刺参“参优1号”新品种在不同盐度下的代谢特征和适应性研究

本研究通过测定盐度为14~40条件下,刺参"参优1号"苗种的生长、存活、呼吸代谢及非特异性免疫酶活性差异,确定其适宜和最适盐度条件及其盐度适应机制。结果显示,盐度为23~40时,30 d苗种的存活率(SR)均为100%;盐度在16以下时,苗种全部死亡。盐度为23~40时,苗种的特定生长率(SGR)为正值;盐度为29~37时,SGR较高,为0.9932%/d,盐度为20以下时,SGR降为负值。耗氧率(R_O)和排氨率(R_N)随盐度的变化呈现出以32为波谷"M"型变化,盐度为32条件下的R_O和R_N分别为0.0130和0.00138 mg/(g·h)。不同盐度组刺参的O:N值均为8左右,O:N值随盐度升高无显著差异。盐度的升高和降低会引起刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著升高(P<0.05),在苗种适应盐度胁迫过程中,各盐度组SOD活性的峰值一般在0 d出现,而ACP、AKP活性在第10天出现峰值,LZM活性的峰值在10~20 d。研究表明,刺参"参优1号"适宜的生长盐度为23~40,最适盐度范围为29~37,盐度变化会导致苗种呼吸代谢和免疫酶活性的变化,研究结果将为刺参"参优1号"苗种的推广提供科学依据。     

pH胁迫对中华绒螯蟹5种非特异性免疫指标的影响

测定了不同pH(4.5,6.0,7.5,9.0,10.5)胁迫1、4、7、10d后中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)血细胞呼吸爆发(RP)、血细胞破碎物上清液(HLS)酚氧化酶(PO)、血清溶菌酶(LSZ)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性的变化.结果表明:在pH胁迫后第1天,pH4.5组...     

盐度和溶解氧对刺参非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

测定了不同盐度(20、25、30、35、40)和不同溶氧水平(充空气,DO 7~9mg/L)充纯氧,DO15~20mg/L;不充气,DO 2~5mg/L)对刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化的影响。盐度试验结果表明,盐度急性变化会引起刺参体腔液ACP、AKP、LZM活性的升高和SOD活性降低,其中第10天时盐度对酶活性的影响最大。溶氧试验显示,过饱和溶氧(DO 15~20mg/L)可使刺参体腔液ACP、AKP、LZM、SOD活性维持在较高水平,不充气组(DO 2~5mg/L)刺参体腔液中ACP、AKP、LZM活性出现短暂升高。恢复性试验中,盐度20、25组对AKP活性和盐度20、40组对SOD活性的影响未恢复到初始水平,其余实验组均能恢复至初始水平,说明低盐对刺参免疫力的影响较大。充纯氧组刺参的AKP活性显著高于充空气组,表明高溶解氧水平在一定程度上提高了刺参免疫力。     

饲料中添加胆汁酸对军曹鱼生长及体组成的影响

在4组等氮等能的军曹鱼（Rachycentron canadum）实用饲料中分别添加不同梯度水平的胆汁酸（0,0.015%,0.030%和0.045%）,连续投喂初始体质量为（5.4±0.12）g的军曹鱼8周后,通过测定军曹鱼增重率（WGR,%）、特定生长率（SGR,%）和饲料系数（FCR）,并进行肝脏成分分析和血清分析,比较各组军曹鱼生长和体组成的影响。结果表明,添加水平为0.03%组的增重率高于对照组和0.015%添加组,饲料系数低于上述2组;军曹鱼血清胆固醇和肝脏脂肪的质量分数均与饲料中胆汁酸质量分数呈负相关;4组的成活率、特定生长率、全鱼和肌肉灰分、水分质量分数没有显著性差异。由此可见,饲料中添加胆汁酸能够促进军曹鱼的生长,并能降低脂肪在军曹鱼体内中的沉积。     

裙带菜和萱藻凝集素对刺参组织主要免疫酶活性的影响

研究刺参基础饲料中添加不同剂量裙带菜凝集素和萱藻凝集素对刺参酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。在基础饲料中分别添加0.58%、1.16%、2.32%裙带菜凝集素(质量分数);0.32%、0.64%、1.28%萱藻凝集素,以基础饲料饲组为对照,于投喂后第4、8、13、17天检测ACP、AKP、LSZ、CAT活性。结果显示,投喂17 d内,各实验组ACP活性随时间和剂量增加持续升高,ACP活性均高于对照组;LSZ活性则随时间延长持续升高,但萱藻凝集素各组活性在第17天有所下降,且LSZ活性与凝集素添加量成正比关系;裙带菜凝集素组CAT活性呈升高趋势,萱藻凝集素组呈先高后低规律变化。     

免疫增强剂对齐口裂腹鱼生长性能和免疫功能的影响

为探究饲料中添加免疫增强剂对齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)生长性能及免疫功能的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的枯草芽孢杆菌、酵母细胞壁多糖和酵母水解物,养殖初始体重(61.12±1.37) g的健康齐口裂腹鱼90 d。结果显示,相比对照组,枯草芽孢杆菌组和酵母细胞壁多糖实验组的齐口裂腹鱼增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著升高(P0.05),饵料系数(FCR)降低,且以酵母细胞壁多糖对提高齐口裂腹鱼生长性能效果最为明显。当添加剂量增加到0.3%时,酵母细胞壁多糖组增重率和特定生长率相比于其他两个梯度有显著性提高,而其他两个实验组差异不显著,酵母细胞水解物则能显著降低饵料系数;在免疫功能方面,3种免疫增强剂的3种浓度下,齐口裂腹鱼溶菌酶(LSZ)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且以芽孢杆菌组效果最为显著,分别为(3.93±0.35)μg/mL和(153.34±1.50)μg/mg;而3个实验组碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性与对照组相比差异不显著,且不同剂量组间不存在显著差异(P0.05)。当添加量为0.1%时,酵母细胞壁多糖组和酵母提取物组酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性均显著低于对照组,当添加量为0.3%时,3个实验组酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,酵母细胞壁多糖对促进齐口裂腹鱼生长效果最好,而枯草芽孢杆菌对提高鱼类的免疫功能最好。     

盐度对金钱鱼幼鱼消化酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以金钱鱼(Scatophagus argus)幼鱼为研究对象,研究了盐度对其内脏团消化酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响。试验设5个盐度(5、10、20、30、35)处理组,养殖70 d后,测定各组试验鱼内脏团消化酶和抗氧化酶的活性。结果表明,盐度对金钱鱼消化酶(脂肪酶除外)和3种抗氧化酶活性影响显著(P0.05)。胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均随盐度的升高而降低(P0.05);脂肪酶活性随盐度升高的变化不显著(P0.05)。超氧化物歧化酶SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px的活性随盐度的升高而降低(P0.05);当盐度为5和30时,过氧化氢酶CAT活性最高。通过对试验结果进行分析,得出金钱鱼幼鱼养殖适宜的盐度范围为5～10。     

军曹鱼幼鱼对吡哆醇的需要量

以初始体重(3.23±0.06)g的军曹鱼为研究对象,以酪蛋白(不含维生素)、明胶、鱼肉浓缩蛋白为蛋白源,在基础饲料中分别添加0、2、4、8、16和32mgPN/kg,配制出6种实验饲料,使饲料中吡哆醇的水平分别达到0.22、1.89、3.87、7.54、14.75和29.88mgPN/kg,研究军曹鱼对吡哆醇的需要量。养殖实验在室内流水系统中(250L)进行,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放养军曹鱼25尾。养殖实验过程中,海水盐度为30～34,水温28～32℃,溶氧>7mg/L,养殖实验持续9周。实验结果显示,在0.22～3.87mgPN/kg水平范围内,随着饲料中吡哆醇含量的升高,实验鱼特定生长率显著升高,当饲料吡哆醇水平达到或高于3.87mg/kg时,各饲料组实验鱼的特定生长率(2.68～2.71%/d)无显著差异,而都显著高于0.22和1.89mg/kg饲料组的特定生长率(1.17～2.06%/d)P<0.05)。军曹鱼肝脏吡哆醇含量、吡哆醛含量、谷丙转氨酶活力、谷草转氨酶活力均与特定生长率有相似的变化趋势,即在3.87mg/kg饲料组接近或者达到最大值,在达到或超过3.87mg/kg时达到或近似达到一...     

投喂频率对池塘工程化循环水养殖大口黑鲈生长、生理及肝脏GH、IGF-I基因表达丰度的影响

为研究池塘工程化循环水养殖模式下投喂频率对大口黑鲈(Micropterussalmoides)生长、生理及肝脏生长激素基因(GH)、类胰岛素生长因子-I基因(IGF-I)相对表达丰度的影响,选用初始体重为(5.0±0.4) g的大口黑鲈为研究对象,设置3个投喂频率组(2次/d、3次/d、4次/d),每组3个重复,开展为期120 d的养殖试验。结果表明,第30天和第60天时,大口黑鲈末体重、增重率和特定生长率均未受到投喂频率的显著影响(P0.05),而在第90天时, 2次/d组试验鱼的生长显著高于4次/d组(P0.05),与3次/d组相比无显著性差异(P0.05);第120天时, 2次/d组试验鱼的生长显著高于3次/d组和4次/d组(P0.05);投喂频率对血清谷氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性、溶菌酶、皮质醇和甘油三酯(TG)含量、肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量均无显著性影响(P0.05)。随着投喂频率的增加,肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及血清总蛋白(TP)、血糖(Glu)含量呈降低的趋势且血清总胆固醇(TC)呈上升的趋势;第30天时投喂频率对肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性无显著性影响,而第60天、第90天和第120天时,4次/d组T-SOD活性显著低于2次/d组(P0.05)。第30天、第60天和第120天时, 2次/d组肝脏IGF-I基因的相对表达量最高(P0.05),第90天时各组间肝脏IGF-I相对表达量无明显差异(P0.05);第30天和第60天时,肝脏GH基因相对表达量未受到投喂频率的影响(P0.05),而第90天和第120天时4次/d组肝脏GH基因相对表达量显著低于2次/d组(P0.05)。因此,基于大口黑鲈的生长性能、生理效应及肝脏GH、IGF-I基因表达丰度的综合考虑,池塘工程化循环水养殖模式下初始体重为(5.0±0.4)g的大口黑鲈适宜投喂频率为2次/d。     

盐度和营养盐胁迫对线形硬毛藻生长的影响

测定了在水温20和25℃条件下不同盐度(41.9‰、31.8‰、24.8‰、15.9‰、11.5‰和9.7‰)和极端营养盐(富含氮、磷和去除氮、磷)分别胁迫12 d后线形硬毛藻(Chaetomorpha linum)的生长情况。结果表明,在水温20和25℃时,盐度对线形硬毛藻特定生长率(SGR)均有显著影响,且该影响在两个温度组间没有显著差异(P0.05)。在盐度为31.8‰时,SGR达到最大值24.93%/d～25.14%/d。当盐度升高至41.9‰,SGR下降不显著。随着盐度降低,SGR下降。当盐度降至11.5‰时,SGR下降显著。当盐度≤15.9‰时,藻体在培养至第9天发生质壁分离。在水温20℃时极端营养盐对SGR具有显著影响,而在水温25℃时影响不显著。相对于氮、磷浓度,盐度可能是线形硬毛藻生长的限制因子。     

Effects of salinity on the physiological responses of the large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea under indoor culture conditions

The physiological responses to different environmental salinities were assessed in juveniles of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. This species shows a good capacity to adapt to comparatively low environmental salinities by evaluating some physiological responses, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and lysozyme (LZM) in the liver, spleen, gill and kidney respectively. Growth and survival at salinity 5‰, 10‰ and 25‰ were better than those at salinity 15‰ and 20‰. No significant differences in ACP, AKP, SOD and LZM in the liver were observed among different salinity treatments; SOD, AKP and LZM in the spleen among different treatments only showed significant differences at the beginning or the 2nd week; in the gill, no significant difference of AKP and LZM were observed during the whole experiment, SOD among different treatments showed significant difference at the beginning and the 8th week, and ACP only showed significant difference at the end of the experiment; in the kidney, significant differences in ACP, AKP and SOD among different salinities were merely observed at the end of experiment, and LZM showed significant difference among different treatments at the 2nd week. Overall, some slight stress responses were observed, but few significant differences were observed between low salinity and normal salinity, especially the growth and physiological functions were not influenced by low salinity, i.e. 5‰ and 10‰. We conclude that juvenile large yellow croaker is tolerant to low salinity and shows a potential for low salinity culture.     

Effects of Salinity on Growth and Energy Budget of Juvenile Cobia,Rachycentron canadum

The effects of salinity on the growth and energy budget of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, were evaluated. Triplicate tanks with ten fish per tank (initial weight 17.58 ± 0.26 g/fish, mean ± SD) reared at salinities of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ppt were fed with fresh squid to satiety for 15 d. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in daily ration level in wet weight (RL_w), dry weight (RL_d), and energy (RL_e) of the fish. There were also no significant variations in daily fecal production (f_e) and apparent digestibility coefficient of energy (ADC_e) among salinity treatments. Specific growth rates (SGRs) in wet weight (SGR_w), dry weight (SGR_d), and energy (SGR_e) showed domed curves relative to salinity. Quadratic regression analyses of SGR_w, SGR_d, and SGR_e against salinity indicated that the optimal salinity for maximal growth of juvenile cobia was 29.9, 29.9, and 28.5 ppt, respectively. Similar to the trend of SGR, food conversion efficiency for juvenile cobia in wet weight (FCE_w), dry weight (FCE_d), and energy (FCE_e) increased with the increases in salinity, maximized at 30 ppt, and then decreased when salinity reached 35 ppt.     

Effects of salinity on growth characteristics and osmoregulation of juvenile cobia,Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus 1766), reared in potassium‐amended inland saline groundwater

The suitability of inland saline groundwater as a medium to culture juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, was assessed. In the first experiment, juvenile cobia stocked in raw (unamended) saline groundwater at salinities of 5, 10, and 15 g/L exhibited complete mortality after 108, 176, and 195 hr, respectively. The second experiment evaluated the rearing of juvenile cobia (mean weight ~9.23 ± 0.12 g) in potassium (K⁺)‐amended saline groundwater (100% K⁺ fortified) and reconstituted seawater at salinities of 5, 10, and 15 g/L to assess growth and osmoregulation in distinct culture media. Following 60 days of culture, all fish survived the experimental period. Final mean bodyweight of cobia reared in K⁺‐amended saline groundwater (103.2–115.8 g) and seawater (111.2–113.8 g) of different salinities did not vary significantly (p > .05). No differences (p > .05) were observed in specific growth rate, weight gain (%), and feed conversion ratio between treatment groups. Serum osmolality increased with salinity and was significantly higher (p < .05) for fish in K⁺‐amended saline groundwater (353–361 mOsmol/Kg) than in reconstituted seawater (319–332 mOsmol/Kg), although differences were not observed between salinities by water type. Cobia stocked in saline groundwater of different salinities were osmoregulating normally, and the higher values observed may be because of variations in ionic composition and other interfering ions in saline groundwater. Trial results suggest that juvenile cobia can achieve optimal growth in K⁺‐amended saline groundwater of low and intermediate salinities.     

盐度突降对拟穴青蟹仔蟹生长发育和Na＋／K＋-ATP酶活性的影响

研究了盐度（6、13、20、27和33）对拟穴青蟹仔蟹（Scylla paramamosain）生长发育和Na＋/K＋-ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明,盐度对拟穴青蟹仔蟹特定生长率（甲宽和体重）、C3蜕壳间期、甲宽增量（C1至C2和C2至C3）及Na＋/K＋-ATP酶活性有显著影响（P〈0．05）,但对仔蟹存活率、C2蜕壳间期及C3至C4甲宽增量无显著影响（P〉0．05）.盐度13处理组特定生长率最高、蜕壳间期最短,盐度69．1：理组特定生长率最低,但与盐度20、27和33处理组无显著差异（P〉0．05）,而盐度33处理组蜕壳间期的延长降低了其生长速度;除C1蜕壳为C2的甲宽增量以盐度20处理组最大外,C2、C3蜕壳后的甲宽增量均为盐度13处理组最大;不同盐度条件下,仔蟹Na＋／K＋-ATP酶活性在实验开始后12h、48h、168h和264h时分别表现为盐度6〉13〉20〉27〉33、6〉13〉27〉20〉33、6〉13〉20〉27〉33和6〉13〉33〉20〉27的趋势,低盐环境下酶活性的升高可能有助于拟穴青蟹仔蟹对低渗环境的调节。试验结果表明,拟穴青蟹C1～C3的适宜盐度下限为13以上,C3后对低盐环境的适应能力明显增强,可在盐度6以上的低盐度环境中正常生长。     

盐度对四指马鲅(Eleutheronema tetradactylum)幼鱼生长及其鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的影响

采用盐度渐变的方法,研究了盐度2、10、18、26、34共5个梯度对四指马鲅幼鱼(7.82± 0.43 g)生长及其鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的影响.结果表明,盐度对四指马鲅幼鱼的生长和存活均有不同程度的影响.在实验盐度范围内,随着盐度的升高,四指马鲅幼鱼的最终体重、特定增长率(SGR)、日增重(DWG)、增重率(GBW)和增长率(GBL)均出现逐渐降低的趋势,且部分盐度组间差异显著(P＜0.05),其中上述各项指标中,盐度2组均最高,与盐度10组差异不显著(P＞0.05),而与盐度18、26、34组存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),盐度34组显著低于其他盐度组(P＜0.05);幼鱼的饲料系数随盐度升高逐渐增大,且部分盐度组间差异显著(P＜0.05).在成活率方面,除盐度34组的成活率为72.2%,显著低于其他盐度组外(P＜0.05),其他各盐度组成活率均达到90%以上.盐度对四指马鲅幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶也存在一定影响,经过3 d的盐度驯化后,实验第0天部分盐度组幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的活力有显著差异,其中盐度 34 组显著高于其他组(P＜0.05),盐度 18、26 组显著低于其他组(P＜0.05).实验开始后到第10天,盐度2、10、34组幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的活力有所降低,此后,各盐度组幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的活力趋于稳定.经过30d的养殖发现,盐度34组幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的活力最高,显著高于其他组(P＜0.05),而盐度2、10组幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的活力略低于盐度18、26组,但差异并不显著(P＞0.05).从以上结果可见,盐度对四指马鲅幼鱼的生长和鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力有一定影响.     

盐度对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼血清渗透压、离子含量及鳃丝 Na+/K+-ATP 酶活力的影响

研究了急性盐度胁迫对7月龄俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)幼鱼[体质量(86.1±18)g]鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力、血清渗透压和血清离子(Na+、K+、Cl-)的影响。结果表明:幼鱼从淡水直接转入盐度15、20、25水中,96h死亡率分别为72.22%、100%、100%,其他组(盐度0、5、10)无死亡。各盐度组96h血清渗透压、Na+、Cl-浓度随盐度升高而增加,且各盐度组显著高于对照组(P0.05),盐度15组最高,盐度5、10组间各指标不存在显著差异(P0.05)。盐度组血清K+离子在48h中较对照组均显著降低(P0.05),96h时有所回升但仍低于对照组,盐度15与盐度5、10相比血清K+离子有显著性差异(P0.05),盐度5、10之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。盐度组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力呈先下降后上升变化,48h为最低,与对照组有显著性差异(P0.05),96h时盐度5、10组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力与对照组及组间无显著差异(P0.05),盐度15与对照组及盐度5、10均有显著差异(P0.05)。96h幼鱼的等渗点为303.2mOsm·kg-1,相当于盐度10.06,而Na+及Cl-等离子点分别为146.1mmol·L-1和136.8mmol·L-1,分别相当于盐度9.02和8.95。与盐度15组相比,盐度10及其以下处理组各项检测指标变化幅度相对较小,在幼鱼渗透调节范围之内,盐度10中养殖15d后各项指标与淡水组差异较小,因此7月龄俄罗斯鲟幼鱼已具备在盐度10及以下的咸水中生活的能力,但不能耐受高于10的盐度。     

盐度胁迫及昼夜变化对鲻鱼幼鱼消化酶活力的影响

研究了S0（盐度为0）、S10、S20、S33（对照）和S40 5个盐度梯度14d内盐度胁迫及其昼夜变化对鲻鱼（Mugil cephalus）幼鱼蛋白酶和淀粉酶比活力的影响。结果显示：1）盐度胁迫对鲻鱼幼鱼的消化酶活力有显著影响（P〈0．05）。不同盐度的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的变化规律都是在第0天～第7天升高,第7天～第14天降低,最终时（第14天）S0～S33蛋白酶活力呈上升趋势,S33～S40下降;S0～S20淀粉酶活力差异不显著（P〉0．05）,S20～S33呈上升,S33～S40下降,且差异显著（P〈0．05）;2）对鲻鱼幼鱼消化酶活性昼夜变化的测定表明,蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性的最高值分别在12：00和15：00,最低值均出现在6：00。因此,夜间设置定时投喂,可促进鱼类快速健康生长。     

Effect of dietary lysozyme on growth,immune response,intestine microbiota,intestine morphology and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophilia in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

A 75 days experiment was conducted in a flow‐through system on juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) (3.43 ± 0.01 g) to evaluate the effects of dietary lysozyme on growth performance, intestine morphology, microbiota and immune response. Four isonitrogenous (crude protein: 367 g kg^?1) isolipid (62 g kg^?1) and isocaloric (gross energy: 17.92 kJ g^?1) diets were formulated to contain 0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg kg^?1 lysozyme, respectively. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) increased at 1000 mg kg^?1 lysozyme. Blood leucocyte phagocytic activity (PA) and serum lysozyme (LZM) decreased with dietary lysozyme on day 25, 50 and 75. There were no significant differences in alternative complement pathway (ACP), respiratory burst (ROS), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx) or malonaldehyde (MDA). After Aeromonas hydrophilia challenge, higher survival was obtained at 500 mg kg^?1 group. PA, ROS, SOD, LZM and ACP increased with increasing dietary lysozyme, while MDA reversed. Goblet cells in mid‐intestine and microvilli height in distal intestine increased with dietary lysozyme on day 75. Dietary lysozyme reduced the diversity of intestine microbiota. In conclusion, oral administration of 500 mg kg^?1 dietary lysozyme for 75 days is recommended for the survival of gibel carp and 1000 mg kg^?1 dietary lysozyme for fast growth.     

Effects of dietary probiotic on the growth performance,non‐specific immunity and disease resistance of cobia,Rachycentron canadum

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of a commercially available probiotic product (compound probiotic) containing Bacillus subtilis 7.0 × 10⁹ CFU g^?1, Bacillus licheniformis 3.0 × 10⁹ CFU g^?1, Lactobacillus spp. 5.0 × 10⁸ CFU g^?1 and Arthrobacter spp. 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU g^?1 on the growth performance, non‐specific immunity and protection against Vibrio harveyi infection in cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Fish were fed diets containing six graded levels of compound probiotic (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g kg^?1) for 8 weeks. The results showed that the survival rate ranged from 81.1% to 84.4% with no significant difference among dietary treatments (P > 0.05) after feeding experiment. Dietary compound probiotic significantly increased the specific growth rate (SGR), serum lysozyme, alternative complement pathway (ACP) activity, phagocytosis percentage (PP) and respiratory burst activity of head‐kidney macrophages of cobia. Moreover, feeding of supplemented diets containing compound probiotic resulted in significantly lower mortality against the pathogens Vibrio harveyi compared with the control group. To elevate the growth and immune resistance ability of cobia, an optimal dose of dietary compound probiotic administration determined by second‐order polynomial regression analysis was 3.3 g kg^?1, on the basis of the SGR and mortality after challenge with V. harveyi.     

Effects of manganese on juvenile mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) cultured in water with varying salinity—Implications for inland mariculture

The effects of 5 mg/L of dissolved manganese on juvenile mulloway at salinities of 5, 15 and 45 ppt were determined by comparing their survival, growth and blood plasma and organ chemistry with those of fish grown at the same salinities without manganese addition. Survival of mulloway at 45 ppt in the presence of 5 mg/L of manganese (73 ± 13%) was significantly lower than all other treatments, which achieved 100% survival. Those fish grown in water without manganese exhibited rapid growth, which was not affected by salinity (SGR = 4.05 ± 0.29%/day). Those fish grown at 5 ppt and 45 ppt in the presence of manganese lost weight over the 2-week trial (SGR − 0.17 ± 0.42 and − 0.44 ± 0.83%/day, respectively), whilst those at 15 ppt gained some weight (SGR 1.70 ± 0.20%/day). Manganese accumulated in the gills, liver and muscle of the fish and significant differences in blood plasma chemistry were observed. Blood plasma sodium and chloride of fish exposed to manganese were significantly elevated in hyperosmotic salinity (45 ppt) and depressed at hyposmotic salinity (5 ppt) compared with unexposed fish at the same salinity; consistent with manganese causing apoptosis or necrosis to chloride cells. We did not, however, observe any gill epithelial damage under light microscopy. Blood plasma potassium was significantly elevated at all salinities in the presence of manganese and liver potassium and glycogen reduced. These findings are consistent with manganese interfering with carbohydrate metabolism.