硼利用效率不同的柑橘砧木光合性能差异研究

【目的】 通过研究枳橙砧木 (硼不敏感型) 和枳壳砧木 (硼敏感型) 对不同硼浓度处理的反应,重点揭示两种柑橘砧木硼利用效率、光合性能及产物的差异。 【方法】 采用营养液培养的方法,设置 B0 (B0)、2 (B2)、5 (B5)、10 (B10) 和 50 μmol/L (B50) 5 个硼浓度对枳橙和枳壳砧木进行培养,通过测定植株硼含量,叶片中不同形态硼、色素含量,光合速率及糖类物质含量,探讨不同砧木硼利用效率及光合性能的差异。 【结果】 在相同硼浓度条件下,枳橙砧木植株的硼利用效率均大于枳壳砧木,不施硼时,枳橙的硼利用效率较枳壳砧木高 38.6%;两种砧木半束缚态硼/自由态硼的比值 (R) ,在各个硼处理中,枳壳砧木的 R 值均低于枳橙砧木,即枳橙砧木在细胞水平上的硼利用能力大于枳壳砧木;缺硼会降低枳壳和枳橙砧木叶绿素 a (Chl a)、叶绿素 b (Chl b) 和类胡萝卜素 (Car) 等光合色素的含量,其中枳壳砧木受缺硼影响较大,且不施硼显著降低了这两种砧木的净光合速率,相同硼水平条件下,枳橙砧木的净光合速率显著高于枳壳砧木 (B10 除外) ;两种砧木叶片可溶性糖、果糖和淀粉含量在 B0 时均高于其他处理,B0、B2 及 B5 处理,枳壳砧木叶片可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖均显著高于枳橙砧木。 【结论】 枳橙砧木在植株水平和细胞水平的硼效率均高于枳壳砧木,光合特性和光合产物积累的不同或许是两者硼效率差异的一个关键因子。      

不同梨砧木对缺铁胁迫的生理响应差异研究

【目的】 旨在通过探究缺铁胁迫下不同梨砧木幼苗体内铁分配规律及有机酸种类和含量的差异,为培育铁高效利用梨砧木提供理论依据。 【方法】 以三种不同梨砧木,杜梨Ⅰ (湖北杜梨HB-Pyrus betulaefolia)、杜梨Ⅱ (郑州杜梨ZZ-Pyrus betulaefolia) 、山梨 (黑龙江山梨HS-Pyrus ussuriensis) 幼苗为试材,进行水培试验。以Hogland营养液为基础,在其他养分含量不变的情况下,设两个Fe水平1和40 μmol/L,分别代表缺铁胁迫和正常供铁。在砧木幼苗培养21天后,测定了幼苗活性铁和全铁元素含量、根系构型及各部位不同种类有机酸的含量。 【结果】 缺铁胁迫下,杜梨Ⅰ茎叶中活性铁/全铁比例是杜梨Ⅱ的2.80倍和2.94倍, 是山梨的3.29倍和2.05倍,其叶中的活性铁和全铁积累量分别达到15.71 mg/plant和78.82 mg/plant。缺铁胁迫下,杜梨Ⅱ和山梨的倒一叶叶绿素含量下降幅度显著高于杜梨Ⅰ。三种梨砧木幼苗体内柠檬酸含量最高,其次是苹果酸,这两种酸占有机酸总量的74.8%以上。与正常供铁相比,缺铁胁迫下山梨根和叶中苹果酸含量提高了4.70和1.69倍,分别达到0.96 mg/g和4.80 mg/g,显著高于杜梨Ⅰ和杜梨Ⅱ,而杜梨根和叶中的柠檬酸含量较高,尤其是杜梨Ⅰ品种,达到4.02 mg/g和11.98 mg/g。 【结论】 三种梨砧木对铁的吸收和运输存在较大差异。杜梨Ⅰ根系吸收能力较强,根和叶中活性铁含量及积累量均较高,因而耐缺铁。缺铁胁迫下,两种杜梨根系中主要合成柠檬酸而山梨主要合成苹果酸,可能是山梨对缺铁敏感的机制之一。      

不同柑橘砧木对锰过量胁迫的耐受性及生理响应

  【目的】  土壤pH影响土壤锰 (Mn) 有效性,酸性土壤易出现Mn过量问题,我国柑橘主要分布在南方红黄壤区,柑橘园酸性或强酸性土壤比例高,柑橘园土壤Mn过量较普遍。为此,我们研究了4种柑橘砧木对Mn过量胁迫的耐受性和生理响应,以期为Mn过量土壤上适宜砧木的选择提供依据。  【方法】  选用枳、资阳香橙、红橘和沙田柚4种常用柑橘砧木苗为材料,采用蛭石与珍珠岩1∶1的基质进行了营养液栽培试验,营养液中Mn处理包括0.01 (对照)、0.05、0.25、1.25和6.25 mmol/L 5个浓度。观察砧木苗的生长反应和中毒症状,处理60天时,测定叶绿素含量和光合参数;处理67天终止处理,测定砧木苗生长量、生物量、过氧化物酶活性、营养元素含量等生理生化指标,并用隶属函数对砧木过量锰的耐受性进行综合评价。  【结果】  柑橘砧木苗出现锰中毒的症状为叶片失绿,出现褐色坏死斑点;根量变少,呈现褐色斑点。4种砧木苗均在Mn 0.25 mmol/L处理时出现Mn中毒症状,其中枳最先出现症状且最严重,资阳香橙最迟出现症状且最轻;4种砧木在Mn 0.05 mmol/L处理时即出现Mn过量胁迫,表现为地上部和地下部鲜重和干重显著下降,根冠比升高 (红橘除外)、叶绿素含量下降、净光合速率降低、气孔开度下降、胞间CO₂浓度上升。Mn过量 (> 0.05 mmol/L) 胁迫使4种砧木叶片细胞膜受损,相对电导率和MDA含量上升;清除活性氧的SOD和POD活性上升,CAT活性下降。Mn过量胁迫影响柑橘砧木的营养元素吸收和转运,叶片和根系Mn含量上升,但随Mn胁迫浓度升高,Mn从根系到叶片的迁移率先降低后升高;Mn过量胁迫使砧木叶片K、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn元素含量下降,根系K、P、Fe、Zn含量上升而Ca、Mg含量下降。  【结论】  不同砧木对Mn过量胁迫耐受性存在明显的差异,综合评价耐性强弱顺序为:资阳香橙 > 沙田柚 > 红橘 > 枳,高锰土壤的柑橘园可选用资阳香橙做砧木以减轻锰害。     

镁对槟榔幼苗光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

【目的】研究不同供镁水平对槟榔幼苗叶片叶绿体超微结构及光合特性的影响,为槟榔的平衡施肥矫治技术和高产优质栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以三叶龄‘热研1号’槟榔幼苗为试材进行了沙培试验。采用1/2 MS完全营养液,即对照处理Mg浓度为0.75 mmol/L,缺Mg (–Mg) 和高Mg (+Mg) 处理分别为不添加Mg和添加Mg 2.25 mmol/L。幼苗生长5个月后,取样测定槟榔幼苗非结构性碳水化合物含量、蔗糖合成酶 (SS) 和蔗糖磷酸合成酶 (SPS) 活性、叶绿素荧光动力学参数,观测叶绿体超微结构。【结果】1) 缺镁处理导致槟榔叶绿素相对含量 (SPAD)、光系统Ⅱ (PSⅡ) 的最大光化学效率F_v/F_m、实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)和光化学淬灭系数qP显著降低,而高镁处理组与对照差异不显著;2) 缺镁处理槟榔叶片的可溶性糖、蔗糖含量较对照均显著升高,而淀粉含量显著降低;高镁处理组淀粉含量显著高于对照组,但可溶性糖和蔗糖含量差异不显著;3) 缺镁胁迫致使叶绿体膜解体,基粒片层大部分消失,类囊体片层结构断裂,噬锇颗粒数目增多;高镁处理时叶绿体发生变形,叶绿体膜模糊,基粒片层部分消失,噬锇颗粒和淀粉粒增多。【结论】缺镁胁迫下,槟榔幼苗叶绿体超微结构发生变异,叶绿素合成及碳代谢受阻,光合效率降低,而高镁处理对槟榔叶片的影响显著小于缺镁处理。     

膜下滴灌水稻基因型耐缺铁性评价

【目的】新疆生产建设兵团采用膜下滴灌技术后,水稻缺铁黄化现象较为严重,研究该条件下水稻对缺铁反应的基因型差异,可为耐缺铁性水稻基因型的筛选和分类提供可靠的理论依据。 【方法】以六个水稻基因型为研究材料,采用膜下滴灌技术管理。在水稻幼苗期、分蘖期和成熟期随机采样,测定不同基因型水稻的分蘖数、生物量、产量以及铁含量,利用隶属函数分析和聚类分析研究了水稻在全生育期对缺铁胁迫反应的基因型差异。 【结果】水稻在幼苗期、分蘖期和成熟期对缺铁的反应存在基因型差异。在幼苗期水稻基因型 T-04 和 T-05 的叶片活性铁含量显著低于其他基因型;T-201 在幼苗期叶片活性铁、地上部铁的分配,分蘖期叶片铁含量和地上部干物质均较高;在分蘖期 T-04 铁的转移能力最小,但是 T-04 的分蘖数较高;在成熟期 T-04 的有效分蘖与其他基因型差异不显著,T-04 的产量处于中等水平,但是其籽粒铁的收获指数低于其他基因型水稻。聚类分析显示耐缺铁水稻基因型 T-43 的各指标高于其他基因型。 【结论】在水稻的幼苗期和分蘖期叶片铁的有效利用和自身铁的转移保证了水稻的生长和较高有效穗数,根据全生育期水稻铁营养效率和产量的基因型差异初步确定 T-43 耐缺铁能力较强,T-04 为对缺铁敏感的水稻基因型。     

缺铁胁迫对草莓幼苗光合特性及细胞器铁含量的影响

为了探讨缺铁胁迫对草莓（Fragaria ananassa Duch.）幼苗的光合特性及细胞器铁含量的影响,本研究选取4个草莓品种（红颜、 章姬、 甜查理、 童子一号）幼苗,采用溶液培养方法,设置Fe（Ⅱ）-EDTA浓度为0 mol/L、 110-4 mol/L两组处理,分别于处理后0、 4、 8、 12、 16 d对其叶绿素含量（SPAD）、 光合速率（Pn）、 叶绿体铁含量、 根系线粒体铁含量以及叶片铁含量、 根系铁含量、 生物量进行分析。结果表明,缺铁胁迫显著降低草莓幼苗叶绿素含量、 光合速率、 叶绿体铁含量、 叶片铁含量、 根系铁含量、 生物量,并且不同品种间差异达显著水平（P0.05）;缺铁胁迫对根系细胞线粒体铁含量影响较小。草莓的叶绿体铁含量与叶片铁含量、 叶片净光合速率和生物量呈极显著正相关（r=0.93**, r=0.87**, r= 0.72**）, 根系线粒体铁含量与叶片铁含量、 叶片净光合速率和生物量呈极显著正相关或显著正相关（r= 0.83**, r= 0.72**, r= 0.52*）。本试验条件下,供试草莓品种红颜受缺铁胁迫的影响大于其他3个品种。     

缺硼条件下两种不同砧木“纽荷尔”脐橙矿质元素含量变化的比较

采用溶液培养试验,研究了缺硼对两种不同砧木纽荷尔脐橙硼、锌、钙、镁和钾元素含量变化。结果表明,缺硼显著降低了枳壳砧木纽荷尔脐橙体内硼含量而对锌含量影响不大; 相反,缺硼对枳橙砧木脐橙体内硼含量的影响不是很大,而显著降低了其叶片中锌的含量。这可能是缺硼条件下枳壳砧木脐橙容易出现缺硼症状,而枳橙砧木脐橙容易出现缺锌症状的原因之一。与对照相比,缺硼处理的枳壳砧木脐橙叶的钙含量明显增加; 而根的钾含量明显高于枳橙砧木橙根。这些结果与枳壳砧木脐橙对硼更敏感有一定的关系。缺硼对镁含量的影响两种砧木间基本没有差异。     

硅促进盐胁迫下黄瓜NHX1基因表达及Na+在液泡中的区隔化效应

  【目的】   硅可提高植物的耐盐性，但不同植物中硅提高耐盐性的机理并不相同。探究硅对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的氧化损伤、Na+积累和激素水平的影响，以阐明硅提高黄瓜耐盐性的机制。   【方法】   以基因型为Mch-4的黄瓜幼苗为试材，进行水培试验。营养液中NaCl的胁迫浓度为65 mmol/L，施硅水平为Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O 0.3 mmol/L。在处理10天后，测定黄瓜幼苗生物量、Na+含量与分配、Na+转运相关基因表达水平及激素含量。   【结果】   施硅可改善盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的生长，减轻植株的氧化损伤。硅对盐胁迫下黄瓜根系和叶片Na+含量无明显影响，可显著降低根和叶中质膜Na+/H+反向转运蛋白基因SOS1的表达量，对高亲和力钾转运蛋白基因HKT1的表达均影响不大，但促进了液泡膜Na+/H+反向转运蛋白基因NHX1的表达。对盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片Na+的亚细胞定位发现，硅处理使叶绿体中Na+含量下降，而液泡中Na+含量升高。硅处理提高了盐胁迫植株根和叶片中赤霉素、生长素和细胞分裂素的水平。   【结论】   施硅可提高液泡膜Na+/H+反向转运蛋白基因NHX1的表达，将Na+区隔化于液泡中，进而降低叶绿体中的Na+含量，缓解盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的氧化损伤；硅还诱导产生了较多的赤霉素、生长素和细胞分裂素，其调控Na+积累和黄瓜幼苗的氧化损伤的机理还需进一步研究。     

铁肥虹吸输液对缺铁失绿苹果叶片光合生理指标和荧光参数的影响

为了进一步探索矫正苹果缺铁失绿症途径,采用铁肥虹吸输液方法,研究了铁肥虹吸输液对缺铁黄化叶片复绿,叶片解剖结构、 色素含量、 光合生理指标和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,虹吸输液处理的复绿苹果叶片单个细胞叶绿体数目比对照增加了3.6个,淀粉粒有所减少;叶绿体内基粒结构更清晰、 垛叠增多;线粒体内嵴数量增多、 清晰度提高;叶绿体和线粒体的被膜结构得到修复。虹吸输铁后失绿程度由2.00级恢复到0.49级;铁肥虹吸输液显著提高了叶片的光合速率、 气孔导度,降低了细胞间隙的CO2浓度。输铁处理其PSⅡ原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）和PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）均为最高。缺铁失绿苹果叶片叶绿素a、 叶绿素b含量分别比未输液对照增加2.97倍和3.18 倍。说明采取铁肥虹吸输液的方法能够矫正苹果缺铁失绿症。     

干旱胁迫下钾素对甘薯碳水化合物及内源激素含量的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫下施钾量对不同生长时期甘薯碳水化合物及内源激素含量的影响,为甘薯的抗旱高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】选用食用型甘薯品种‘泰中6号’为材料,以硫酸钾（K₂SO₄）为供试肥料,水分处理设土壤最大持水量的60%～70%和30%～40%,依次代表正常供水（W1）和干旱胁迫（W0）;钾肥设K0、K1、K2、K3四个水平,K₂O用量分别为0、120、240和360 kg/hm2。分析了不同生长时期甘薯干物质含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量、内源激素含量及收获期块根产量。【结果】干旱胁迫下甘薯植株干物质含量、块根和淀粉产量显著降低,施钾有利于甘薯植株干物质含量的提高、块根的膨大和淀粉的生成和积累,甘薯植株和块根干物质含量、块根淀粉含量和积累量最大均为K2处理,较K0提高幅度最大分别达到31.7%、43.6%、10.6%和50.6%。相同钾用量条件下,干旱胁迫下块根单薯重显著高于正常灌水,单株结薯数显著低于正常灌水。正常灌水条件下施钾后甘薯叶片可溶性糖含量降低,而块根可溶性糖含量升高,干旱胁迫下施钾使甘薯叶片和块根可溶性糖含量增大,较K0提高幅度最高分别达到31.4%和36.0%。干旱胁迫下施钾后甘薯叶片和块根IAA、ABA、ZR和GA含量显著增大,较K0提高幅度最高分别达到12.7%、15.7%、12.0%、10.4%和21.4%、15.6%、65.7%、13.0%,促进了甘薯植株碳水化合物含量和干重的提高,块根淀粉积累速率增大。【结论】干旱胁迫下施钾促进了干物质向块根的分配,提高了甘薯块根单薯重,从而增加了单位面积甘薯块根产量。干旱胁迫下钾素提高甘薯块根和叶片内源激素（ABA、IAA、ZR、GA）含量,块根内源激素含量的增加促进了块根淀粉的合成和积累,叶片内源激素含量的增加促进了地上部茎叶生长、茎叶干物质积累和叶片可溶性糖含量的增加,增强了甘薯的抗旱性。     

EFFECT OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS ON LEAF MINERAL COMPOSITION OF ‘OKITSU’, ‘CLAUSELLINA’, AND ‘SILVERHILL’ MANDARIN CULTIVARS

Citrus performance is strongly related with rootstock. This study was conducted to investigate leaf nutrient contents of ‘Okitsu’, ‘Clausellina’ and ‘Silverhill’ mandarin cultivars budded onto sour orange, ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ citrange rootstocks in Dörtyol, Turkey in 2004 and 2005. The maximum nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and copper (Cu) contents were determined for ‘Clausellina’; phosphorus (P) for ‘Okitsu’; and sodium (Na) for ‘Silverhill’. Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) uptake were similar for the mandarin cultivars. ‘Carrizo’ citrange at N, K, Mg, Mn, and Cu uptake; ‘Troyer’ citrange at N, P, K, and Fe uptake; and common sour orange at Ca, Zn, and Na uptake was superior on the other rootstocks. It was observed that ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ citrange rootstocks had advantages over sour orange in nutrient uptake. Thus, growth performance, yield, and quality parameters considered, ‘Carrizo’ and/or ‘Troyer’ citranges could be suggested as rootstocks for the studied mandarin cultivars under similar ecological conditions.     

不同砧木对脐橙幼树生长和叶片养分含量变化的影响

以体细胞杂种红桔+枳和红桔+粗柠檬、有性杂种Troyer枳橙和Sweingel枳柚作砧木的脐橙2年生嫁接苗为试材,利用盆栽试验研究了不同砧木对苗木生长和叶片养分含量年动态变化的影响。结果表明,红桔+枳的生长势和花量明显地优于其它砧木,红桔+粗柠檬的生长和花量介于2种有性杂种之间;砧木基本上不影响叶片N、P、K、Mg和Mn含量年变化,但明显影响叶片Ca、Fe和Zn含量的年变化;在同一个生长期,不同砧木对叶片养分含量有明显的影响。此外本文还讨论了体细胞杂种砧木的利用价值。     

LEAF MINERAL COMPOSITION OF ‘NOVA’, ‘ROBINSON’ AND ‘FREMONT’ MANDARIN CULTIVARS ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS

Rootstock selection has a critical importance for mineral nutrition of budded cultivars. This study was conducted at the experimental farm of Mustafa Kemal University, Dörtyol, Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sour orange, Troyer and Carrizo citrange rootstocks on the leaf nutrient contents of ‘Nova’, ‘Robinson’, and ‘Fremont’ mandarin cultivars in the 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. Carrizo citrange was examined for nitrogen (N), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and manganese (Mn); Troyer citrange for iron (Fe); and sour orange for calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) were superior on the others. Nitrogen, phosphorus (P) and Mg levels of mandarin leaf budded on sour orange were under or just above the deficiency threshold. Potassium, Mn, and Zn content of ‘Robinson’; P, Ca and Fe content of ‘Fremont’; and Cu content of ‘Nova’ were statistically higher. Therefore, it can be concluded that Carrizo rootstock may be suggested for the region and regions with similar ecological conditions.     

Iron deficiency stress responses amongst citrus rootstocks

Seedlings of citrus rootstocks differing in lime tolerance were grown in nutrient solution with and without Fe. Proton efflux, release of phenolic compounds and Fe reducing substances and root-mediated reduction of Fe^III in FeEDTA and freshly precipitated Fe(OH)₃ in response to Fe deficiency were determined. Sweet orange, Carrizo citrange and trifoliate orange, the three least tolerant rootstocks used in the study, did not decrease nutrient solution pH in response to Fe deficiency. The more lime tolerant rootstocks, rough lemon, Cleopatra mandarin and sour orange, did decrease nutrient solution pH. But in CaSO₄ solution only sour orange increased H⁺ efflux significantly under Fe deficiency. In response to Fe deficiency, the release of phenolic compounds was increased significantly in rough lemon and Cleopatra mandarin seedlings, while the release of reducing substances was increased significantly in rough lemon, sour orange and trifoliate orange. Rough lemon was the only rootstock to respond to Fe deficiency with an increase in root-mediated reduction of chelated Fe^III at pH 6.5. At pH 8.0, both Fe-deficient rough lemon and Cleopatra mandarin roots reduced higher amounts of Fe^III from freshly precipitated Fe(OH)₃ than Fe-sufficient seedlings. Iron reduction by detached roots of Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient rough lemon did not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics at high substrate concentrations. Rates of Fe reduction at low substrate concentrations were inconsistent with the existence of an inducible ferric reductase in response to Fe deficiency.     

Effects of rootstock on the composition of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) essential oil

This paper reports the composition of bergamot oils obtained from plants grafted on the following rootstocks: sour orange, Carrizo citrange, trifoliate orange, Alemow, Volkamerian lemon, and Troyer citrange. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of using rootstocks other than sour orange, checking their effect on the composition of the essential oil. Results are reported for analysis of 203 bergamot oils during the years 1997-1998, 1998-1999, and 1999-2000. The oils were analyzed by HRGC and HRGC/MS; 78 components were identified, and the results were in agreement with those reported in the literature for the Calabrian bergamot oils obtained from industry. Because of the quality of their essential oils, Alemow and Volkamerian lemon can be considered as substitutes for sour orange rootstocks.     

Response of five citrus rootstocks to iron deficiency

Citrus established in calcareous soils can be affected by iron (Fe)‐deficiency chlorosis which limits yield and the farmers' income. The degree of deficiency depends on the rootstock, but the resistance to Fe chlorosis still requires further investigation. To study physiological parameters of citrus rootstocks that could be used to evaluate resistance to Fe deficiency, plants of Troyer citrange (Citrus sinensis L. Osb. × Poncitrus trifoliata L. Raf.), Carrizo citrange, Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.), alemow (Citrus macrophylla Wester), and sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) were grown in nutrient solutions with 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 μM Fe. For each rootstock, plant height, root and shoot dry weights, and concentration of Fe in the shoots and roots were measured at the end of the experiment. Chlorophyll (CHL) concentration was estimated throughout the experimental period using a portable CHL meter (SPAD‐502) calibrated for each rootstock. At the end of the experiment, CHL fluorescence parameters were measured in each rootstock with a portable fluorimeter. Maximal and variable fluorescence values indicated that the photochemistry of Troyer was more affected by a low concentration of Fe in the nutrient solution than that of other rootstocks. To compare rootstocks, the absolute CHL concentration was converted into relative yield by employing a scaling divisor based on the maximum value of total CHL in plants without Fe‐deficiency symptoms. Exponential models were developed to determine the minimum Fe concentration in nutrient solution required to maintain leaf CHL at 50% of the maximum CHL concentration (IC50). Models were also developed to assess the period of time the rootstocks were able to grow under Fe‐stress conditions before they reached IC50. Volkamer lemon and sour orange needed the lowest Fe concentration (between 4 and 5 μM Fe) to maintain IC50, and Troyer citrange had the highest Fe requirement (14 μM Fe). Citrus macrophylla and Carrizo citrange required 7 and 9 μM of Fe, respectively. Similarly, Volkamer lemon and sour orange rootstocks withstood more days under total Fe depletion or with a low concentration of Fe (5 μM Fe in nutrient solution) until they reached IC50, compared to the other rootstocks. The approach used led to a classification of the rootstocks into three categories, regarding their internal tolerance to Fe chlorosis: resistance (sour orange and Volkamer lemon), intermediate resistance (C. macrophylla and Carrizo citrange), and reduced resistance (Troyer citrange).     

Differential Changes in Cell-Wall Content and Boron and Calcium Concentration in Newhall Navel Orange Grafted on Two Rootstocks Differing in Boron-Deficiency Responses

The study aimed to determine if the variability of the effect of boron (B) deficiency on Newhall navel orange grafted on trifoliate orange (deficient-B-sensitive) and on citrange (deficient-B-tolerant) can be explained on the basis of changes in cell-wall content and in cell-wall B and calcium (Ca) concentrations. The plants were cultured in the nutrient solution (with or without B) for 65 days. Boron deficiency increased the cell-wall content in old leaves (leaves from last season) of trifoliate orange but had no impact on citrange. Boron deficiency did not reduce B concentration in cell walls of old leaves of citrange-grafted plants but increased their Ca concentration. For trifoliate-orange-grafted plants, however, B deficiency decreased the B concentration in cell walls of old leaves and did not increase their Ca concentration. The changes of B and Ca concentrations between with and without B supply in pectin were in good agreement with the changes of those in cell walls. The relatively greater ability of citrange-grafted plants to maintain B and Ca in the cell wall may contribute to their tolerance to low external B.