内蒙古糜黍优良品种与名贵品种资源

内蒙古自治区是我国糜黍主产区之一,品种资源丰富。根据伊克昭盟农科所掌握的资料,本文将内蒙古优良糜子(籽粒粳性)品种8个,优良黍子(籽粒糯性)品种4个以及名贵品种资源糜黍各1份作了简略介绍。     

糜黍耐旱品种筛选法

利用反复干旱法进行糜黍耐旱品种的筛选,结果表明:(1) 反复干旱后的存活率反映了品种间的耐旱性差异,且与它们在生产实际中的表现相吻合。(2) 糜黍品种离体叶片的相对含水量与其干旱后的存活率具有显著的相关关系(r=0.7528,n=50),而叶片萎蔫程度与其干旱后的存活率并不完全一致。     

山西糜黍加工产业发展与科技支持对策研究

糜黍是山西重要的旱地作物之一,在众多产区粮食生产中具有不可替代性。糜黍具有很高的营养价值和药用价值,但糜黍食品大多局限于传统的消费方式,技术成熟程度、原粮转化量、深加工规模与前景均不能适应产业发展要求。在分析糜黍加工产业发展现状与潜力的基础上,探讨了科技支持的方向与对策,可为糜黍的育种、生产和加工利用各个环节提供借鉴。     

我国黍稷品种资源的研究

黍稷(糜)(Panicum miliaceum L.)属禾本科黍属黍种,为一年生草本植物,是世界上古老的粮食与饲料作物,具有早熟、耐旱特性,古名:黍、斋、穄。现名:籽粒粳性者称糜子或稷子,糯性者称黍子或粘糜     

中国糜黍品种生态型研究

本文在研究糜黍品种生态性状地理分布的基础上,又从不同地区糜黍品种的光反应特点、品种酯酶同工酶酶谱类型的地理分布、品种地区间的适应性等方面的研究资料,对中国糜黍品种的生态型进行了研究。     

糜黍酯酶同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对国内外不同地区来源的620个栽培糜黍品种进行了酯酶同工酶分析,研究了各种酶谱类型的地理分布,比较了栽培种与野糜子的酶谱表型,以此来论证糜黍的起源和演变。分析结果表明:酯酶同工酶表型可作为研究糜黍品种间亲缘关系、起源和演变的一个生化指标。     

山西省黍稷(糜)品种资源研究

黍稷(糜) (Panicum miliaceum L.)是起源于我国的古老作物之一。在山西省万荣县荆村新石器时代的遗址中,曾经发现烧焦的黍穗。由此推断,山西种植黍稷的历史至少已有五、六千年了。在漫长的农耕历史中,形成的黍稷品种资源也极其丰富,据1956～1957年山西省农作物品种征集统     

不同播期对糜子不同品种生长发育及产量的影响

为探讨不同播期对糜子不同品种生长发育及产量的影响,以6个糜子品种为试验材料,在山西晋中榆次设5个播期试验,研究了播期对糜子品种发育及产量的影响。结果表明：晋中当地播期B5（7月15日）糜子不能安全成熟。其余4个播期糜子均能正常成熟,且随着播期的推迟,各品种生育期都缩短,各品种株高、主茎节数、有效分蘖等形态特性及单穗长、单穗粒重、千粒重等经济性状整体上随着播期的推迟呈减小趋势。从产量来看,晋黍9号、汾黍6号适宜早播,在5月底播种,汾黍6号产量最高可达5 913.63kg/hm ²;伊糜5号、固糜21号、榆糜2号及保黍1号则宜晚播,6月初播种,榆糜2号产量最高可达6 306.96kg/hm ²。     

水分胁迫对糜子植株苗期生长和光合特性的影响

选取耐旱性不同的糜子品种陇糜4号(强抗旱)、晋黍7号(旱敏感)和5283黄(中等抗旱),采用盆栽控水试验,调查不同水分处理对糜子苗期主要性状和光合参数的影响。结果表明：(1)水分胁迫下各品种的株高、叶面积、根重、叶绿素含量、根系活力均呈下降趋势,且陇糜4号的降幅小于5283黄和晋黍7号。(2)水分胁迫下,3个品种的固定荧光值(F_o)和非光化学猝灭系数值(q_N)均显著增加,在重度胁迫后,陇糜4号、5283黄和晋黍7号的F_o值分别比对照增加24.6%﹑34%和40.8%,q_N值分别增加0.956、1.083和2.183,且表现为旱敏感品种晋黍7号的增加幅度大于强抗旱品种陇糜4号;各品种的可变荧光(F_v)、最大荧光(F_m)、最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、PSII的潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)值均因水分胁迫而降低。在中度和重度胁迫时,与正常灌水相比差异达显著水平,降幅以晋黍7号>5283黄>陇糜4号。(3)各品种的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及胞间CO₂浓度均因水分胁迫而下降,强抗旱品种陇糜4号各值的变化幅度均小于中等抗旱品种5283黄和旱敏感品种晋黍7号,表明陇糜4号的光合参数受水分胁迫的影响最小,较高的电子传递速率和较强的光能转化能力是陇糜4号适应干旱环境的重要生理特性。(4)水分胁迫导致糜子叶片对强光的敏感性增加,干旱和光抑制对光系统II造成的叠加伤害随干旱加重和品种抗旱性减弱而加剧,因此,对强光下的糜子幼苗应及时补水,以避免干旱和高光强的叠加伤害。     

不同品种黍子适应性比较

通过对9个优质黍子品种进行比较试验,掌握各品种的主要经济性状、抗病性、品质、产量等特点,筛选出内糜8号、晋黍8号、雁黍11号、榆黍1号等综合表现较优的品种,可在晋北地区推广应用。内糜8号折合产量最高,为2 793.10 kg/hm2,蛋白质含量为16.0%,脂肪含量为4.2%,粗淀粉含量70.2%。晋黍8号折合产量居第2,为2 685.16 kg/hm2,蛋白质含量为16.7%,脂肪含量为4.4%,粗淀粉含量72.2%。雁黍11号折合产量居第3,2 586.21 kg/hm2,蛋白质含量为15.4%,脂肪含量为4.0%,粗淀粉含量71.7%。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.