Rapid glacial erosion at 1.8 Ma revealed by 4He/3He thermochronometry

Alpine glaciation and river incision control the topography of mountain ranges, but their relative contributions have been debated for years. Apatite 4He/3He thermochronometry tightly constrains the timing and rate of glacial erosion within one of the largest valleys in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. Five proximate samples require accelerated denudation of the Klinaklini Valley initiating 1.8 +/- 0.2 million years ago (Ma). At least 2 kilometers of overlying rock were removed from the valley at >/=5 millimeters per year, indicating that glacial valley deepening proceeded >/=6 times as fast as erosion rates before approximately 1.8 Ma. This intense erosion may be related to a global transition to enhanced climate instability approximately 1.9 Ma.     

U-Pb isotopic age of the StW 573 hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa

Sterkfontein cave, South Africa, has yielded an australopith skeleton, StW 573, whose completeness has excited great interest in paleoanthropology. StW 573, or "Little Foot," was found 25 meters below the surface in the Silberberg Grotto. 238U-206Pb measurements on speleothems immediately above and below the fossil remains, corrected for initial 234U disequilibrium, yield ages of 2.17 +/- 0.17 million years ago (Ma) and 2.24(-0.07)(+0.09) Ma, respectively, indicating an age for StW 573 of close to 2.2 Ma. This age is in contrast to an age of approximately 3.3 Ma suggested by magnetochronology and ages of approximately 4 Ma based on 10Be and 26Al, but it is compatible with a faunal age range of 4 to 2 Ma.     

The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change

We review Phanerozoic sea-level changes [543 million years ago (Ma) to the present] on various time scales and present a new sea-level record for the past 100 million years (My). Long-term sea level peaked at 100 +/- 50 meters during the Cretaceous, implying that ocean-crust production rates were much lower than previously inferred. Sea level mirrors oxygen isotope variations, reflecting ice-volume change on the 10(4)- to 10(6)-year scale, but a link between oxygen isotope and sea level on the 10(7)-year scale must be due to temperature changes that we attribute to tectonically controlled carbon dioxide variations. Sea-level change has influenced phytoplankton evolution, ocean chemistry, and the loci of carbonate, organic carbon, and siliciclastic sediment burial. Over the past 100 My, sea-level changes reflect global climate evolution from a time of ephemeral Antarctic ice sheets (100 to 33 Ma), through a time of large ice sheets primarily in Antarctica (33 to 2.5 Ma), to a world with large Antarctic and large, variable Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (2.5 Ma to the present).     

Single-Crystal 40Ar/39Ar Dating of the Eocene-Oligocene Transition in North America

Explanations for the causes of climatic changes and associated faunal and floral extinctions at the close of the Eocene Epoch have long been controversial because of, in part, uncertainties in correlation and dating of global events. New single-crystal laser fusion (SCLF) (40)Ar/(39)Ar dates on tephra from key magnetostratigraphic and fossilbearing sections necessitate significant revision in North American late Paleogene chronology. The Chadronian-Orellan North American Land Mammal "Age" boundary, as a result, is shifted from 32.4 to 34.0 Ma (million years ago), the Orellan-Whitneyan boundary is shifted from 30.8 to 32.0 Ma, and the Whitneyan-Arikareean boundary is now approximately 29.0 Ma. The new dates shift the correlation of Chron C12R from the Chadronian to within the Orellan-Whitneyan interval, the Chadronian becomes late Eocene in age, and the North American Oligocene is restricted to the Orellan, Whitneyan, and early Arikareean. The Eocene-Oligocene boundary, and its associated climate change and extinction events, as a result, correlates with the Chadronian-Orellan boundary, not the Duchesnean-Chadronian boundary.     

Terminal cretaceous extinctions in the hell creek area, montana: compatible with catastrophic extinction

Inaccurate stratigraphic correlations in the Hell Creek area, Montana, have led to the assumption that transitional vertebrate faunas (Bug Creek Anthills) exist in the latest Cretaceous, refuting a catastrophic turnover at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Establishment of the transitional faunas in Paleocene channels that cut down through the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary renders the terrestrial faunal record compatible with the marine record and with catastrophic extinction.     

绵羊肺炎支原体间接ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

利用绵羊肺炎支原体标准株Y98制备抗原,经超声破碎后作为包被抗原建立了间接ELISA检测方法用于检测绵羊肺炎支原体血清抗体.经方正滴定确定了抗原包被质量浓度为2.5μg.mL-1,血清样品稀释倍数为1∶64,兔抗羊IgG辣根过氧化物酶结合物最佳稀释倍数为1∶40000,抗原抗体最佳结合时间为1 h.试验结果确定的判定标准为:样品D490 nm(P)与标准阴性血清D490 nm(N)之比,即P/N≥3.0为阳性,P/N≤2.5为阴性,介于二者之间的为可疑.试验证明该方法具有良好的稳定性、重复性和特异性,并且与间接血凝试验相比较其敏感性高于后者.     

不同水稻品种种子萌发对酸雨胁迫的响应

采用室内试验方法,研究了pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、5.0模拟酸雨对徐稻3号、镇稻9424、新品5356等3个品种水稻种子萌发的影响。结果表明,3个品种的发芽(率)势、发芽(活力)指数随胁迫强度增加(pH5.0￣3.0),呈先增后减的变化;pH2.5时仅有异状发芽,pH2.0时不发芽。3者的发芽(率)势、发芽(活力)指数等均与胁迫时间(1￣7d)呈显著负相关(异状发芽率呈正相关)。综合分析认为,酸雨对3个水稻品种的伤害阈限为pH2.5￣pH3.0,胁时为2￣4d,3个水稻品种对酸雨抗性存在一定差异,即徐稻3号与镇稻9424的抗酸雨能力略强于新品5356。     

Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia

The lack of an adequate hominid fossil record in eastern Africa between 2 and 3 million years ago (Ma) has hampered investigations of early hominid phylogeny. Discovery of 2.5 Ma hominid cranial and dental remains from the Hata beds of Ethiopia's Middle Awash allows recognition of a new species of Australopithecus. This species is descended from Australopithecus afarensis and is a candidate ancestor for early Homo. Contemporary postcranial remains feature a derived humanlike humeral/femoral ratio and an apelike upper arm-to-lower arm ratio.     

内蒙古跳蝽科(半翅目)昆虫区系分析

2006～2009年,作者对内蒙古地区的跳蝽科(Saldidae)昆虫进行了整理分类,共整理出内蒙古地区跳蝽23种,隶属于2亚科2族7属,并对其进行了区系分析。结果表明,在世界动物地理区系分布中,内蒙古跳蝽科昆虫具有显著的古北界特性,在中国动物地理区系中,显示出蒙新区特性。     

Geomagnetic polarity change and faunal extinction in the southern ocean

Paleomnlagnietic polarity changes have been detected in nine deep-sea sedimentary cores (from the Pacific-Antarctic Basin) in which an extinction horizon of a radiolarian assemblage was previously independently determined. The depths of the polarity change 0.7 million years ago and the faunal boundary are closely correlated, confirming that the faunal extinction was locally virtually synchronous. Although the reason for the faunal extinction is unknown. the possibility of causal relationships between faunal extinction and factors directly involved with sedimentation rate, sedimentation rate variation, and sediment type appears to be excluded.     

Lead isotopic ages of chondrules and calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions

The lead-lead isochron age of chondrules in the CR chondrite Acfer 059 is 4564.7 +/- 0.6 million years ago (Ma), whereas the lead isotopic age of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) in the CV chondrite Efremovka is 4567.2 +/- 0.6 Ma. This gives an interval of 2.5 +/- 1.2 million years (My) between formation of the CV CAIs and the CR chondrules and indicates that CAI- and chondrule-forming events lasted for at least 1.3 My. This time interval is consistent with a 2- to 3-My age difference between CR CAIs and chondrules inferred from the differences in their initial 26Al/27Al ratios and supports the chronological significance of the 26Al-26Mg systematics.     

Early hominid population densities: new estimates

Proportional faunal representations in excavated fossil occurrences (Shungura Formation, Omo, Ethiopia) are very similar to modern sub-Saharan mammalian faunal proportions in a variety of environments. Early hominids comprise between 0.6 and 1.6 percent of the excavated assemblage, corrected to reflect numbers of individuals. With allochthonous faunal localities for comparison, direct analogies to modern fauna suggest early hominid population densities of between 0.006 to 1.7 individuals per square kilometer. Calculations based on population densities of modern large mammals indicate that population densities of early hominids were between 0.001 and 2.48 individuals per square kilometer.     

抛秧密度对香稻产量形成特征及调控措施研究

为了探索抛秧密度对香稻产量形成特征的影响,并提出香稻高产形成的适宜调控措施,本研究以香稻品种巴斯马蒂和农香18为材料,抛栽密度分别为1.8×105、2.4×105、3.0×105、3.6×105、4.2×105穴/hm2,研究大田条件下抛栽密度对香稻产量形成特征的影响。试验表明,当抛秧密度为1.8×105～3.0×105穴/hm2时,随着抛栽密度的增加,巴斯马蒂和农香18成熟期的稻草重和总生物量显著增加,水稻的收获指数却显著降低。当抛栽密度为3.0×105～3.6×105穴/hm2时,巴斯马蒂和农香18的收获产量较高。而且,水稻的收获产量与总穗数和千粒重均存在显著的正相关关系;通径分析结果表明,单位面积总穗数对产量的直接贡献最大,占产量贡献总值的73.96%,其次为结实率、每穗总粒数及千粒重。     

Late Cenozoic moisture history of East Africa

Lake sediments in 10 Ethiopian, Kenyan, and Tanzanian rift basins suggest that there were three humid periods at 2.7 to 2.5 million years ago (Ma), 1.9 to 1.7 Ma, and 1.1 to 0.9 Ma, superimposed on the longer-term aridification of East Africa. These humid periods correlate with increased aridity in northwest and northeast Africa and with substantial global climate transitions. These episodes could have had important impacts on the speciation and dispersal of mammals and hominins, because a number of key events, such as the origin of the genus Homo and the evolution of the species Homo erectus, took place in this region during that time.     

常用杀虫剂对新入侵害虫螺旋粉虱的田间药效试验

螺旋粉虱是新入侵中国海南的危性害虫,为迅速压低虫口密度,进而将其逐步扑灭,开展了螺旋粉虱的药剂防治研究;选用2.5%敌杀死乳油、20%吡虫啉可溶性液剂、480g/L乐斯本乳油、1.8%阿维菌素乳油、2.5%功夫水乳剂、20%啶虫脒可溶性液剂等常用杀虫剂,进行了田间药效试验;结果表明:药后1～10d,2.5%敌杀死乳油的防效在94.09%～100%之间,2.5%功夫水乳剂的防效在91.72%～100%之间,20%吡虫啉可溶性液剂的防效在32.24%～70.96%之间,1.8%阿维菌素乳油的防效在-11.54%～21.54%之间;因此,2.5%敌杀死乳油和2.5%功夫水乳剂是防治时可供选用的良好药剂,20%吡虫啉可溶性液剂和1.8%阿维菌素乳油对螺旋粉虱的速效性和持效性均较差,不适用于螺旋粉虱的防治。     

生物农药混配对枸杞瘿螨联合毒力的测定

采用浸渍法,在室内条件下测定了1.8%阿维菌素EC与2.5%鱼藤酮EC、1%苦参碱AS、0.5%藜芦碱EC、10%吡虫啉SG混配制剂对枸杞瘿螨的联合毒力.试验结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC与2.5%鱼藤酮EC、1%苦参碱AS、0.5%藜芦碱EC对枸杞瘿螨均有显著的增效作用,其中1.8%阿维菌素EC与1%苦参碱AS有效成分比为1:1.4混配物增效作用最强,共毒系数(CTC)最高,为479.9,而1.8%阿维菌素EC与10%吡虫啉SG有效成分比为1:11.2,共毒系数(CTC)为52-3,表现为拮抗作用.     

大白菜抗软腐病性状的SRAP标记分析

以大白菜高抗软腐病的自交系A32-2和感病自交系A19-2进行杂交的F2代225个单株作为构建遗传图谱的作图群体,采用SRAP标记方法构建了包含10个连锁群,由103个SRAP遗传标记组成的大白菜分子遗传图谱,该图谱覆盖长度为1223.6cM,平均图距11.9cM。运用软件Windows QTL Cartographer V2.5和复合区间作图法共检测到4个抗软腐病的QTL位点。     

Paleomagnetic study of antarctic deep-sea cores

The magnetic inclinations and inten sities of about 650 samples from seven deepsea cores taken in the Antarctic were measured on a spinner magnetometer. This series of measurements provided a magnetic stratigraphy, based on zones of normally or reversally polar ized specimens for each core, which was then correlated with the magnetic stra tigraphy of Cox et al. (1). One core (V16-134) gave a continuous record of the paleomagnetic field back to about 3.5 million years. When selected samples were subject ed to alternatingfield demagnetization, most were found to have an unstable component that was removed by fields of 150 oersteds; all samples from two cores were partially demagnetized in a field of 150 oersteds. The average inclination in these two cores was then in good agreement with the average inclination of the ambient field for the latitude of the core site. It was also found that the intensities of the samples decreased at the points of reversal; this finding is to be expected if, as has been postulated by the dynamo theory, the intensity of the dipole field decreases to zero and builds again with opposite polarity. We believe that the magnetiza tion of the cores results from the pres ence of detrital magnetite, although other magnetic minerals also may be present. Four faunal zones (, X, , and ) have been recognized in these Antarctic cores on the basis of upward sequential disappearance of Radiolaria. The faunal boundaries and reversals consistently have the same relations to one another, indicating that they are both timedependent phenomena. Using previously determined times of reversal, one may date the following events in the cores: 1) Radiolarian faunal boundaries:-X, 2 million years; X-, 0.7 million years; -, 0.4 to 0.5 million years. These dates are in good agreement with ages previously extrapolated from radio metric dates. 2) Initiation of Antarctic diatom ooze deposition, approximately 2.0 mil-lion years ago. 3) First occurrence of ice- rafted detritus, approximately 2.5 million years ago. One can also calculate rates of sedi mentation, which vary in the cores studied from 1.1 to about 8.0 millimeters per 1000 years. Sedimentation rates for the Indian Ocean cores are higher than for the Bellingshausen Sea cores. The near coincidence of faunal changes and reversals in the cores suggests but does not prove a causal relation. We conclude from this study that paleomagnetic stratigraphy is a unique method for correlating and dating deep sea cores, and that future work with such cores may provide a complete or nearly complete record of the history of the earth's magnetic field beyond 4 million years.     

长期施肥对紫色土农田土壤动物群落的影响

土壤动物在陆地生态系统物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用,直接或间接的参与土壤有机质的分解与矿化;长期施肥对土壤理化性质产生影响的同时,改变了土壤动物群落组成.为查明紫色土长期施肥对土壤动物群落的影响及其响应关系,于2008年的5、7、9和11月分别对紫色土农田无肥对照(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、常规化肥氮磷钾(NPK)、有机肥(OM)、有机肥与化肥氮磷钾混施(OMNPK)、秸秆还田(RSD)和秸秆还田与化肥氮磷钾混施(RSDNPK)等7种长期施肥定位试验地的土壤动物群落进行调查,采用改良的干漏斗和湿漏斗两种方法,共获得土壤动物9454只,隶属7门17纲24目.分析表明,OM和RSDNPK两种施肥方式下土壤动物群落的多样性显著高于CK、N和NPK等3种施肥方式,说明有机物料的长期投入有利于提高土壤动物群落丰富度和多样性.方差分析表明施肥方式对土壤动物主要类群密度的影响差异性极显著(F=42.412,P=0.0001),对土壤动物群落类群影响存在不均衡性.施肥方式主要影响农田土壤动物类群的种群个体数量、线虫动物门个体数量、大蚓类个体数量、甲螨亚目个体数量、密度-类群指数DG及土壤动物群落类群数等六个指标,初步认为这些主要类群因素能够预测长期施肥引起的土壤肥力变化,可能对指示土壤质量的变化具有一定潜力.     

A short duration of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event: evidence from extraterrestrial helium-3

Analyses of marine carbonates through the interval 63.9 to 65.4 million years ago indicate a near-constant flux of extraterrestrial helium-3, a tracer of the accretion rate of interplanetary dust to Earth. This observation indicates that the bolide associated with the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction event was not accompanied by enhanced solar system dustiness and so could not have been a member of a comet shower. The use of helium-3 as a constant-flux proxy of sedimentation rate implies deposition of the K-T boundary clay in (10 +/- 2) x 10(3) years, precluding the possibility of a long hiatus at the boundary and requiring extremely rapid faunal turnover.