条件下的物种数23.0种·16 m-2;轻度或重度放牧都会使物种数减少,夏季中牧下的物种数最高(33.5种·16 m-2)。在0~10 cm的表层土壤中,围栏7年的草地根系生物量显著高于其他放牧强度。随着放牧强度的增加,根系生物量在0~10 cm土壤中呈下降趋势,在30~40 cm土壤中则表现为升高趋势。围栏7年的土壤容重低于其他放牧强度下的土壤容重,但差异不显著;夏季重牧的土壤容重显著高于围栏7年和其他放牧强度的土壤容重。随着放牧强度的增加,0~10 cm土壤碱解氮增加,围栏7年草地最低。围栏封育可有效改善和恢复草地植被,但不能长时间禁牧不进行放牧利用。合理的放牧能够维护高寒草甸草地生态系统功能、促进物种丰富度和土壤营养的均衡。     

Effects of grazing intensity on seed production of Caragana stenophylla along a climatic aridity gradient in the Inner Mongolia Steppe,China

As the increases of climatic aridity and grazing intensity,shrubs play an increasingly important role in grassland ecosystem in arid and semi-arid regions,and its abundance also generally increases.However,the effects of climatic aridity and grazing intensity on sexual reproduction of shrubs in grassland remain largely unclear.In order to understand the effects of grazing intensity and climatic drought stress,and their interaction on seed production of shrub species,we examined the seed number,seed weight and seed yield of Caragana stenophylla under three grazing intensities(fenced,mild grazing and severe grazing) across a climatic aridity gradient(semi-arid,arid,very arid and intensively arid zones) in the Inner Mongolia Steppe,northern China during 2012–2013.The seed number,seed weight and seed yield gradually increased from the semi-arid to the very arid zones,but decreased from the very arid to the intensively arid zones in fenced plots.The seed number and seed yield decreased from the semi-arid to the intensively arid zones in mild and severe grazing treatment plots,therefore,grazing enhanced the suppression effect of climatic aridity on seed production of C.stenophylla.The seed number and seed yield gradually decreased as grazing intensity increased.The seed weight was highest in severe grazing plots,followed by the mild grazing plots and then the fenced plots.Precipitation varied interannually during the study period.We observed that the seed number,seed weight and seed yield were lower in the low precipitation year(2013) than in the high precipitation year(2012).As climatic drought stress increased,the negative effects of grazing on seed production of C.stenophylla also gradually increased.Our results indicated that climatic drought stress may contribute to the encroachment of C.stenophylla shrub in arid zones by promoting its seed production.However,grazing had negative effects on sexual reproduction of C.stenophylla,and the combined effects of drought stress and grazing seriously suppressed sexual reproduction of C.stenophylla in the intensively arid zone.     

围栏封育对新疆蒿类荒漠草地植被及土壤养分的影响

以新疆封育3年的蒿类荒漠草地为对象,研究干旱区封育对草地植被及土壤养分的影响.结果表明:封育后荒漠草地群落的盖度、产量明显增加(P<0.05),分别比对照提高了11.0%,51.6 g/m~2,且盖度、产量的增加主要是由藜科草类引起;荒漠草地80%以上的地下生物量集中在0～40 cm土层中,且封育促进了0～10 cm土层内生物量的增加(P<0.05);与放牧地相比,封育后土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾及速效氮、磷、钾含量均有所提高,且在0～10 cm的土层中差异显著(P<0.01),而pH值略有上升.     

Correlation between the soil seed bank and weed populations in maize fields

Annual weed populations establish every year from persistent seed banks in the soil. This 3 year study investigated the relationship between the number of weed seeds in the soil seed bank and the resultant populations of major broadleaf and grass weeds in 30 maize fields. After planting the crop, 1 m² areas were protected from the pre-emergence herbicide application. Soil samples were collected soon after spraying to a depth of 100 mm and the weed seeds therein were enumerated. The emerged weed seedlings in the field sampling areas were counted over the following 8 weeks. Up to 67 broadleaf species and five grass weeds were identified, although not all were found at every site and some were specific to a region or soil type. For the most abundant weeds in the field plots, on average 2.1–8.2% of the seeds of the broadleaf species and 6.2–11.9% of the seeds of the grass weeds in the soil seed bank emerged in any one year, depending on the species. Overall, the results showed a strong linear relationship between the seed numbers in the soil and the seedling numbers in the field for all the grasses and for most broadleaf weeds. For some species, like Trifolium repens , only a weak relationship was observed. In the case of Chenopodium album , which had the largest seed bank, there was evidence of asymptotic behavior, with seedling emergence leveling off at high seed numbers. An estimate of the soil seed bank combined with knowledge of the germination and behavior of specific weed species would thus have good potential for predicting future weed infestations in maize fields.