日本黄姑鱼人工繁殖及苗种培育技术的初步研究

日本黄姑鱼Nibea japonica(Temminck et schlegle),俗称白鮸,为石首鱼科黄姑鱼属的近海中下层鱼类,分布于我国的东海、南海及日本南部沿海[朱元鼎等,1968]。其肉味鲜美,含脂量高,营养丰富,在日本市场上被视为高级鱼类,价格高于鰤鱼。近年来,我国的海水鱼网箱养殖业方兴未艾,而日本黄姑鱼由于生长迅速,病害少,易于养殖,当年即可达商品鱼规格,经济效益显著,成为海水鱼网箱养殖诸多品种之佼佼者,备受养殖业者欢迎。但其海区野生苗种来源有限,且规格不一,品种不纯,阻碍了大规模生产的发展。因此,开展日本黄姑鱼人工育苗,已成为水产科研部门与养殖业者共同关注与亟待解决的问题。     

日本黄姑鱼人工繁殖 及苗种培育技术的初步研究

日本黄姑鱼Nibea japonica(Temminck etSchlegel)俗称白(鱼免),为石首鱼科黄姑鱼属的近海中下层鱼类,分布于我国的东海、南海及日本南部沿海。其肉味鲜美,含脂量高,营养丰富,在日本市场上被视为高级鱼类,价格高于鰤鱼。日本黄姑鱼由于生长迅速,病害少,易于养殖,当年即可达商品鱼规格,经济效益显著,成为海水鱼网箱养殖诸多品种之佼佼者,倍受养殖业者欢迎。但其海区野生苗种来源     

日本黄姑鱼育苗中的饵料问题

日本黄姑鱼（Nibea japonica），属鲈形目，石首鱼科，黄姑鱼属。其生长速度快，肉味鲜美，是为促进我省深水网箱养殖业的发展而从韩国引进的优良养殖鱼种。进行日本黄姑鱼大规模的工厂化人工育苗生产，如何保证充足适宜的饵料和在生产中的正确使用，已成为影响育苗成败的关键。     

日本黄姑鱼人工育苗试验

日本黄姑鱼(Argrrosomus japonicus)俗名巨鸣鱼,鲈形目,石首鱼科,黄姑鱼属,分布于我国的东海、南海及日本南部沿海.由于其生长快,产量高(不加增氧设施池塘可达4500 kg/hm2)病害少,耐粗饲,饵料系数低、易捕捞等优良品性,成为海水池塘易于养殖的又一新品种(当年可达商品鱼规格400～600g),因其肉丰味美,故在日本、韩国市场比较畅销,经济效益显著.     

福建沿海网箱养殖鮸状黄姑鱼的鉴别

鮸状黄姑鱼(Nibea miichthioides)隶属于鲈形目,石首鱼科,黄姑鱼属,系近海底层肉食性鱼类,分布于台湾海峡和南海,成鱼的外形和体色略似鮸鱼属的鮸鱼(Miichthysmiiuy),所以福建沿海渔民称之为白鮸或鮸鲈。该鱼肉味鲜美,含脂量高,营养丰富,主要销往台湾、港澳和日本等地。鮸状黄姑鱼是一种个体大、生长很快的海水网箱养殖对象,通常5月放苗到春节前(共8个月)平均体重500g以上,大的可达850g,16个月平均体重     

黄姑鱼室内循环水养殖系统设施和养殖技术

<正>黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)属石首鱼科、黄姑鱼属,为近海暖温性中下层经济鱼类,分布于中国、朝鲜半岛和日本南部沿海,是我国重要的经济鱼类。其营养丰富,味道鲜美,受到消费者的欢迎,浙南的市场价格在120～200元/千克,受到广大海水养殖从业者的青睐。目前,黄姑鱼的人工繁育技术已经突破,在浙江省沿海黄姑鱼主要为海上网箱养殖和海水围塘混养模式,养殖技术也取得了进展并逐步完善。课题组开发了低成本     

(鱼免)状黄姑鱼人工网箱养殖获得成功

鮸状黄姑鱼属鲈形目,石首科,黄姑鱼属。因为它体带银灰色,与鮸鱼较相似,故群众称为“白鮸”。并进行人工网箱养殖获得成功。 鮸状黄姑鱼鱼苗捕获后,这几年都是采用网箱进行养殖。该鱼为肉食性鱼类,喜欢摄食小鱼,小虾及底栖小动物等。人工养殖,鱼苗阶段一般每天要投喂     

黄姑鱼室内水泥池规模化生态育苗试验

<正>黄姑鱼(Niben albiftora Richardson),系石首鱼科,黄姑鱼属。近年来由于资源的日渐枯竭,野生黄姑鱼变得稀有,价格有了大幅的提高,而且黄姑鱼具有适应能力强、抗病力高、生长快等特点,能够满足网箱、鱼塘等多种形式的养殖需要,很受养殖户的喜爱,为调整和优化养殖品种结构的优质鱼种。国内对黄姑鱼人工繁育技术已有较多的研究报道,育苗模式有类似大黄鱼的室内水泥池育     

浅色黄姑鱼人工育苗技术

浅色黄姑鱼(Nibea coibor)俗名白奈,金丝(?),隶属于鲈形目,石首鱼科,黄姑鱼属。该鱼肉质细嫩,口感独特,味道鲜美,其鳔是名贵的中药补品。浅色黄姑鱼属于温水性的鱼类,适温范围8-33℃,最适生长水温为24-29℃,产卵水温24-28℃,性成熟年龄为龄,生长适盐范围10-40。为探讨浅色黄姑鱼的人工繁殖和育苗技术,笔者于2002-2003年对浅色黄姑鱼的人工育苗技术进行试验研究,现介绍如下。     

黄姑鱼和日本黄姑鱼染色体核型的比较

采用PHA体内直接注射法制备了黄姑鱼Nibea albiflora和日本黄姑鱼N.japonica肾组织的染色体制片,并对两种鱼的核型进行了比较分析.结果表明,黄姑鱼的核型公式为:2n=48t,NF=48;日本黄姑鱼的核型公式为:2n=48t,NF=48.黄姑鱼染色体相对长度最长为5.94±0.33,最短为3.06±0.20;日本黄姑鱼染色体相对长度最长为5.68±0.22,最短为2.66±0.14.收集文献报道的石首鱼科鱼类的核型研究资料,包括双棘黄姑鱼N.diacanthus、(鱼免)状黄姑鱼N.miichthioides、大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea的核型,应用核型进化距离聚类分析方法研究了这5种石首鱼科鱼类的亲缘关系.结果表明,黄姑鱼和双棘黄姑鱼以及(鱼免)状黄姑鱼和日本黄姑鱼的亲缘关系较近,大黄鱼与(鱼免)状黄姑鱼的亲缘关系最远,核型进化距离聚类分析在一定程度上反映了这5种鱼的亲缘关系和进化历程.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.