青海高原干旱地区小麦主栽品种田间化感作用评价

为探索以小麦和杂草共存的生态群落为基础的生态防控技术,采用田间小区自然生长的方法,对青海高原10个主栽小麦品种(系)的化感作用进行评价。通过计算各小麦品种(系)对田间主要杂草各项生长指标的抑制率、化感指数,综合评价各小麦品种(系)在田间的控草作用强弱。结果表明:各小麦品种对田间杂草总株数抑制率为23.67%~45.85%,鲜重抑制率为43.64%~76.23%,干重抑制率为34.19%~76.24%;10个品种(系)对田间优势杂草自生油菜(Brassica napus L.)和密花香薷(Elsholtziadensa Benth.)的化感指数(RI值)绝大多数为负值,说明10个品种(系)对田间优势杂草种群均表现出抑制作用,其中高原448号品种田间化感抑草作用最强。基于最远邻近距离法,将10个小麦品种(系)进行聚类分析得出:高原448号、阿勃化感抑草作用最强,高原437号、青春38号、乐麦5号、互麦14、互麦15号、通麦1号化感抑草作用中等,互助红和品系74化感抑草作用最差。     

青海高原地区春小麦品种田间化感作用评价

为明确青海高原地区不同春小麦品种对麦田主要危害杂草旱雀麦Bromus tectorum的化感作用,本研究通过田间一致性试 验对青海高原地区的20个春小麦品种(系)进行化感作用评价,筛选出强化感作用品种。分别于春小麦3～5叶期和成熟期调查受体旱雀麦的生长性状,转化为化感作用指数,并结合聚类分析,将20个小麦品种按化感作用的强弱分为强、中、弱３类。结果表明,20个春小麦品种(系)对受体旱雀麦的田间生长均具有化感抑制作用,其中‘青春38号’‘黑丝麦1号’‘通麦2号’和‘互麦11号’为田间化感作用较强的春小麦品种。该研究为青海高原地区春小麦化感抑草品种选育提供了新资源,同时为青海高原地区化学农药减量和生态环境保护提供了新策略。     

气候变暖背景下青海省春季干旱时空变化

基于1961-2018年35个气象台站观测资料,分析了青海省农牧区无雨日数、干旱次数时空演变特征,结果表明:①1961-2018年青海省春季平均气温呈升高趋势、降水呈增多趋势,无雨日数空间差异明显,其中,东部农业区、牧业区无雨日数总体无明显变化趋势。②近57 a,东部农业区轻旱、中旱、特旱发生次数均无明显趋势性变化,仅重旱略有增加,进入21世纪以来,东部农业区轻旱、重旱发生次数呈增加趋势,农业区各等级干旱次数呈南多北少的空间分布。③近57 a,青海省主要牧业区出现干旱总次数及不同等级干旱次数均呈减少趋势。其中,轻旱减少最为明显,而牧业区各等级干旱次数呈北多南少的分布。④青海省春季出现灾损的旱灾次数呈减少趋势,减少率为2.4次·(10a)^-1。其中,东部农业区出现灾损的旱灾次数最多。⑤近57 a青海省牧业区干旱发生次数在1981年前后存在明显的突变现象,而东部农业区无明显的突变现象。     

中国沙棘浸提液对其种子萌发的化感效应

为揭示中国沙棘的自化感效应,利用枝叶、表层土、果的浸提液对种子萌发进行了化感试验。结果表明:不同部位的浸提液及其不同浓度均对萌发产生显著或极显著的化感作用,且呈现出低促高抑的浓度效应,其中枝叶的化感作用最强,并对林下土壤产生显著的影响。     

旱直播稻抑草潜力的评价

利用旱直播稻自身的竞争及化感作用,评价旱直播稻品种（品系）对杂草的抑制作用。采用田间小区试验方法,评价旱直播稻对杂草的竞争能力和耐受能力。通过测定旱直播稻特征化感次生物质含量计算出的化感指数来评价其化感潜力;在旱直播稻播种后45 d,杂草生物量与旱直播稻的生物量成显著负相关、与相对竞争强度成显著的正相关。旱稻品系‘HF04’和‘HF011’对杂草的抑制作用最强,前者抑草能力强表现在竞争力,后者抑草能力强表现在耐受杂草竞争力和化感作用。     

芦苇提取物对5种植物的化感作用

采用培养皿滤纸法,测定了芦苇提取物对小麦、萝卜、黄瓜、稗草和反枝苋5种受体植物的化感作用。结果表明,在0. 08 g/mL浓度时,对除黄瓜外的受体植物种子萌发抑制率为69. 2%～75. 1%,EC50值分别为0. 044、0. 046、0. 033和0. 042 g/mL,对黄瓜种子萌发的抑制作用较差,抑制率为10. 6%。在0. 16 mg/L浓度时,对5种受体植物幼苗茎生长的抑制率为69. 3%～93. 2%,EC50值0. 042～0. 100 g/mL;对幼苗根生长的抑制率为75. 3%～97. 7%,EC50值0. 024～0. 079 g/mL。试验结果丰富了芦苇化感作用范围,从中可能发现新的除草活性化合物。     

春小麦品种“和尚头”的抗旱生理机制及评价

为探讨旱地春小麦"和尚头"的抗旱生理机制,以西北地区各生态区不同基因型春小麦品种宁春4号、高原448作对照,采用20%PEG-6000模拟渗透胁迫,研究幼苗叶片含水量、膜透性、游离脯氨酸及丙二醛含量等生理指标,并进行相关性及聚类分析。结果表明,不同品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应差异显著(P0.05)。"和尚头"表现出相对高的叶片含水量和脯氨酸含量、低的细胞膜损伤率和丙二醛含量,生理响应指标优于宁春4号和高原448。干旱胁迫48 h"和尚头"叶片含水量和脯氨酸含量分别为72.06%±0.41%和37.06±2.35μg·g-1,显著高于对照品种(P0.05);丙二醛含量为46.12±1.20μmol·g-1,显著低于对照品种(P0.05);电导率为70.11%±1.69%,显著低于对照品种高原448(P0.05),与宁春4号差异不显著(P0.05)。春小麦各生理响应指标间具有显著的相关性(P0.05),通过聚类分析实现了干旱胁迫条件下不同春小麦品种生理响应间差异。综合评价品种的抗旱性强弱依次为:"和尚头"宁春4号高原448。     

油菜对千金子的化感作用及其化感物质分离鉴定

研究了油菜茎根水提液对后茬稻田中恶性杂草千金子的化感作用,并分离鉴定了化感物质。结果表明,不同品种油菜的水提液对千金子种子萌发有抑制作用,对幼苗生长无影响,同时对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长安全。利用室内生测及GC-MS方法鉴定抑制千金子种子萌发的化感物质为有机酸,抑制率达100%。其主要成分为油酸、棕榈酸、芥酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸、二十碳烯酸及山嵛酸。     

小麦化感作用物的提取,分离及其对白茅的杀除效果

小麦颖壳提取物经3520树脂分离后,对所得甲醇洗脱物离心,分得油类似物、上清液及沉淀物。前两个组分在300mg/L的浓度下,对白茅生长抑制率分别为100％和98％。上清液经硅胶柱分离,得7个亚组分,其中第1、3和7号亚组分在500mg/L浓度下对白茅生长的抑制率分别为95％、91％和95％。第3亚组分经葡聚糖凝胶柱分离,又分得A、B、C 3个组分,褐色粉末状的B组分在1000mg/L浓度下使白茅的生长量下降81％。从而证明小麦颖壳对白茅的化感作用是由多个化感物共同作用的结果。室内和温室及大田的测定结果表明,小麦颖壳中的甲醇洗脱物在24mg/株的剂量下对白茅生长的抑制率可达90％以上。这暗示,小麦颖壳中的甲醇可溶物可望开发成为防治白茅的生物除草剂。     

甘薯不同品种对两种入侵杂草的竞争作用和化感作用

本研究通过盆栽试验和生物测定试验,分别研究了9个不同农艺性状的甘薯品种对三叶鬼针草Bidens pilosa和粗毛牛膝菊Galinsoga quadriradiata的竞争作用和化感作用。结果表明,‘烟薯25’‘宁薯10号’和‘西瓜红普薯’等6个品种的竞争平衡指数(CBa)大于0,其中‘宁薯10号’的竞争优势最强,对三叶鬼针草的株高和根长的抑制率分别为62.29%和63.31%;生物测定中仅有‘17234’和‘宁薯10号’两个品种表现出明显的化感作用,其中‘17234’的化感作用指数(AI)最大,对粗毛牛膝菊的株高和根长的抑制率分别为74.32%和82.58%。结合甘薯品种的竞争作用与化感作用进行聚类分析和综合评价,‘宁薯10号’的CBa和AI分别达0.74和0.63以上,为竞争作用和化感作用均较强的抗(耐)性品种;‘烟薯25’虽然对两种入侵杂草的CBa分别达到0.85和0.70,但其AI＜0.1,表现为具有竞争优势的非化感品种;尽管‘17234’的CBa＜0,但其AI＞0.67,说明其为强化感作用的品种。结果表明,甘薯对入侵杂草的抗(耐)性决定于其自身的竞争作用、化感作用或两者的共同作用。这为进一步利用甘薯不同品种对入侵杂草的种间关系实施替代控制提供了科学基础。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.