不同施肥水平下青蒿氮、磷、钾养分吸收特性

通过大田试验研究不同施肥水平下青蒿氮、磷、钾的吸收、累积与分配规律。选用当地主栽青蒿品种渝青 1 号为材料,设置高肥、中肥和低肥 3 个施肥水平。于苗期、分枝初期、分枝盛期及蕾期采集植株样本,分为根、茎、 枝和叶 4 部分,测定氮、磷、钾含量,计算青蒿主要生育期植株养分吸收、累积和分配情况。结果表明：青蒿对钾肥 的需求量最多,氮肥次之,磷肥最少。高肥和中肥处理整个生育期氮在不同器官中的含量为叶>枝>根>茎。低肥处理整 个生育期氮在不同器官中的含量为叶>枝>茎>根。高肥、中肥和低肥 3 个处理整个生育期磷在不同器官中的含量均为叶 >枝>茎>根。苗期和蕾期生长阶段高肥、中肥和低肥 3 个处理钾在不同器官中的含量均为叶>枝>茎>根,分枝初期和分 枝盛期生长阶段 3 个施肥处理钾在不同器官中的含量均为枝>叶>茎>根。不同施肥处理对养分积累趋势影响不大,但可 显著影响各器官在不同生育时期的养分积累量及分配比例。养分累积吸收量在生育前期较少,生育中后期急剧增加。 养分累积量以钾最多,氮次之,磷最少。青蒿中氮磷钾的吸收、累积与分配规律在不同施肥水平下存在差异,生产中 应根据土壤肥力和产量目标,采取合理施肥措施,达到经济施肥的目的。     

甘蔗脱毒原种苗田间繁育过程中氮、磷、钾营养元素的吸收及累积特征

探讨甘蔗脱毒原种苗不同生长时期氮、磷、钾营养元素的累积需求状况,为甘蔗脱毒原种苗田间繁育栽培过程中养分管理提供参考。试验分别在2020、2021年进行,调查中糖1号甘蔗脱毒原种苗全生育期生长情况,测定其生物量及其在各生育阶段根、茎、叶中氮、磷、钾各营养元素的含量,并分析氮、磷、钾的累积量、阶段吸收量、日吸收速率。结果表明：甘蔗脱毒原种苗从种苗假植到种茎最佳收获时需6～7个月可达15茎节,在7、8月至9月下旬（茎1期至茎2期）蔗茎生长速度最快,以茎4期（10月下旬至11月下旬）干物质量累积增加最快,此阶段为生物量累积的关键阶段。在甘蔗脱毒原种苗全生育期中各元素含量及累积量从高到低依次为钾>氮>磷,在根茎叶各器官中蔗叶、蔗茎始终为氮、磷、钾含量相对较高的器官,氮、磷、钾累积量在茎伸长生长1期前主要贮存于蔗叶中,而后以蔗茎为新的主要贮存器官。甘蔗对氮、磷、钾的吸收比例在苗期和分蘖期分别为24.84%、26.18%、27.74%,在茎1～3期（7月下旬至10月下旬）分别为55.54%、58.61%、52.30%,茎4、5期（10月下旬至12月下旬）分别为19.62%、15.20%、...     

茶园绿肥新品种“绿肥1号”产青及养分含量动态研究

通过对＂绿肥1号＂不同生长期根、茎、叶器官产青量研究表明：茎、叶是＂绿肥1号＂主要产青器官,约占植株总产青量的80%～90%。各器官不同时期氮含量以叶片最高,为4%～6%,茎次之,根部氮含量最低。各时期钾含量以叶片含量最高,依次为茎、根。而磷含量6月中下旬以叶片最高,7月下旬至8月下旬以茎最高,9月份以根含量最高。     

不同钾水平下厚皮甜瓜生育后期氮磷钾吸收及利用特征

以‘翠甜’厚皮甜瓜为试材,采用盆栽砂培试验,设6个钾水平,即K1~K6(0、3、6、9、12、15mmol/L),研究其对厚皮甜瓜生育后期氮、磷、钾养分吸收与利用的影响。结果表明:施钾能够降低厚皮甜瓜各器官氮含量及成熟期根、茎叶氮累积量,显著增加果实氮累积量;增加根、果实磷含量及各器官磷累积量,显著增加果实、单株磷累积量;增加各器官钾含量及钾累积量,显著增加茎叶、果实以及单株钾累积量;显著增加氮生理利用效率和磷收获指数,增加氮收获指数,显著降低钾收获指数和磷、钾生理利用效率;单果鲜重以K2、K3和K4处理较高,且处理间差异不显著。钾处理与其厚皮甜瓜各器官氮、磷、钾含量存在的显著相关关系与器官部位及生育期有关,但与氮含量均呈显著负相关,与钾含量均呈显著正相关;各器官氮磷钾含量与氮收获指数没有显著相关性,但茎叶氮累积量与氮收获指数呈显著负相关;茎叶氮累积量与磷收获指数呈极显著负相关,果实磷、钾含量及累积量均与磷收获指数呈显著或极显著正相关;根、果实氮含量与钾收获指数呈极显著正相关,根磷含量与钾收获指数呈显著负相关,茎叶及果实钾含量和累积量均与钾收获指数呈极显著负相关。通过比较拟合优度(决定系数R2),发现钾水平与成熟期茎叶磷含量采用二次多项式拟合最佳,钾水平与成熟期根钾含量采用线性拟合最佳,钾水平与其他各器官养分含量采用三参数指数或者五参数双指数拟合最佳。比较三者养分吸收及利用情况可知,钾水平为9 mmol/L(K4)时,氮磷钾生理利用效率较好,较有利于氮磷钾养分吸收利用,实现经济效益最大化。     

华北平原一熟春棉干物质积累与养分吸收特性

 以转Bt+CpTI抗虫棉中棉所45为材料,研究了华北平原一熟春棉干物质积累及氮、磷、钾吸收特性。结果表明：花铃期是棉花一生干物质及氮、磷和钾养分积累最旺盛的时期,此期干物质及氮、磷和钾养分积累速率与数量最大,其次为蕾期;吐絮期干物质及磷、钾积累速率与数量高于苗期,而氮素积累速率与数量低于苗期。棉株干物质与氮、磷、钾积累动态符合Logistic曲线方程,干物质与氮、磷、钾养分积累的高峰期分别出现在棉花出苗后80～117 d、73～109 d、75～114 d和69～110 d,积累速率最大的日期分别在出苗后98 d、91 d、95 d和89 d。成熟棉株各器官的干物质、氮素和磷素积累量顺序：子棉＋铃壳＞叶柄＋叶片＞茎＞根;钾素积累量顺序：子棉＋铃壳＞茎＞叶柄＋叶片＞根。各器官氮素含量：叶柄＋叶片＞子棉＋铃壳＞茎＞根;磷素含量：子棉＋铃壳＞叶柄＋叶片＞茎≈根;钾素含量：子棉＋铃壳＞茎＞根＞叶柄＋叶片。棉花全生育期氮、磷和钾养分吸收总量分别为213.83,30.11,156.45 kg·hm^-2,全株养分吸收比例为N∶P∶K=1∶0.14∶0.73。     

20个小粒种咖啡种质氮吸收效率差异分析

为明确不同基因型小粒种咖啡的氮素吸收特性,进一步为遗传改良咖啡氮营养性状提供参考,本研究对同一氮素供应水平下20个小粒种咖啡氮素吸收效率的生理、形态机制进行研究。结果表明：大部分小粒种咖啡种质间叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性（NRA）、根氮、茎氮、叶氮含量差异不显著,且叶绿素含量及NRA与叶氮、总氮累积量和氮吸收效率间相关性不显著;根长、根体积、根表面积均与根氮累积量、总氮累积量、氮吸收效率呈显著正相关;氮素在植株各器官的分配比例依次为：根氮>叶氮>茎氮;聚类分析表明,‘M13’氮吸收效率最高,为84.43%,最低为‘CATUAI’,仅为32.12%,其余种质为58.36%~43.08%。     

淹涝胁迫和氮形态对苗期玉米营养特性的影响

采用砂培培养方法,比较研究两种水分条件和3种供氮形态处理对苗期玉米根、茎鞘、叶生物量干重及其氮、磷、钾含量及分配的影响。结果表明,非淹涝胁迫条件下铵硝态氮混合处理(AN)玉米生物量干重及氮、磷、钾累积量最高;淹涝胁迫条件下铵硝态氮混合处理(ANF)的叶片、总生物量以及硝态氮处理(NF)的根系、叶片和总生物量干重明显降低。淹涝胁迫降低3种氮形态处理叶片氮累积量,明显降低铵硝态氮混合处理和硝态氮处理植株氮、钾累积量,降低磷在铵硝态氮混合处理茎鞘、叶中的分配比例、磷在硝态氮处理根、叶中的分配比例以及钾在铵硝态氮混合处理茎鞘、叶中的分配比例。淹涝胁迫下铵态氮处理(AF)叶片含氮量、植株含钾量呈降低趋势;非淹涝胁迫下铵态氮处理(A)具有相对较高的植株氮、磷含量,且淹涝胁迫对氮、磷、钾在植株不同部位分配的影响相对较低。因此,本试验供应铵态氮苗期玉米具有相对较强的耐淹涝胁迫能力。     

不同施肥水平对杂交水稻氮、磷、钾吸收积累的影响

为探索不同施肥量下2个杂交水稻植株氮、磷、钾的吸收积累特性,采用田间小区试验研究了两个杂交稻品种抽穗期和成熟期的植株氮、磷、钾吸收积累。结果表明,2个杂交水稻品种在不同施肥水平下,抽穗期和成熟期茎＋叶鞘、叶、穗各器官内的氮、磷、钾的含量无显著差异;抽穗期,叶的氮含量最高,茎＋叶鞘的磷、钾含量最高;成熟期,叶的氮含量、茎＋叶鞘的磷含量、穗的钾含量均下降。抽穗期,氮、钾吸收量及干物质量红泰优996高于粤优589,磷吸收量粤优589高于红泰优996;成熟期,氮、钾吸收量及干物质量粤优589高于红泰优996,磷吸收量2品种差异不明显。2个杂交水稻品种地上部植株对氮、磷、钾积累量比例的变幅范围均在高产水稻积累变幅范围内。     

钾水平对巴西橡胶树幼苗生长及体内N、P、K养分吸收利用的影响

采用水培试验技术,研究不同钾水平(K2O浓度0、1、10、50、250mg/L)对巴西橡胶树RRIM600种子实生幼苗生长及体内氮、磷、钾养分吸收和利用的影响。结果表明:在0～250mg/LK2O范围内,巴西橡胶树实生幼苗株高、根长、茎粗及各器官生物量等均随钾处理浓度的升高而增加;不同钾水平处理,巴西橡胶树幼苗各器官氮含量、氮利用效率不随钾浓度的升高而呈现规律的变化,但氮积累效率则随钾水平的升高而增加;施钾降低了巴西橡胶树幼苗各器官磷含量,而提高了不同器官磷积累效率和利用效率,但各器官磷含量、磷积累量、磷利用效率均不随钾处理浓度的升高而呈现规律性的变化;橡胶树幼苗根、茎、叶各器官钾含量、钾积累量随钾处理浓度的升高而升高、钾利用效率则随钾处理浓度的提高而降低。差异显著性检验结果表明,除在根中0、1mg/LK2O处理钾利用效率差异不显著外,在根中其他处理间及在茎、叶中各处理间钾利用效率达差异极显著水平,钾利用效率更能体现不同钾浓度处理间的差异。     

缺氮对油菜养分吸收及钾吸收转运相关基因表达的影响

为进一步了解缺氮对油菜养分吸收的影响,以甘蓝型油菜中双11号为材料,采用营养液培养方法,设置正常供氮和缺氮两个处理,培养14d后收获,分析缺氮对油菜植株表型、生物量、植株养分含量及养分吸收相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,缺氮严重抑制油菜植株生长,地上部生物量显著减少,叶片瘦小、黄化,茎秆呈紫红色。缺氮促进油菜根系生长,植株根冠比增加。缺氮处理对油菜叶、茎、根中大量元素含量的影响有所不同,缺氮油菜叶、茎、根的氮浓度及氮含量都显著降低;油菜叶、茎的磷浓度在缺氮胁迫时显著增加,根的磷浓度显著降低,而茎和根的磷含量在缺氮胁迫时都显著降低,但叶片磷含量不受影响;油菜不同部位钾浓度和钾含量在缺氮胁迫时都显著降低,并且缺氮处理14d显著抑制油菜大部分钾通道蛋白基因以及3个根部特异钾转运蛋白基因的表达,说明缺氮对油菜钾吸收运转相关基因表达的影响,可能导致油菜植株钾含量的降低。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.